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61 zero
I 1. ['zɪərəʊ]2.above, below zero — sopra, sotto zero
modificatore [altitude, gravity, growth, inflation] zero; [confidence, interest, development] nessunoII ['zɪərəʊ]verbo transitivo azzerare- zero in* * *['ziərəu]plural - zeros; noun1) (nought; the number or figure 0: Three plus zero equals three; The figure 100 has two zeros in it.) zero2) (the point on a scale (eg on a thermometer) which is taken as the standard on which measurements may be based: The temperature was 5 degrees above/below zero.) zero3) (the exact time fixed for something to happen, eg an explosion, the launching of a spacecraft etc: It is now 3 minutes to zero.) zero* * *I 1. ['zɪərəʊ]2.above, below zero — sopra, sotto zero
modificatore [altitude, gravity, growth, inflation] zero; [confidence, interest, development] nessunoII ['zɪərəʊ]verbo transitivo azzerare- zero in -
62 target
n1) цель; мишень; объект- be a target for smth.2) задание; установка; плановая или намеченная цифра• -
63 spread
1 noun(a) (diffusion, growth → of epidemic, fire) propagation f, progression f; (→ of technology, idea) diffusion f, dissémination f; (→ of religion) propagation f;∎ they are trying to prevent the spread of unrest to other cities ils essaient d'empêcher les troubles d'atteindre ou de gagner d'autres villes(b) (range → of ages, interests) gamme f, éventail m;∎ spread in interest rates différentiel m de taux d'intérêt;∎ the commission represented a broad spread of opinion la commission représentait un large éventail d'opinions;∎ maximum May temperatures show a ten-point spread les températures maximales du mois de mai montrent une variation de dix degrés(c) (of wings) envergure f∎ growth occurred over a spread of several years la croissance s'étala sur une période de plusieurs années∎ salmon spread beurre m de saumon;∎ chocolate spread chocolat m à tartiner(h) Press & Typography (two pages) double page f; (two-page advertisement) double page f publicitaire;∎ the event was given a good spread l'événement a été largement couvert par la presse∎ the hotel lays on a decent spread l'hôtel propose des repas tout à fait convenables□ ;∎ cold spread repas m froid□∎ nice spread you've got here! belle propriété que vous avez là!(k) Stock Exchange spread m(a) (arms, fingers, legs) écarté∎ I spread mustard on the ham, I spread the ham with mustard j'ai étalé de la moutarde sur le jambon;∎ he spread butter on a slice of toast or a slice of toast with butter il a tartiné de beurre une tranche de pain grillé;∎ to spread ointment on a burn appliquer ou mettre de la pommade sur une brûlure;∎ to spread the paint evenly étendre ou étaler la peinture en couches égales(b) (open out, unfold → wings, sails) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir;∎ he spread his handkerchief over his face il étala son mouchoir sur son visage;∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;∎ a bird with its wings spread un oiseau aux ailes déployées;∎ figurative it's time you spread your wings il est temps que vous voliez de vos propres ailes(c) (disseminate → disease, fire) propager, répandre; (→ news, idea, faith) propager; (→ rumour) répandre, faire courir; (→ lies) colporter; (→ terror, panic) répandre;∎ the disease is spread by rats la maladie est propagée par les rats;∎ the wind will spread the fire to the fields le vent va propager l'incendie jusque dans les champs;∎ trade helped to spread the new technology to Asia le commerce a facilité la diffusion ou la dissémination de cette nouvelle technologie en Asie;∎ the attack is at noon, spread the word! l'attaque est pour midi, faites passer ou passez le mot!;∎ to spread the gospel prêcher ou répandre l'Évangile; figurative répandre la bonne parole∎ he spread his papers on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;∎ her hair was spread over the pillow ses cheveux s'étalaient sur l'oreiller;∎ we spread the contents of the bag over the floor nous étalâmes le contenu du sac sur le sol;∎ the floor was spread with straw le sol était recouvert de paille;∎ take your shoes off, you're spreading dirt everywhere! enlève tes chaussures, tu salis tout!;∎ the explosion had spread debris over a large area l'explosion avait dispersé des débris sur une grande superficie;∎ their troops are spread too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces;∎ figurative to spread oneself too thinly se disperser(e) (space out over a period of time) échelonner, étaler;∎ the tourist season is now spread over six months la saison touristique s'étale maintenant sur six mois;∎ the payments are spread over several months les paiements sont échelonnés ou étalés ou répartis sur plusieurs mois;∎ to spread the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans(f) (divide up → tax burden, work load) répartir;∎ a policy designed to spread wealth more evenly une mesure qui vise à distribuer plus équitablement les richesses(a) (stain) s'élargir; (disease, fame, suburb) s'étendre; (fire, desert, flood) gagner du terrain, s'étendre; (rumour, ideas, faith, terror, crime, suspicion) se répandre;∎ panic spread through the crowd la panique a envahi ou gagné la foule;∎ the epidemic is spreading to other regions l'épidémie gagne de nouvelles régions;∎ the cancer had spread through her whole body le cancer s'était généralisé;∎ the suburbs are spreading further everyday les banlieues s'étendent chaque jour un peu plus;∎ the flood waters have spread across or over the whole plain l'inondation a gagné toute la plaine;∎ the species spread throughout Africa l'espèce s'est répandue à travers toute l'Afrique(b) (extend → over a period of time, a range of subjects) s'étendre;∎ their correspondence spreads over twenty years leur correspondance s'étend sur vingt ans(c) (butter, glue) s'étaler;∎ the icing should spread easily le glaçage devrait s'étaler facilement(d) Stock Exchange spéculer sur les différentiels de cours►► spread betting = système de paris portant sur le résultat d'un événement sportif ou autre, où les gains sont proportionnels à la justesse des prédictions, selon une fourchette de résultats préétablie;(b) (in skating) grand aigle m;∎ to do a spread eagle faire un grand aigle(rumour) répandre;∎ have you been spreading it about that I…? est-ce que tu as été raconter partout que je…?(a) (disperse) disperser, éparpiller;∎ the buildings are spread out among the trees les bâtiments sont dispersés parmi les arbres;∎ the runners are now spread out (along the course) les coureurs sont maintenant éparpillés le long du parcours;∎ the population is very spread out la population est très dispersée;∎ in a city as spread out as Los Angeles dans une ville aussi étendue que Los Angeles(b) (space out in time → deliveries, payments) échelonner;∎ to spread out over several financial years étaler sur plusieurs exercices;∎ to spread out the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans(c) (open out, unfold → wings) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir; (lay out → photos, cards, possessions) étaler;∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread out elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;∎ a bird with its wings spread out un oiseau aux ailes déployées;∎ to spread oneself out (on sofa etc) s'étendre, s'allonger;∎ the plain lay spread out in front of us la plaine s'étalait ou se déployait devant nous;∎ he spread his papers out on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;∎ their troops are spread out too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces(a) (town, forest) s'étendre∎ the search party had spread out through the woods l'équipe de secours s'était déployée à travers les bois(c) (open out → sail) se déployer, se gonfler(d) (make oneself at ease) s'installer confortablement;∎ I need an office where I can spread out j'ai besoin d'un bureau où je puisse étaler mes affaires -
64 type
3) шрифт4) писать [печатать\] на пишущей машине5) вчт. вводить( с клавиатуры), набирать ( на клавиатуре)•-
abstract data type
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access type
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acoustical type of lattice vibration
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advertizing type
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aggregate type
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arabic type
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array type
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base type
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body type
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bold-face type
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bold type
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book type
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built-in type
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capital type
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character type
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cold type
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condensed type
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conduction type
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data type
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derived type
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display type
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elite type
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encapsulated type
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enumerated type
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first type of occurrence
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fixed-point type
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fixed type
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floating-point type
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floating type
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generic type
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integer type
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interchangeable type
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italic type
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light type
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lower case type
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medium type
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model type
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optical type of lattice vibration
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ordinary spacing type
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own type
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owner type
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packed type
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part type
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pica type
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playback type of operation
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predefined type
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primary type
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printing type
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proportional spacing type
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record type
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restricted type
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reverse type
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roman type
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scalar type
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script type
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second type of occurrence
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set type
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task type
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text type
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transfer type
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truck body type
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truck chassis type
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type of a distribution
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type of growth
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type of iron
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types of wear
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typewriter type
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vacuous type
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variable type -
65 spiral
1) спираль
2) косозубчатый
3) спиралеобразный
4) спиральная линия
5) улиткообразный
6) спиральный
7) винтовой
8) витой
9) улитка
– cornu spiral
– double spiral
– lead-in spiral
– loxodromic spiral
– reciprocal spiral
– spiral chute
– spiral classifier
– spiral coil
– spiral descent
– spiral four
– spiral jaw clutch
– spiral micrometer
– spiral motion
– spiral of Archimedes
– spiral of Cornu
– spiral of Euler
– spiral point
– spiral quad
– spiral screw
– spiral spring
– spiral wheel
– steep spiral
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66 viewpoint
nounStandpunkt, der; Sehweise, diefrom a general/the political viewpoint... — allgemein/politisch gesehen...
* * ** * *ˈview·pointn* * *['vjuːpɔɪnt]n1) Standpunkt mfrom the viewpoint of economic growth — unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Wirtschaftswachstums
to see sth from sb's viewpoint — etw aus jds Sicht sehen
2) (for scenic view) Aussichtspunkt m* * ** * *nounStandpunkt, der; Sehweise, diefrom a general/the political viewpoint... — allgemein/politisch gesehen...
* * *n.Gesichtspunkt m.Gesichtswinkel m. -
67 single
123 -
68 order
1) заказ || заказывать2) наряд3) ордер4) приказ; распоряжение || приказывать; распоряжаться5) кратность6) очерёдность7) порядок || порядковый9) расстановка; расположение || располагать по порядку10) упорядоченность || упорядочивать11) вчт команда12) разряд числа•in a working order — в порядке, годный к работе
in order that [in order to] — для того чтобы
in the n-th order — мат. с точностью до членов n-го порядка
in the order of decreasing — мат. в порядке убывания
in the order of increasing — мат. в порядке возрастания
to arrange in the order of magnitude — располагать в порядке возрастания, располагать по возрастанию
to make to the order — делать на заказ; изготовлять по заказу
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69 death
1. n смертьto the death — до конца; до последней капли крови, до последнего дыхания
war to the death — война на истребление, истребительная война; борьба не на жизнь, а на смерть
until death — на всю жизнь, пожизненно
unto death — до смерти, до гроба
to be at the point of death — быть при смерти, агонизировать
condemned to death — осудил на смерть; осужденный на смерть
to dice with death — рисковать жизнью, играть со смертью
2. n отмирание, омертвение3. n смертельный случай4. n смертная казньunder sentence of death, condemned to death — приговорённый к смерти
penalty of death — наказание смертью, смертная казнь
5. n гибель6. n конец; исчезновение; утрата, потеря7. n эмоц. -усил. до смерти; смертельно; в высшей степени, совершенноthis meat has been done to death — мясо совершенно пережарено, мясо сгорело
the fashion has been done to death — эта мода совершенно изжила себя; это вышло из моды
sure as death — наверняка;
like grim death — изо всех сил; что есть мочи
to hang on like grim death — не сдаваться, держаться до последнего; бороться не на жизнь, а на смерть
merchants of death — торговцы смертью; торговцы оружием
Синонимический ряд:1. curtains (noun) curtains; decease; defunction; demise; dissolution; doom; dying; expiration; extinction; fate; grim reaper; quietus; rest; silence; sleep; the Pale Horse2. departure (noun) departure; loss; parting; passing3. fatality (noun) casualty; fatal; fatality4. stop (noun) cessation; destruction; end; finale; stop; surceaseАнтонимический ряд:activity; animation; being; birth; commencement; entity; existence; growth; inauguration; life; operation; rise; spirit; vigour -
70 finger
1. n палец; перст2. n стрелка часов3. n указатель на шкале4. n ширина пальцаpickup finger — стеблеподъёмник, палец подборщика
5. n фингер; длина пальца6. n чуточка7. n муз. туше8. n тех. палец; штифт9. n фарм. палочка лекарственного растения10. n грубый жестhis fingers are all thumbs — он очень неловок ;
nothing that I can put my finger on — ничего определённого, ничего точного, ничего реального
not to lift a finger — и пальцем не пошевелить, палец о палец не ударить
with a wet finger — с лёгкостью, без труда
keep your fingers crossed — тьфу, тьфу, не сглазьте!
finger language — язык жестов, язык глухонемых
11. v трогать, прикасаться пальцами; вертеть в руках12. v играть на музыкальном инструменте13. v муз. указывать аппликатуру14. v сл. воровать, красть15. v указывать; устанавливатьСинонимический ряд:1. digit of one's hand (noun) digit; digit of one's hand; extremity; fingerlike growth; forefinger; index finger; organ of touch; tentacle; thumb2. designate (verb) appoint; designate; make; name; nominate; tap3. identify (verb) determinate; diagnose; diagnosticate; distinguish; identify; pinpoint; place; recognise; recognize; spot4. touch (verb) feel; handle; manipulate; palpate; paw; point out; point to; touch; toy with -
71 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
72 sale
A n1 ( selling) vente f (of de ; to à) ; for sale à vendre ; to put sth up ou offer sth for sale mettre qch en vente ; on sale GB en vente ; US en solde ; to go on sale GB être mis en vente ; US être mis en solde ; on sale or return en vente avec reprise des invendus ; for general sale destiné à la vente (au public) ; at point of sale au point de vente ;2 ( cut price) solde f ; the sales les soldes ; in the sale(s) GB, on sale US en solde ; to put sth in the sale GB ou on sale US solder qch ; to have a sale solder ; the sales are on c'est la saison des soldes ; the summer/January sales les soldes estivales/de janvier ;3 ( event) vente f ; book/furniture sale vente de livres/de meubles ; to have ou hold a sale organiser une vente ;1 ( amount sold) ventes fpl ; arms/wine sales ventes fpl d'armes/de vin ; sales are up/down les ventes sont en hausse/en baisse ;2 ( career) commerce m ;3 ( department) service m des ventes. -
73 low
low [ləʊ]bas ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (f), 1 (i), 1 (j), 2 (a)-(d), 3 (a) faible ⇒ 1 (b)-(e), 1 (i) mauvais ⇒ 1 (e) grossier ⇒ 1 (g) niveau bas ⇒ 3 (b) dépression ⇒ 3 (c)(a) (in height) bas;∎ this room has a low ceiling cette pièce est basse de plafond;∎ low hills collines peu élevées;∎ a low neckline un décolleté;∎ the sun was already low in the sky le soleil était déjà bas dans le ciel;∎ the houses are built on low ground les maisons sont bâties dans une cuvette;∎ the river is low today la rivière est basse aujourd'hui;∎ low bridge (sign) hauteur limitée∎ the temperature is in the low twenties il fait un peu plus de vingt degrés;∎ old people are given very low priority les personnes âgées ne sont absolument pas considérées comme prioritaires;∎ I've reached a low point in my career j'ai atteint un creux dans ma carrière;∎ their relationship is at a low ebb leurs relations sont au plus bas;∎ a low blood count une numération globulaire basse(c) (in degree, intensity → probability, visibility) faible; (→ fire) bas; (→ lighting) faible, tamisé;∎ cook on a low heat faire cuire à feu doux;∎ to keep a low profile garder un profil bas(d) (below average → number, cost, price, rate) bas, faible; (→ profit) faible, maigre; (→ salary) peu élevé;∎ low economic growth faible croissance économique;∎ attendance was low il y avait peu de monde;∎ we're only playing for low stakes nous ne jouons que de petites mises, nous ne jouons pas de grosses sommes;∎ we're rather low on whisky on n'a plus beaucoup de whisky;∎ we're getting low on kerosene nous allons bientôt être à court de kérosène;∎ our water supply is getting low notre réserve d'eau baisse;∎ the ammunition is getting low nous aurons bientôt épuisé les munitions;∎ low in calories pauvre en calories;∎ the soil is very low in nitrogen la terre est très pauvre en azote(e) (poor → intelligence, standard) faible; (→ opinion) faible, piètre; (→ in health) mauvais, médiocre; (→ in quality) mauvais;∎ he's very low at the moment il est bien bas ou bien affaibli en ce moment;∎ I'm in rather low spirits, I feel rather low je n'ai pas le moral, je suis assez déprimé;∎ the pupils in this school have a low standard of reading les élèves de cette école ont un niveau faible en lecture;∎ a low quality carpet une moquette de mauvaise qualité∎ to be of low birth être de basse extraction ou d'origine modeste;∎ low ranking officials petits fonctionnaires mpl, fonctionnaires mpl subalternes∎ to keep low company fréquenter des gens peu recommandables;∎ that was a low trick c'était un sale tour;∎ that was rather a low thing to do ce n'était pas très joli de faire une chose pareille;∎ a man of low cunning un homme d'une ruse ignoble∎ low forms of life des formes de vie inférieures ou peu évoluées∎ keep your voice low ne parlez pas trop fort;∎ in a low voice à voix basse, à mi-voix;∎ turn the radio down low mettez la radio moins fort;∎ turn the lights down low baissez les lumières;∎ she gave a low groan elle poussa un faible gémissement;∎ we heard a low moan nous avons entendu une plainte étouffée(j) (deep → note, voice) bas∎ to play a low trump jouer un petit atout2 adverb(a) (in height) bas;∎ lower down plus bas;∎ aim low visez bas;∎ I can't bend down that low je ne peux pas me pencher si bas;∎ a helicopter flew low over the town un hélicoptère a survolé la ville à basse altitude;∎ the sun sank low on the horizon le soleil est descendu très bas sur l'horizon;∎ she was sitting very low in her chair elle était avachie sur sa chaise;∎ he bowed low il s'inclina profondément;∎ to be laid low (ill) être immobilisé(b) (in intensity) bas;∎ the fire had burnt low le feu avait baissé;∎ stocks are running low les réserves baissent;∎ the batteries are running low les piles sont usées;∎ turn the music down low baisse la musique∎ I can't sing that low je ne peux pas chanter aussi bas∎ to buy low acheter à bas prix; Stock Exchange acheter quand les cours sont bas∎ I wouldn't stoop or sink so low as to tell lies je ne m'abaisserais pas à mentir3 noun(a) (in height) bas m(b) (degree, level) niveau m bas, point m bas;∎ the dollar has reached a record low le dollar a atteint son niveau le plus bas;∎ the share price has reached a new low l'indice des actions est descendu à son plus bas niveau;∎ inflation is at an all-time low l'inflation est à son niveau le plus bas;∎ relations between them are at an all-time low leurs relations n'ont jamais été si mauvaises;∎ Stock Exchange the highs and lows les hauts mpl et les bas mpl∎ the heating is on low le chauffage est au minimum(d) Meteorology dépression f∎ in low en première/secondemeugler, beugler►► Cards the low cards les basses cartes fpl;1 noun= section de l'Église anglicane qui se distingue par la simplicité du rituel= de tendance conservatrice, dans l'Église anglicane;Theatre low comedy farce f;the Low Countries les Pays-Bas mpl;∎ in the Low Countries aux Pays-Bas;familiar low five = tape amicale donnée dans la paume de quelqu'un pour le saluer, le féliciter ou en signe de victoire;American low gear première (vitesse) f;Low German bas allemand m;Low Latin bas latin m;low life pègre f; (individual → disreputable) voyou m, crapule f; (→ criminal) membre m du milieu ou de la pègre;Religion Low Mass messe f basse;low pressure basse pression f;∎ Meteorology a low pressure area, an area of low pressure une zone de basse pression;the low season la basse saison;low season holidays vacances fpl hors saison;low technology technologie f de base;low tide marée f basse;∎ at low tide à marée basse;low water (UNCOUNT) basses eaux fpl -
74 ionization constant
1. константа ионизацииC-type constant — константа типа C; символьная константа
2. константа диссоциации3. постоянная ионизацииThe English-Russian dictionary general scientific > ionization constant
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75 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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76 estimate
̘. ̈n.ˈestɪmɪt
1. сущ.
1) оценка by smb.'s estimate ≈ по чьей-л. оценке to give, make estimate ≈ оценивать an approximate, rough estimate ≈ грубая оценка conservative estimate ≈ консервативная точка зрения preliminary estimate ≈ предварительная оценка written estimate ≈ письменная оценка Syn: opinion
2) смета;
калькуляция, определение стоимости Supplementary Estimate, Supplementary Estimates ≈ дополнительные бюджетные ассигнования budgetary estimate ≈ смета бюджетная estimate of expenditures ≈ смета затрат approved estimate ≈ утвержденная смета detailed estimate ≈ подробная смета
2. гл.
1) оценивать, производить оценку, устанавливать цену, стоимость;
калькулировать The builder estimates the cost of repairing the roof at $
600. ≈ Строители оценивают стоимость починки крыши в 600 долларов. Syn: value
2.
2) оценивать;
приблизительно подсчитывать, прикидывать I would estimate the size of the garden at
1. 000 square metres. ≈ Думаю, площадь этого сада 1000 квадратных метров.
3) считать, полагать, оценивать, давать оценку;
судить;
расценивать Bacon could not estimate Shakespeare. ≈ Бэкон не смог оценить шекспира. Syn: consider, judge
2. оценка - to form an * составить мнение, оченить (положение) - critical * of an author критическая оценка произведений какого-либо автора - to form a correct * of a modern art составить верное представление о современном искусстве - what is your * of the crop? как вы оцениваете урожай?, каково ваше мнение об урожае? - *s of radiation intensity определение интенсивности излучения смета, калькуляция;
исчисление;
предварительный подсчет - rough * ориентировочная оценка, приблизительный подсчет - * for funds смета на денежные ассигнования - * of requirements план-заявка - by * по смете, по предварительному подсчету;
примерно - the bibliography runs by * to 1,650 titles библиография содержит около 1650 названий - on a conservative * по самым скромным подсчетам (сметные) предположения - the Estimates проект( государственного) бюджета (в Великобритании) ;
проект расходной части бюджета (сметы-заявки ведомств - в США) - budgetary *s бюджетные предположения оценивать, устанавливать стоимость - to * the value of a gem оценить драгоценный камень оценивать, давать оценку;
выносить суждение, судить ( о чем-либо) - to * the powers of an author судить о таланте писателя, дать оценку таланту писателя - to * highly высоко ценить составлять смету;
приблизительно подсчитывать, прикидывать - the press *d the number of demonstrators as 2,000 по мнению журналистов, в демонстрации приняло участие по меньшей мере 2 тысячи человек - the age of the icon is *d at two hundred years считаю, что икона была написана 200 лет назад - the population of the country is variously *d at from... to... по разным подсчетам население страны составляет от... до... (специальное) оценивать, делать оценку (величины) absolute ~ абсолютная оценка accounting ~ предварительный учет admissible ~ допустимая оценка approximate ~ приблизительный расчет asymptotically efficient ~ асимптотически эффективная оценка asymptotically unbiased ~ асимптотически несмещенная оценка biased ~ смещенная оценка builder's ~ оценка подрядчика consistent ~ состоятельная оценка cost ~ расчет стоимость cost price ~ оценка цены производства costs ~ оценка затрат depreciation-costing ~ оценка амортизационных отчислений efficient ~ эффективная оценка error ~ оценка погрешности estimate давать оценку ~ исчисление ~ калькуляция ~ оценивать, давать оценку ~ оценивать ~ оценка ~ предварительно подсчитывать ~ предварительный подсчет ~ смета;
наметка;
калькуляция;
the Estimates проект государственного бюджета по расходам (представляемый ежегодно в англ. парламент) ~ смета ~ составлять смету;
подсчитывать приблизительно;
прикидывать ~ составлять смету ~ устанавливать стоимость ~ of costs оценка затрат ~ of expenditure смета расходов ~ of loss оценка убытков ~ of maximum precision вчт. оценка максимальной точности ~ of maximum precision вчт. оценка предельной точности ~ of mean вчт. оценка среднего ~ of proceeds оценка доходов ~ смета;
наметка;
калькуляция;
the Estimates проект государственного бюджета по расходам (представляемый ежегодно в англ. парламент) estimates: estimates сметные предположения supplementary: estimates дополнительные бюджетные ассигнования growth ~ оценка роста job ~ оценка стоимости работы least-squares ~ оценка по методу наименьших квадратов lower ~ оценка снизу maximum likelihood ~ оценка максимального правдоподобия minimum-error ~ оценка с минимальной ошибкой minimum-variance ~ оценка с минимальной дисперсией nearly unbiased ~ почти несмещенная оценка numerical ~ числовая оценка on conservative ~ по самой осторожной оценке point ~ точечная оценка preliminary ~ предварительная оценка provisional ~ предварительная оценка reasonable ~ приемлемая оценка regression ~ оценка по методу регрессии rough ~ грубая оценка rough ~ приближенная оценка rough ~ приблизительная оценка rough: ~ estimate приблизительная оценка sample ~ выборочная оценка simplified ~ упрощенная оценка single-value ~ однозначная оценка time ~ оценка продолжительности truncated ~ усеченная оценка unbiased ~ несмещенная оценка uniformly consistent ~ равномерно состоятельная оценка uniformly unbiased ~ равномерно несмещенная оценка uniformly weighted ~ равномерно взвешенная оценкаБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > estimate
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77 zero
ˈzɪərəu
1. сущ.
1) нуль, ноль (название числа или условной точки на числовой оси, шкале) below zero ≈ ниже нуля absolute zero ≈ абсолютный ноль zero-sum ≈ с нулевой суммой (об играх, в которых проигрыши и выигрыши участников в сумме дают нуль)
2) перен. нуль, ничто, отсутствие чего-л. to reduce to zero ≈ свести на нет zero population growth ≈ отсутствие прироста населения Syn: cipher, nil, nought, null
3) перен. ничтожество ∙ zero hour zero out
2. прил. нулевой;
исходный, начальный zero ending ≈ нулевое окончание zero setting ≈ установка прибора на нуль zero gravity Syn: initial
3. гл. устанавливать на нуль, определять нуль (о приборе и т. п.) zero in нуль, ноль - 25 multiplied by * gives * 25, умноженное на нуль, дает нуль (специальное) нулевая точка, нуль ( шкалы) ;
начало координат - absolute* абсолютный нуль - time * начало отсчета времени - to set to * привести к нулю, установить на нуль точка замерзания - to read * показывать нуль (о приборе) - below * ниже нуля ничто - to reduce to * свести на нет - his chances sank to * его шансы упали до нуля - his courage sank /fell/ to * у него душа ушла в пятки ноль, нуль, ничтожество (о человеке) (военное) час "0", время начала наступления, время высадки десанта решительный час, час истытания полночь, двенадцать часов ночи (военное) правильная установка прицела с учетом возвышения и сноса нулевой;
исходный - * level исходный уровень;
нулевой уровень - * ending нулевое окончание - * visibility (метеорология) нулевая видимость - * mark нулевое деление шкалы - * degree /point/ абсолютный нуль шкалы - * altitude (авиация) высота бреющего полета;
(геодезия) отметка, соответствующая уровню моря устанавливать( прибор и т. п.) на нуль определять, находить нуль (прибора и т. п.) binary ~ вчт. двоичный нуль computer ~ вчт. машинный нуль divide by ~ вчт. делить на нуль leading ~ вчт. начальный нуль negative ~ вчт. отрицательный нуль record ~ вчт. нулевая запись ~ (pl -os) нуль, ничто;
to reduce to zero свести на нет suppress ~s вчт. подавить нули suppress ~s вчт. подавлять нули trailing ~ вчт. конечный нуль zero начало координат ~ ноль ~ нулевая точка;
первая основная точка температурной шкалы;
below zero ниже нуля ~ нулевая точка ~ (pl -os) нуль, ничто;
to reduce to zero свести на нет ~ нуль ~ нуль шкалы ~ attr.: ~ setting установка прибора на нуль ~ hour решительный час ~ hour воен. час начала атаки, выступления ~ attr.: ~ setting установка прибора на нуль -
78 boundary
1) граница
2) граница раздела
3) граничный
4) обделочный
5) предельный
6) разграничивающий
7) межевой
8) край
9) носитель краевых данных
10) контур
11) контурный
12) краевой
13) пограничный
14) рубеж
15) порог
16) бортовой
– absolute boundary
– beam boundary
– boundary capacitance
– boundary condition
– boundary conditions
– boundary curve
– boundary cycle
– boundary effect
– boundary face
– boundary furrow
– boundary layer
– boundary light
– boundary line
– boundary marker
– boundary matrix
– boundary operator
– boundary oprator
– boundary phase
– boundary plate
– boundary point
– boundary problem
– boundary surface
– boundary triangle
– boundary value
– boundary wave
– boundary zone
– distincuished boundary
– distinguished boundary
– grain boundary
– homotopy boundary
– ideal boundary
– in tracing the boundary
– large-angle boundary
– natural boundary
– p-n boundary
– phase boundary
– slip boundary
– small-angle boundary
– tilt boundary
– twin boundary
– twist boundary
– wake boundary
boundary cluster set — <math.> множество граничных предельных значений
boundary value problem — задача граничная, краевая задача
establish boundary conditions — установить граничные условия
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79 curve
1) выгиб
2) излучина
3) искривление
4) кривая
5) кружальный
6) лекало
7) лекальный
8) искривляться
9) закругление
10) изгиб
11) кривая линия
12) путь
13) эпюр
14) график
15) характеристика
– abnormal curve
– adiabatic curve
– adjustment curve
– altitude curve
– arc of curve
– arrival curve
– B-H curve
– basket curve
– bell-shaped curve
– binodal curve
– boundary curve
– branch of curve
– break in curve
– break of a curve
– broken curve
– calibration curve
– caustic curve
– climb curve
– coexistence curve
– Cole-Cole curve
– compound curve
– concavity of curve
– connecting curve
– continuous curve
– contl curve
– coordinate curve
– cosecans curve
– cosine curve
– cotangent curve
– counter curve
– current-time curve
– curve analyser
– curve fitting
– curve gauge
– curve of alignment
– curve of flexibility
– curve of growth
– curve of pursuit
– curve of road
– curve of the crossover
– curve piece
– curve tracing
– cycle curve
– decomposed curve
– decrement curve
– demand curve
– derived curve
– dip of curve
– distribution curve
– dotted curve
– double-humped curve
– easement curve
– effective curve
– equidistant curve
– equipotential curve
– equiprobability curve
– error curve
– exponential curve
– figure-of-eight curve
– focal curve
– frequency curve
– full curve
– funicular curve
– fusiblity curve
– generating curve
– harmonic curve
– hysteresis curve
– image curve
– imaginary curve
– inflection of a curve
– inflection of curve
– integral curve
– involute of a curve
– isobathic curve
– jagged curve
– level curve
– load curve
– load-duration curve
– loop of a curve
– loop of curve
– loxodromic curve
– magnetization curve
– moment curve
– narrow curve
– nodal curve
– non-dimensional curve
– open curve
– order of curve
– parabolic curve
– peak of curve
– peaked curve
– pedal curve
– percentile curve
– polytropic curve
– portion of a curve
– quadratic curve
– ranging of curve
– recrystallization curve
– rectificability of curve
– rectification of curve
– reducible curve
– regression curve
– resonance curve
– response curve
– return curve
– rocking curve
– saw tooth curve
– secant curve
– segment of curve
– sigmoid curve
– simple curve
– sine curve
– sinusoid curve
– slope of a curve
– solidification curve
– space curve
– stability curve
– standard curve
– steep curve
– stress-strain curve
– tail of curve
– tame curve
– tangent curve
– time-temperature curve
– traffic curve
– transcendental curve
– trend of curve
– truncated curve
– twisted curve
– vapor-pressure curve
– wide curve
"root locus" curve — корневой годограф
automatic curve follower — устойчиво для автоматического копирования кривых
community indifference curve — кривая общественного безразличия
flatness of a frequency curve — сглаженность кривой плотности
inflexional tangent to a curve — касательная в точке перегиба кривой
kurtosis of a frequency curve — эксцесс плотности распределения
kurtosis of frequency curve — эксцесс плотности распределения
simple abnormal curve — <math.> кривая анормальная симметричная
valley on temperature curve — <phys.> сброс температуры
-
80 function
1) функция
2) ф-ция
3) функционировать
4) зависимость
5) назначение
6) действовать
7) роль
– Abelian function
– acidity function
– action function
– adjustment function
– affect function
– alternating function
– ambiguity function
– Appell function
– approximate function
– arbitrary function
– autocorrelation function
– Bassel-Wilkin function
– beta function
– Boolean function
– bounded function
– built-in function
– case-shift function
– characteristic function
– choice function
– circulating function
– complementary function
– composite function
– computable function
– confluent function
– constrained function
– content function
– contiguous function
– continuous function
– control function
– correlation function
– cost function
– course-of-value function
– covariance function
– criterion function
– crosscorrelation function
– decision function
– decreasing function
– density function
– derived function
– determining function
– digamma function
– discontinuous function
– discriminant function
– dissipative function
– distance function
– distribution function
– domain of a function
– donor function
– efficiency function
– entire function
– error function
– even function
– excitation function
– expenditure function
– explicit function
– exponential function
– factorable function
– factorial function
– fatigue function
– flow function
– force function
– forcing function
– frequency function
– function character
– function element
– function letters
– function multiplier
– function of singularities
– function of state
– function of support
– function of two variables
– function potentiometer
– function switch
– function vanishes
– fundamental function
– generalized function
– generating function
– Gibbs function
– Green's function
– harmonic function
– height-gain function
– Herglotz function
– implicit function
– increasing function
– increment of a function
– indicator function
– influence function
– inhibit function
– integral function
– inverse function
– jump function
– kernel function
– Lauricella function
– likelihood function
– loss function
– majority function
– many-valued function
– minorant function
– monotone function
– monotonic function
– multivalent function
– n-metacaloric function
– non-decreasing function
– noncomputable function
– objective function
– odd function
– one-valued function
– original function
– oscillation of a function
– partition function
– pattern function
– payoff function
– Pearcey function
– penalty function
– power function
– prescribed function
– probability function
– propagation function
– quaternion function
– random function
– range of a function
– range of function
– rational function
– real-valued function
– recursive function
– response function
– ring function
– risk function
– saltus function
– sampling function
– saw-tooth function
– scattering function
– signum function
– simple function
– sine function
– single-valued function
– singular function
– singularity function
– skew-symmetric function
– source function
– spectral function
– status function
– step function
– storage function
– stream function
– successor function
– support function
– switching function
– terminal-decision function
– test function
– threshold function
– transcendental function
– transfer function
– transition function
– trial function
– truth function
– unconstrained function
– utility function
– variation of a function
– wave function
– weight function
– weighting function
– well-behaved function
– work function
– zeta function
almost bounded function — функция, ограниченная почти всюду
complementary error function — <math.> функция ошибок дополнительная
confluent hypergeometric function — <math.> функция гипергеометрическая вырожденная
contrast transfer function — <opt.> характеристика частотно-контрастная
cumulant generating function — производящая функция семиинвариантов
delta function response — импульсная переходная проводимость
distribution function analyzer — анализатор функции распределения
element of analytic function — элемент аналитической функции
function of bounded variation — функция с ограниченным изменением
incompletely defined function — не всюду определенная функция
inverse hyperbolic function — <geom.> ареафункция
linear discriminant function — <math.> функция дискриминантная линейная
moment generating function — <math.> производящая функция моментов
monotone non-decreasing function — монотонная неубывающая функция
monotone non-increasing function — монотонная невозрастающая функция
normalized coherence function — комплексная степень когерентности, <opt.> коэффициент когерентности
point spread function — <opt.> функция аппаратная, <opt.> функция рассеяния точки
probability density function — <math.> плотность вероятности, плотность распределения
quadratically integrable function — функция с интегрируемым квадратом
Rayleigh dissipation function — <opt.> функция диссипативная
Riemann zeta function — <math.> дзета-функция Римана
sourcewise representable function — истокообразно представленная функция
transfer function analyzer — анализатор передаточной функции
См. также в других словарях:
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