go+under

ē-rĭgo, rexi, rectum, 3, v. a. [rego], to raise or set up, to erect (very freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

rubrum jubar,

Lucr. 4, 404:

caput,

id. 5, 1208:

ar borem (with extollere),

Cic. Fin. 5, 14, 39:

hominem,

to form erect, id. Leg. 1, 9, 26:

os,

id. ib. 3, 85;

jacentem,

Curt. 7, 3, 17:

hastas,

Liv. 1, 27, 8; 33, 10:

digitum,

Quint. 11, 3, 120:

manus ad tectum,

id. 11, 3, 118; cf.:

scalas ad moenia,

Liv. 32, 14:

agmen in adversum clivum,

to lead up, id. 9, 31 fin.: cf. id. 3, 18; 9, 43; 10, 26; Tac. Agr. 36:

aciem in collem,

id. H. 4, 71:

oculos,

i. e. to raise. Cic. Sest. 31, 68.—

With se, [p. 656] or (more freq., esp. since the Aug. per.) mid., to set one's self up, to rise:

connituntur (pueri), ut sese erigant,

Cic. Fin. 5, 15, 42; so,

sese aut sublevare (Alces),

Caes. B. G. 6, 27, 2:

statura breves in digitos eriguntur,

i. e. raise themselves on tiptoe, Quint. 2, 3, 8; cf.:

in ungues,

id. 11, 3, 120:

in armos (equus),

Stat. Th. 6, 502:

in auras,

Ov. M. 3, 43; 15, 512:

sub auras,

Verg. A. 8, 25:

ad sidera (fumus),

id. ib. 9, 214 et saep.— Said of rising ground, Verg. A. 8, 417; Tac. G. 46; cf. under P. a.—

In partic.

To build, construct, erect (rarely):

turres,

Caes. B. C. 1, 26, 1:

saxeas turres,

Flor. 3, 2 fin.:

quis totidem erexit villas,

Juv. 1, 94. —

Milit. t. t., to cause to halt, stop, because of the erect posture assumed:

Albanus erigit totam aciem,

Liv. 1, 27, 6.—

Trop.

In gen., to arouse, excite:

erigite mentes auresque vestras et me attendite,

Cic. Sull. 11, 33; cf.

aures (with animum attendere),

id. Verr. 2, 1, 10:

animos ad audiendum,

id. Ac. 2, 4, 10:

cum res relata exspectatione certaminis senatum erexisset,

had aroused, excited, Liv. 37, 1; cf. under P.a. B. 2.:

aculeos severitatis in rem, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 12, 29:

libertas malis oppressa civilibus extollere jam caput et aliquando se erigere debebat,

id. Planc. 13 fin.:

paululum se erexit et addidit historiae majorem sonum vocis,

id. de Or. 2, 12 fin. —

In partic., to raise up, cheer up, encourage:

erigebat animum jam demissum et oppressum Oppianicus,

Cic. Clu. 21, 58; cf. id. ib. 70, 200; id. Att. 1, 16, 9:

spem,

Tac. H. 4, 71:

illam tu provinciam afflictam et perditam erexisti atque recreasti,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 91; cf.: rempublicam, Pompeius ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, C fin.:

rempublicam ex tam gravi casu,

Liv. 6, 2, 1:

multos populos ad cupidinem novae fortunae,

id. 21, 19:

Germanos ad spem belli, Caesarem ad coercendum,

Tac. A. 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 2, 71; Flor. 3, 18, 3:

Lusitanos,

id. 2, 17, 15:

fiduciam Pori,

Curt. 8, 13, 16:

animos ad spem,

id. 4, 7, 1 et saep.:

non dubito quin tuis litteris se magis etiam erexerit ab omnique sollicitudine abstraxerit,

Cic. Deiot. 14; so,

se,

id. Brut. 3, 12; id. Agr. 2, 32, 87; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1; 1, 3, 5; cf.:

se in spem,

Liv. 3, 1, 2:

se ad spem libertatis,

Just. 11, 1, 2:

se ad imitationem,

Quint. 2, 3, 10.—Mid., Just. 6, 4, 4; 23, 1, 14; Tac. H. 2, 74 fin.; id. A. 2, 71.—Hence, ērectus, a, um, P. a., set up; upright; elevated, lofty.

Prop.:

primum eos (homines) humo excitatos celsos et erectos constituit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 56; cf.:

erectus et celsus status,

ib. Or. 18, 59:

incessus,

Tac. H. 1, 53:

vultus,

Ov. M. 1, 86; and in the comp.:

coxae,

Cels. 7, 16:

viriditas culmo geniculato,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

prorae,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13, 2; cf.:

petra in metae modum,

Curt. 8, 11; and in the comp., Claud. Idyll. 6, 11.— Sup., Jul. Valer. Res Gest. Alex. M. 1, 31.—

Trop.

Elevated, lofty, noble:

celsus et erectus et ea quae homini accidere possunt omnia parva ducens,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 14, 42; cf.

animus (with magnus),

id. Deiot. 13, 36; in the comp.:

erectior homo,

id. Off. 1, 30:

habet mens nostra natura sublime quiddam et erectum et impatiens superioris,

Quint. 11, 1, 16; cf. Tac. Agr. 4.—

In a bad sense, haughty, lofty, Cic. de Or. 1, 40 fin.; cf. id. Font. 11.—

Intent, attentive, on the stretch:

judices,

Cic. Brut. 54, 200; cf.:

suspensique (Horatii),

Liv. 1, 25:

plebs, civitas exspectatione,

id. 2, 54; 3, 47:

vos ad libertatem recuperandam (with ardentes),

Cic. Phil. 4, 5:

mens circa studia,

Quint. 1, 3, 10:

studium in legendo,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

multitudo,

Tac. H. 4, 81; cf.:

erecta in Othonem studia,

lively sympathies, id. ib. 2, 11.— Comp.:

ad agendum erectiores,

Quint. 9, 4, 12.—

Animated, encouraged, resolute:

legiones nostrae in eum saepe locum profectae alacri animo et erecto, unde, etc.,

Cic. de Sen. 20, 75:

nunc vero multo sum erectior,

id. Phil. 4, 1, 2:

erectis animis,

Tac. A. 3, 7.— Adv.: ērectē (acc. to B. 3.), boldly, courageously (late Lat.); in the comp.:

judicare,

Gell. 7, 3 fin.:

loqui,

Amm. 15, 5.

fascis, is, m. [cf. phakelos, fascia, but v fido], a bundle of wood, twigs, straw, reeds, etc.

A fagot, fascine; a packet, parcel.

In gen. (rare):

fasces stramentorum ac virgultorum,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 15, 6:

lignorum,

Tac. A. 13, 35:

magno comites in fasce libelli,

Juv. 7, 107:

tot crimina, tot reos uno velut fasce complecti,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 9.— Trop., of a crowd of people, Vulg. Isa. 24, 22.—

A burden, load:

Romanus in armis Injusto sub fasce viam cum carpit,

i. e. soldiers' baggage, Verg. G. 3, 347; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 26 Spald.:

(apes) saepe ultro animam sub fasce dedēre,

under the burden, Verg. G. 4, 204:

ego hoc te fasce levabo,

id. E. 9, 65:

venales humero fasces portare,

id. M. 80.—

In partic., in plur. fasces, a bundle carried before the highest magistrates, and consisting of rods and an axe, with which [p. 727] criminals were scourged and beheaded.

Prop.:

lictores duo, duo viminei fasces virgarum,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 26:

ut sibi (Tullo Hostilio) duodecim lictores cum fascibus anteire liceret, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 2, 17:

anteibant lictores cum fascibus duobus,

id. Agr. 2, 34, 93:

fasces praetoribus praeferuntur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 9, § 22:

Publicola statim secures de fascibus demi jussit,

id. Rep. 2, 31: tum demissi populo fasces, lowered (as a mark of respect) before the people, id. ib. 1, 40, 62; cf.:

P. Valerius fasces primus demitti jussit,

id. ib. 2, 31;

for which: (P. Valerius) summissis fascibus in contionem escendit,

Liv. 2, 7, 7; cf.

under B.: paulo ante dimissi fasces,

surrendered, Plin. Pan. 61, 7:

praecedebant incompta signa, versi fasces, at the funeral of Germanicus,

Tac. A. 3, 2 init.:

neque in litteris, neque in fascibus insignia laureae praetulit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 71, 3; cf.:

visus C. Marius cum fascibus laureatis,

Cic. Div. 1, 28, 59; so,

laureati,

id. Att. 8, 3, 5:

imperatorii,

Tac. A. 13, 9.—

Meton., a high office, esp. the consulship ( poet.):

qui petere a populo fasces saevasque secures Imbibit,

Lucr. 3, 1009:

illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum Flexit,

Verg. G. 2, 495:

ut si Detulerit fasces indigno, detrahet idem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 34; id. S. 1, 6, 97:

et titulis et fascibus olim Major habebatur donandi gloria,

Juv. 5, 110; Sil. 11, 152.—Of royalty:

diadema Quirini Et fasces meruit,

Juv. 8, 260.—

Trop., to give place, to acknowledge one's inferiority:

cum tibi aetas nostra jam cederet fascesque summitteret,

Cic. Brut. 6, 22.

fructus, a, um, Part., from fruor.

fructus, ūs (archaic gen. sing. fructuis, Varr. ap. Non. 492, 14; id. R. R. 1, 2, 19; cf. Gell. 4, 16:

fructi,

Cato, R. R. 4; Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 16; Turp. ap. Non. 491, 7), m. [fruor], an enjoying, enjoyment.

In abstracto.

Lit. (perh. only ante- and post-class.): Ol. Mea est haec. St. Scio; sed meus fructus est prior, i. e. use and enjoyment, for ususfructus (q. v. under usus), Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 16; Dig. 7, 8, 14.—

Trop. (class. but rare):

hoc tam singulare vestrum beneficium ad animi mei fructum atque laetitiam duco esse permagnum,

for my mental enjoyment, Cic. Agr. 2, 2, 5: qui propter odium fructum oculis (dat.) ex ejus casu capere vellent, to feast their eyes on, Nep. Eum. 11 (cf.:

spectatumne huc, ut rem fruendam oculis, sociorum caedes venimus?

Liv. 22, 14, 4).—Far more freq.,

Transf., concr., the enjoyment that proceeds from a thing, proceeds, produce, product, fruit, profit, income (very freq. and class.; in sing. and plur.; cf.: fruges, fetus, frumentum).

Lit.: quod earum rerum videa tur ei levis fructus, exiguus usus, incertus dominatus, etc., Cic. Rep. 1, 17; cf.:

pecudes partim esse ad usum hominum, partim ad fructum, partim ad vescendum procreatas,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25; Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 4; cf.

also ususfructus, under usus: frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 12:

fructum ex aliqua re percipere or capere,

id. ib. 2, 4, 14:

quoniam fructum arbitror esse fundi eum, qui ex eo satus nascitur utilis ad aliquam rem, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 23, 1:

ruri si recte habitaveris, fructi plus capies,

Cato, R. R. 4, 2; cf.:

in quos sumptus abeunt fructus praediorum?

Cic. Att. 11, 2, 2:

praediorum,

id. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

arbusta vineaeque et consita omnia magis amoenis quam necessariis fructibus,

fruits, Liv. 22, 15, 2:

(vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13:

gallinarum fructus erant ova et pulli,

id. ib. 3, 3, 6:

quae (oves) neque ali neque ullum fructum edere ex se sine cultu hominum possent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158:

non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus,

id. de Sen. 7, 24; cf.:

ver ostendit futuros fructus: reliqua tempora demetendis fructibus et percipiendis accommodata sunt,

id. ib. 19, 70:

comportare et condere fructus,

id. Agr. 2, 32 fin.:

apibus fructum restituo suum,

Phaedr. 3, 13, 15:

in fructibus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26:

fructum ferre,

id. 8, 3, 10:

graves fructu vites,

id. 8, 3, 8: Heracleotae et Bragyletae, qui item debent, aut pecuniam solvant aut fructibus suis satisfaciant, satisfy him with their proceeds, Cic Fam. 13, 56, 2:

Asia multos annos vobis fructum Mithridatico bello non tulit,

id. Agr. 2, 30, 83; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 81:

M. Crassus negabat ullam satis magnam pecuniam esse ei... cujus fructibus exercitum alere non posset,

i. e. revenue, income, id. Off. 1, 8, 25:

aurum ex fructu metallorum coacervatum,

Liv. 45, 40, 2:

in tantas brevi creverant opes, seu maritimis seu terrestribus fructibus,

id. 21, 7, 3; cf.:

fuerat ei magno fructui mare,

id. 34, 36, 3:

qua re saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore periculi amittitur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 15:

an partus ancillae in fructu sit habendus,

id. Fin. 1, 4, 12:

putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse nisi eos, qui vobis fructui (al. fructuosi) sunt, conservaveritis,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 16.—

Trop., fruit, consequence, effect, result, return, reward, success:

ego fructus ex re publica non laetos et uberes, sed magna acerbitate permixtos tuli,

Cic. Planc. 38, 92; cf.:

fructum pietatis suae ex aliquo ferre,

id. Sest. 31, 68:

ex otio fructus capere,

id. Rep. 1, 4; cf.:

ex accusatione Aquilii diligentiae fructum ceperat,

id. Brut. 62, 222:

alicujus amoris et judicii,

id. Pis. 14, 31:

honeste acta superior aetas fructus auctoritatis capit ipsa extremos,

id. de Sen. 18, 62:

modestiae fructum aliquem percipere,

id. Sull. 1, 1:

gloria est fructus verae virtutis honestissimus,

id. Pis. 24, 57:

laboris,

Quint. 6 praef. §

2: studiorum,

id. 8 praef. § 26; 10, 3, 2; 10, 7, 1; cf.

also: ex re decerpere fructus (with plus mali haurire),

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

divitiarum fructus in copia est,

the enjoyment derived from riches, Cic. Par. 6, 2, 47:

vestrum beneficium, ad animi mei fructum atque laetitiam permagnum,

id. Agr. 2, 5:

Theophrastus talium sumptuum facultatem fructum divitiarum putat. Mihi autem ille fructus liberalitatis, multo et major videtur et certior,

id. Off. 2, 16, 56:

pecuniae fructus maximus,

id. ib. 2, 18, 64:

animi fructus, qui in te videndo est,

id. Fam. 15, 14, 3:

vitae fructus,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 28; id. Mur. 23, 47; cf.:

omnem fructum vitae superioris perdidissent,

id. Div. 2, 9, 24:

quin spe posteritatis fructuque ducatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 10, 29:

voluptatum,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

jucunditatis,

id. Mur. 19, 40:

graviore sono tibi Musa loquetur Nostra, dabunt cum maturos mihi tempora fructus,

Verg. Cul. 9.

fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgĭtum ( gen. plur. part. sync. fugientum, Hor. C. 3, 18, 1; part. fut. fugiturus, Ov. H. 2, 47 al.), 3, v. n. and a. [root FUG; Gr. PHUG, pheugô; Sanscr. bhuj; syn.: flecto, curvo; v. fuga], to flee or fly, to take flight, run away.

Lit.:

propera igitur fugere hinc, si te di amant,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 78; cf.:

a foro,

id. Pers. 3, 3, 31:

senex exit foras: ego fugio,

I am off, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 47:

cervam videre fugere, sectari canes,

id. Phorm. prol. 7:

qui fugisse cum magna pecunia dicitur ac se contulisse Tarquinios,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

Aeneas fugiens a Troja,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 33, § 72:

omnes hostes terga verterunt, nec prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 1:

oppido fugit,

id. B. C. 3, 29, 1:

ex ipsa caede,

to flee, escape, id. B. G. 7, 38, 3; cf.:

ex proelio Mutinensi,

Cic. Fam. 10, 14, 1:

e conspectu,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 107: Uticam, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 13: fenum habet in cornu;

longe fuge,

id. S. 1, 4, 34: nec furtum feci nec fugi, run away (of slaves), id. Ep. 1, 16, 46; cf.:

formidare servos, Ne te compilent fugientes,

id. S. 1, 1, 78; Sen. Tranq. 8.—

Prov.: ita fugias ne praeter casam,

i. e. in fleeing from one danger beware of falling into another, Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 3 Ruhnk. —

In partic., like the Gr. pheugein, to become a fugitive, leave one's country, go into exile:

fugiendum de civitate, cedendum bonis aut omnia perferenda,

Quint. 6, 1, 19; so,

ex patria,

Nep. Att. 4, 4:

a patria,

Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 66:

in exilium,

Juv. 10, 160; cf. under II. A. b.—

Transf., in gen., to pass quickly, to speed, to hasten away, flee away; cf.:

numquam Vergilius diem dicit ire, sed fugere, quod currendi genus concitatissimum est,

Sen. Ep. 108 med. (mostly poet. and of inanim. and abstr. things):

tenuis fugiens per gramina rivus,

Verg. G. 4, 19:

Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 68:

concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes,

id. C. 1, 12, 30:

spernit humum fugiente pennā,

hasting away, rapidly soaring, id. ib. 3, 2, 24:

nullum sine vulnere fugit Missile,

Stat. Th. 9, 770:

insequitur fugientem lumine pinum (i. e. navem),

Ov. M. 11, 469:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

Lucr. 4, 389:

fugiunt freno non remorante dies,

Ov. F. 6, 772:

sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus,

Verg. G. 3, 284:

annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40:

hora,

id. C. 3, 29, 48:

aetas,

id. ib. 1, 11, 7.—Of persons:

evolat ante omnes rapidoque per aëra cursu Callaicus Lampon fugit,

hastens away, Sil. 16, 335. Here perh. belongs: acer Gelonus, Cum fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta Getarum, i. e. swiftly roves (as a nomade), Verg. G. 3, 462 (acc. to another explan., flees, driven from his abode).—

Pregn., to vanish, disappear, to pass away, perish:

e pratis cana pruina fugit,

Ov. F. 6, 730:

fugiunt de corpore setae,

id. M. 1, 739; cf.:

jam fessae tandem fugiunt de corpore vires,

Verg. Cir. 447;

for which: calidusque e corpore sanguis Inducto pallore fugit,

Ov. M. 14, 755:

fugerat ore color,

id. H. 11, 27:

nisi causa morbi Fugerit venis,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 15:

fugiunt cum sanguine vires,

Ov. M. 7, 859:

amor,

Prop. 1, 12, 12:

memoriane fugerit in annalibus digerendis, an, etc.,

Liv. 9, 44, 4:

gratissima sunt poma, cum fugiunt,

i. e. when they wilt, become wilted, Sen. Ep. 12; cf.: vinum fugiens, under P. a.—

Trop. (rare but class.):

nos naturam sequamur, et ab omni, quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque approbatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128; cf.: omne animal appetit quaedam et fugit a quibusdam;

quod autem refugit, id contra naturam est, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Quint. 11, 1, 54:

ad verba,

to have recourse to, Petr. 132.

Act., to flee from, seek to avoid; to avoid, shun any thing.

Lit. (mostly poet.): erravi, post cognovi, et fugio cognitum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 160 Vahl.):

cum Domitius concilia conventusque hominum fugeret,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19, 2:

neminem neque populum neque privatum fugio,

Liv. 9, 1, 7:

vesanum fugiunt poëtam qui sapiunt,

Hor. A. P. 455:

percontatorem,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 69:

hostem,

id. S. 1, 3, 10:

lupus me fugit inermem,

id. C. 1, 22, 12:

nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus,

Verg. E. 8, 52:

(Peleus) Hippolyten dum fugit abstinens,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 18:

scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fugit urbes,

id. Ep. 2, 77; id. S. 1, 6, 126:

data pocula,

Ov. M. 14, 287; cf.

vina,

id. ib. 15, 323.— Pass.:

sic litora vento Incipiente fremunt, fugitur cum portus,

i. e. is left, Stat. Th. 7, 140. —

In partic. (cf. supra, I. A. b.), to leave one's country:

nos patriam fugimus,

Verg. E. 1, 4:

Teucer Salamina patremque cum fugeret,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 22.—Hence:

quis exsul Se quoque fugit?

Hor. C. 2, 16, 20.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to flee away from, to escape, = effugio ( poet.;

but cf. infra, B. 2.): hac Quirinus Martis equis Acheronta fugit,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 16:

insidiatorem,

id. S. 2, 5, 25:

cuncta manus avidas fugient heredis,

id. C. 4, 7, 19.—And in a poetically inverted mode of expression: nullum Saeva caput Proserpina fugit (= nemo tam gravis est, ad quem mors non accedat), none does cruel Proserpine flee away from, avoid (i. e. none escapes death), Hor. C. 1, 28, 20.—

Trop., to flee from, avoid, shun (very freq. and class.):

conspectum multitudinis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 30, 1:

ignominiam ac dedecus,

Cic. Rep. 5, 4:

nullam molestiam,

id. ib. 3, 5; cf.

laborem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 114; Verg. A. 3, 459 (opp. ferre):

recordationes,

Cic. Att. 12, 18:

vituperationem tarditatis,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 101; cf.:

majoris opprobria culpae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 10:

judicium senatus,

Liv. 8, 33, 8:

vitium,

Quint. 2, 15, 16:

hanc voluptatem (with reformidare),

id. 8, 5, 32:

disciplinas omnes (Epicurus),

id. 2, 17, 15:

nuptias,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 27; cf.:

usum conjugis,

Ov. M. 10, 565:

conubia,

id. ib. 14, 69:

amplexus senis,

Tib. 1, 9, 74:

nec sequar aut fugiam, quae diligit ipse vel odit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 72:

spondeum et dactylum (opp. sequi),

Quint. 9, 4, 87.— Pass.:

simili inscitiā mors fugitur, quasi dissolutio naturae,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

quemadmodum ratione in vivendo fugitur invidia, sic, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 38, 50:

quod si curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

fugiendas esse nimias amicitias,

id. ib. 13, 45:

fugienda semper injuria est,

id. Off. 1, 8, 25; id. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 103:

vitiosum genus fugiendum,

id. Or. 56, 189; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 128:

petenda ac fugienda,

id. 3, 6, 49.—

Like the Gr. pheugein, with inf. (mostly poet.), to avoid doing something, to omit, forbear, beware, = omittere, cavere:

illud in his rebus longe fuge credere, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 1052:

o fuge te tenerae puerorum credere turbae,

Tib. 1, 4, 9:

quid sit futurum cras, fuge quaerere,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 13; cf.

also: fuge suspicari, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 4, 22:

mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis?

Verg. A. 9, 200; cf. Ov. H. 9, 75:

fugeres radice vel herbā Proficiente nihil curarier,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 150; cf.:

neque illud fugerim dicere, ut Caelius, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

huic donis patris triumphum decorare fugiendum fuit?

id. Mur. 5, 11.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu; cf. supra, II. A. 2.), to escape ( poet. also of things as subjects):

tanta est animi tenuitas, ut fugiat aciem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 50; Ov. F. 2, 80:

sed tamen admiror, quo pacto judicium illud Fugerit,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 100:

quos viros vigilantia fugit,

whom any vigilance escapes, Verg. G. 2, 265; cf. id. E. 9, 54.—

Esp. freq., res me fugit, it escapes me, escapes my notice; I do not observe it, do not know it (cf.:

latet, praeterit): novus ille populus vidit tamen id, quod fugit Lacedaemonium Lycurgum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12; cf.:

illos id fugerat,

id. Fin. 4, 23, 63:

hominem amentem hoc fugit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 27:

quem res nulla fugeret,

id. Rep. 2, 1:

quae (ratio) neque Solonem Atheniensem fugerat, neque nostrum senatum,

id. ib. 2, 34;

1, 16: non fugisset hoc Graecos homines, si, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 253:

neminem haec utilitas fugit,

Quint. 2, 5, 17:

nisi quae me forte fugiunt, hae sunt fere de animo sententiae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 22; Quint. 9, 2, 107; 7, 1, 40:

nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere possit,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

quae (partitio) fugiet memoriam judicis,

Quint. 4, 5, 3; cf. Gell. 1, 18, 6.—With a subject-clause:

de Dionysio, fugit me ad te antea scribere,

Cic. Att. 7, 18, 3; 5, 12, 3:

illud alterum quam sit difficile, te non fugit,

id. ib. 12, 42, 2.—Hence, fŭgĭens, entis, P. a., fleeing, fleeting, vanishing.

Lit.:

accipiter,

Lucr. 3, 752:

membra deficiunt, fugienti languida vitā,

id. 5, 887:

vinum,

growing flat, spoiling, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:

ocelli,

dying, Ov. Am. 3, 9, 49:

portus fugiens ad litora,

running back, retreating, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 15.—

Subst. in the later jurid. lang., like the Gr. ho pheugôn, the defendant:

omnimodo hoc et ab actore et a fugiente exigi,

Cod. Just. 2, 58, § 4 (for which, reus, § 7).—

Trop., with gen.:

nemo erat adeo tardus aut fugiens laboris, quin, etc.,

averse to labor, indolent, Caes. B. C. 1, 69, 3:

doloris,

Lact. 3, 8, 13:

solitudinis (with appeteus communionis ac societatis),

id. 6, 10, 18.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

nascor, nātus, nasci (ante-class., and in poets of the class. period also gnatus, v. under P. a. B.; part. fut. nasciturus, Pall. Jun. 7, § 8; Vulg. Judic. 13, 8), 3, v. dep. [from gnascor, gnatus, root gen, whence gigno; cf. Gr. gennaô], to be born, to be begotten (of or by male or female).

Lit.; constr. with ex or de and abl., or with abl. alone; rarely with ab and abl.

With ex and abl. (esp. with name or other appellation of the mother):

cum ex utrāque (uxore) filius natus esset,

Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 183:

cujus ex filiā natus est Sestius,

id. Fam. 13, 8, 1:

Servius Tullius ex serva Tarquiniensi natus,

id. Rep. 2, 21, 37:

ex hac feminā debuit nasci, qui, etc.,

Sen. ad Helv. 16, 6:

natam sibi ex Poppaeā filiam,

Tac. A. 15, 23 init.:

ex Thetide natus,

Quint. 3, 7, 11:

ex Urbiniā natus,

id. 7, 2, 5:

Alexandri filius natus ex Barsine,

Just. 13, 2, 7; cf.:

negantis (Domitii) quidquam ex se et Agrippinā nisi detestabile nasci potuisse,

Suet. Ner. 6:

quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf.:

convinces facile ex te esse natum, nam tui similis est probe,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 7:

ex militibus Romanis et Hispanis mulieribus natos se memorantes,

Liv. 43, 3, 2;

very rarely with a designation of the father, and only with pronouns: ex hoc Domitius nascitur,

Suet. Ner. 4 init.:

Neoptolemus ex quo nata est Olympias,

Just. 17, 3, 14:

ex quo nasci nepotes deceat,

Plin. Ep. 1, 14, 2:

illum ex me natum,

Val. Max. 5, 10 ext. 3; cf.:

quod tibi filiolus vel filia nascitur ex me,

Juv. 9, 83.—

With de and abl.:

de tigride natus,

Ov. M. 9, 612; cf.:

de stirpe dei nasci,

id. ib. 11, 312:

de pellice natus,

id. ib. 4, 422:

natus de muliere,

Vulg. Job, 14, 1; 15, 14. —

With abl. (so usually with proper names;

and with general designations of parents, family, etc.): quos omnes Erebo et Nocte natos ferunt,

Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44:

Hercules Jove natus,

id. ib. 3, 16, 42:

Nilo natus,

id. ib. 3, 16, 42:

nascetur Oedipus Lao,

id. Fat. 13, 30:

patre Marte,

id. Rep. 2, 2, 4:

Paulo,

id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

privignus Poppaeā natus,

Suet. Ner. 55:

Ascanius Creusā matre natus,

Liv. 1, 3, 2: Junia, Vell. 2, 127, 4:

amplissimā familiā nati adulescentes,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37, 1:

honestis parentibus,

Quint. 1, 11, 85; Sen. Contr. 7, 21, 1:

Mela quibus Gallio et Seneca parentibus natus,

Tac. A. 16, 17:

deus deo natus,

Liv. 1, 16, 3:

imperioso patre,

id. 7, 4, 5; 9, 1, 12: Assaraco natus Capus, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 3, 35 (Ann. v. 31 Vahl.):

patre certo nasci,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 16, 46:

Apolline natus,

Ov. M. 15, 639: natus deā, son of a goddess, i. e. Achilles, id. M. 12, 86; so,

natus deā,

of Æneas, Verg. A. 1, 582:

matre Musā natus,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45:

nascetur pulcrā Trojanus origine Caesar,

Verg. A. 1, 286.—

With ab and abl.:

generari et nasci a principibus,

Tac. H. 1, 16:

et qui nascentur ab illo,

Verg. G. 1, 434.—

In other constrr.:

post homines natos,

since men have lived, Cic. Phil. 11, 1, 1:

post genus hominum natum,

id. Balb. 10, 26:

in miseriam nascimur,

id. Tusc. 1, 5, 9:

aves omnes in pedes nascuntur,

with the feet foremost, Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149:

ad homines nascendos vim hujus numeri (septenarii) pertinere,

to the formation of man in the womb, Gell. 3, 10, 7:

homo nascitur ad laborem,

i. e. it is his nature to suffer it, Vulg. Job, 5, 7.—

Transf., to rise, take beginning, derive origin, spring forth, grow, be found: O fortunatam natam me consule Romam, Cic. ap. Quint. 11, 1, 24; and ap. Juv. 10, 122:

humi nascentia fraga,

Verg. E. 3, 92:

cum nata fuerint folia,

Vulg. Marc. 13, 28:

nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus,

is found, produced, Caes. B. G. 5, 12:

onyx nascitur circa Thebas Aegyptias,

Plin. 36, 8, 12, § 61:

ex palude nascitur amnis,

rises, id. 36, 26, 65, § 190:

nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, almum,

rise, Verg. E. 8, 17:

unde nigerrimus Auster Nascitur,

id. G. 3, 278:

nascens luna,

Hor. C. 3, 23, 2; id. S. 2, 4, 30:

nascentia templa,

newly built, Mart. 6, 4, 3:

Circaeis nata forent an Lucrinum ad saxum... ostrea,

Juv. 4, 140.— To rise, be formed (of a hill):

ab eo flumine collis nascebatur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 18; cf.:

nascitur altera moles,

Sil. 3, 530. —

Trop.

To arise, spring forth, proceed from, be produced:

scribes ad me, ut mihi nascatur epistulae argumentum,

Cic. Fam. 16, 22, 2:

nulla tam detestabilis pestis est, quae non homini ab homine nascatur,

id. Off. 2, 5, 16:

fateor ea me studiose secutum ex quibus vera gloria nasci posset,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

facinus natum a cupiditate,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 82; id. Font. 16, 37:

visus ei dicitur draco... dicere quo illa loci nasceretur,

id. Div. 2, 66, 135:

strumae nascuntur maxime in cervice,

Cels. 5, 28, 7; 7, 12, 1 fin.; 7, 6, 4 fin.:

onychem in Arabiae tantum montibus nasci putavere,

Plin. 36, 7, 12, § 59:

frumenta nata sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 63, § 147:

ex quo uno haec omnia nata et profecta esse concedit,

id. Quint. 28, 85; id. Agr 2, 33, 90:

profectio nata a timore defectionis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43:

querelae verae nascuntur pectore ab imo,

Cat. 64, 198:

omnis obligatio vel ex contractu nascitur vel ex delicto,

Gai. Inst. 3, 88 sq. —With ut:

ex hoc nascitur ut,

hence it follows that, Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 63; Sen. Ep. 74, 11.—

Esp., of the spiritual renewal of a religious experience, to be regenerated, born again (eccl. Lat.):

quod natum est ex spiritu, spiritus est,

Vulg. Johan. 3, 6:

nasci denuo,

id. ib. 3, 7:

natus ex Deo,

id. 1 Johan. 3, 9, etc.—Hence, P. a.

nascens, entis, arising, beginning, nascent, infant, immature:

ante Periclem et Thucydidem, qui non nascentibus Athenis, sed jam adultis fuerunt, littera nulla est, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 7, 27:

eloquentiam pueris induunt adhuc nascentibus,

Petr. 4:

(vitulus) vexat nascenti robora cornu,

Juv. 12, 9.—

Subst.: nascentia, ĭum, n., organic bodies, esp. plants, Vitr. 5, 1, 3; 5, 8, 1.—

nātus, a, um, P. a., born; hence,

Subst.: nātus ( gnātus), i, m., a son; and nāta ( gnāta), ae, f. (dat. and abl. pl. natabus, where ambiguity is to be avoided, Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 733 P.; Inscr. Orell. 7421; Phocas, p. 1707 P.; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 29), a daughter; in plur.: nati (gnati), children, offspring:

caritas, quae est inter natos et parentes,

Cic. Lael. 8, 27:

bellum prope inter parentes natosque,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 5, 40, 3:

cum pecore et gnatis,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 115:

et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,

Verg. A. 7, 518: mihi ausculta, nate, pueros jube cremarier, Enn. [p. 1188] ap. Non. 246, 11 (Trag. v. 329 Vahl.); Hor. S. 1, 3, 43:

natam conlocare alicui,

Plaut. Aul. Arg. 1, 15: o gnata, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 46 Vahl.):

si quis gnatam pro mutā devovet agnā,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 219; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 199: Hectoris natum de muro jactarier, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 10, § 70 Müll. (Trag. v. 130 Vahl.); so, Nerei natae, id. ap. Prisc. p. 733 P. (Trag. v. 135 Vahl.):

maxima natarum Priami,

Verg. A. 1, 654; Ov. M. 13, 661.—Esp. in the phrase natus nemo, not a human being, nobody (Plautine for nemo mortalis):

tamquam si natus nemo in aedibus habitet,

Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 55 Lorenz ad loc.; id. ib. 2, 2, 20:

nato nemini,

id. Cas. 2, 4, 15; id. Ps. 1, 3, 63.—

Adj.

Natus alicui rei or ad aliquam rem, born, made, destined, designed, intended, produced by nature for any thing.

With dat. (class.):

me credo huic esse natum rei, ferundis miseriis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6:

non sibi se soli natum meminerit, sed patriae, sed suis,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 45:

natus huic imperio,

id. Cael. 24, 59:

gurges atque helluo natus abdomini suo, non laudi atque gloriae,

id. Pis. 17, 41:

Judaei et Syri, nationes natae servituti,

id. Prov. Cons. 5, 10. —

With ad (class.):

vir ad omnia summa natus,

Cic. Brut. 68, 239:

natus ad haec tempora,

id. Phil. 12, 4, 9:

ad dicendum natus aptusque,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99:

ad haudem et ad decus nati, suscepti, instituti sumus,

id. Fin. 5, 22, 63:

ad hoc unum natus,

id. Or. 28, 99:

ut ad cursum equus, ad arandum bos, ad indagandum canis, sic homo ad intellegendum et agendum natus est,

id. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

natus ad sacra Cithaeron,

Ov. M. 2, 223:

canor mulcendas natus ad aures,

id. ib. 5, 561.—

With inf. ( poet.):

quid meruere boves, animal... natum tolerare labores,

Ov. M. 15, 120: sentes tantummodo laedere natae, id. de Nuce, 113.—

With in and acc. ( poet.):

nati in usum laetitiae scyphi,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1; Ov. M. 14, 99; 15, 117.—

With propter (rare):

apros, animal propter convivia natum,

Juv. 1, 141.—

Formed or constituted by nature in any manner:

alius ager bene natus, alius male,

Varr. R. R. 1, 6, 1:

sarmenta male nata,

Col. 4, 24, 7:

ita natus locus est,

Liv. 9, 2:

inculti versūs et male nati,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 233.—

Pro re natā, or (ante- and post-class.) e re natā, under the present circumstances, according to the state of affairs, as matters are:

ut in his pro re natā non incommode possint esse,

Cic. Att. 7, 14, 3:

Antonii colloquium cum heroibus nostris pro re natā non incommodum,

id. ib. 14, 6, 1;

7, 8, 2: e re natā melius fieri haud potuit, quam factum est,

Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8; App. M. 4, p. 143, 38.—

With a specification of time, so old, of the age of, etc.:

eques Romanus annos prope XC. natus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62:

annos natus unum et viginti,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 74:

cum annos ad quinquaginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

cum quinque et viginti natus annos dominatum occupavisset,

id. Tusc. 5, 20, 57:

Cato annos quinque et octoginta natus excessit e vitā,

id. Brut. 20, 80; in inscr. ANNORVM NATVS, etc., Inscr. Mon. Scip. n. 7;

Inscr. Marini Atti, p. 564.— Sometimes, in order to specify the age more exactly, major or minor, without or with quam, is added: annos nata est sedecim non major,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 23:

minor quinque et viginti annis natus,

Nep. Han. 3, 2:

minor triginta annis natus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 122:

homo annos natus major quadraginta,

over forty years old, Cic. Rosc. Am. 14, 49:

Dionysius major annos sexaginta natus decessit,

Nep. Reg. 2, 3:

cum liberis majoribus quam quindecim annos natis,

Liv. 45, 32, 3:

minorem quam annos sex, majorem quam annos decem natam, negarunt capi fas esse,

Gell. 1, 12, 1.—For major, minor, sometimes with plus, minus (ante-class.):

plus triginta annis natus sim,

Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 1:

annos sexaginta natus es aut plus,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 11; cf.:

non amplius novem annos natus,

Nep. Han. 2, 3.— Act. collat. form: nasco, ĕre, to be born, etc.:

ubi germen nascere coeperit,

Cato, R. R. 151 fin.

impūbes ( inp-), ĕris, and (more freq., but not in Cic. or Cæs.) impūbis, is (form -es, Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Caes. B. G. 6, 21; Val. Max. 6, 9, 9; Suet. Dom. 10; Ov. F. 2, 239;

form -is,

Hor. Epod. 5, 13; id. C. 2, 9, 15; Tac. H. 3, 25; 4, 14; Ov. M. 3, 417; 9, 416; Lucr. 5, 673; Liv. 9, 14, 11; 2, 13, 10; Verg. A. 9, 751; 7, 382; Plin. 23, 7, 64, § 130; Suet. Claud. 43 al.), adj. [2. in-pubes], not having attained to manhood, below the age of puberty, under age, youthful, beardless:

filium ejus impuberem in carcere necatum esse dixit,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13:

qui de servis liberisque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium sumit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 14 fin.; Suet. Claud. 27; id. Ner. 35; id. Dom. 10:

puer,

Ov. F. 2, 239:

comitemque impubis luli,

Verg. A. 5, 546:

nec impubem parentes Troïlon Flevere semper,

Hor. C. 2, 9, 15:

capillus impubium impositus,

Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 41.— Esp. subst.: impūbes, is, com.:

productis omnibus elegisse impubes dicitur,

Liv. 2, 13, 10.—Freq. as leg. t. t., a person under years of discretion:

impuberes quidem in tutela esse omnium civitatum jure contingit,

Gai. Inst. 1, 189:

an impubes rem alienam amovendo furtum faciat,

id. ib. 3, 208.—

Transf., of things:

corpus,

Hor. Epod. 5, 13:

malae,

Verg. A. 9, 751:

anni,

Ov. M. 9, 417.—

In partic., celibate, virgin, chaste:

qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 4.

impūbes ( inp-), ĕris, and (more freq., but not in Cic. or Cæs.) impūbis, is (form -es, Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Caes. B. G. 6, 21; Val. Max. 6, 9, 9; Suet. Dom. 10; Ov. F. 2, 239;

form -is,

Hor. Epod. 5, 13; id. C. 2, 9, 15; Tac. H. 3, 25; 4, 14; Ov. M. 3, 417; 9, 416; Lucr. 5, 673; Liv. 9, 14, 11; 2, 13, 10; Verg. A. 9, 751; 7, 382; Plin. 23, 7, 64, § 130; Suet. Claud. 43 al.), adj. [2. in-pubes], not having attained to manhood, below the age of puberty, under age, youthful, beardless:

filium ejus impuberem in carcere necatum esse dixit,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13:

qui de servis liberisque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium sumit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 14 fin.; Suet. Claud. 27; id. Ner. 35; id. Dom. 10:

puer,

Ov. F. 2, 239:

comitemque impubis luli,

Verg. A. 5, 546:

nec impubem parentes Troïlon Flevere semper,

Hor. C. 2, 9, 15:

capillus impubium impositus,

Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 41.— Esp. subst.: impūbes, is, com.:

productis omnibus elegisse impubes dicitur,

Liv. 2, 13, 10.—Freq. as leg. t. t., a person under years of discretion:

impuberes quidem in tutela esse omnium civitatum jure contingit,

Gai. Inst. 1, 189:

an impubes rem alienam amovendo furtum faciat,

id. ib. 3, 208.—

Transf., of things:

corpus,

Hor. Epod. 5, 13:

malae,

Verg. A. 9, 751:

anni,

Ov. M. 9, 417.—

In partic., celibate, virgin, chaste:

qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 4.

infrā [infer, inferă, sc. parte], adv. and prep.

Adv., on the under side, below, underneath.

Lit.:

infra nihil est nisi mortale... supra Lunam sunt aeterna omnia,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17:

in occipitio et infra, qua summa vertebra, etc.,

Cels. 3, 23 fin. — With quam:

ipsius autem partes eae, quae sunt infra quam id quod devoratur, dilatantur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 135; Varr. R. R. 1, 41, 3:

si infra, quam rami fuere, praecidatur,

Plin. 16, 30, 53, § 123.— Absol., of the lower world:

non seges est infra,

there is no sowing down below, Tib. 1, 10, 35.—Of a following place in a writing, below:

earum exemplum infra scripsi,

Cic. Att. 8, 6; id. Fam. 5, 10, 5; Quint. 8, 4, 9.— Comp.: inferius, lower, farther down:

altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis. inferius terras,

Ov. M. 2, 137:

currere,

id. ib. 2, 208:

inferius, quam collo pectora subsunt,

id. ib. 12, 420.—

Trop.

Below, beneath, in value or esteem:

liberos ejus ut multum infra despectare,

Tac. A. 2, 43.— Comp., lower, farther down:

persequi,

Ov. Tr. 2, 263: virtutem non flamma, non ruina inferius adducet. Sen. Ep. 79:

quae praeterire, quam inferius exsequi tutius duximus,

Sol. 2 med. —

Farther along the coast:

onerariae duae... paulo infra delatae sunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 36.—

Later in time:

quid quod Ciceronis temporibus paulumque infra... geminabatur,

Quint. 1, 7, 20.

Prep. with acc., below, under.

Lit.:

ad mare infra oppidum exspectabat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:

infra mortuos amandare,

id. Quint. 15, 49:

infra caelum et sidera nox cadit,

Tac. Agr. 12.—

Of time, later than:

Homerus non infra superiorem Lycurgum fuit,

Cic. Brut. 10, 40. —

Of size, smaller than:

uri sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos,

Caes. B. G. 6, 28.—

Of number, less than:

non infra novena (ova),

Plin. 18, 26, 62, § 231; id. 6, 6, 6, § 18.—

Trop., below, beneath in rank, honor, or esteem:

quem ego infra esse infimos omnis puto homines,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 36:

res humanas despicere atque infra se positas arbitrari,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

omnia infra se esse judicare,

id. Fin. 3, 7, 25:

e quo infra se et Caesarem videret et rempublicam,

he despised them, Vell. 2, 76, 4:

semper infra aliorum aestimationes se metientem,

id. 2, 127 fin.:

infra servos cliens,

id. 2, 83:

non infra speciem,

not inferior in beauty, Prop. 1, 20, 5:

conferant se Marii... infra Pallantis laudes jacebunt,

they will not come up to the glory of Pallas, Plin. Ep. 8, 6, 2:

id quidem infra grammatici officium est,

Quint. 1, 7, 1; cf. id. 2, 5, 4.