gallant

* * *

ămātor, ōris, m. [id.].

A lover, a friend, in an honorable sense (syn.: amans, amicus, studiosus): vir bonus amatorque noster, Cic. Att. 1, 20:

urbis, Ruris,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 1; so, sapientiae, Cic. Tim. fin.:

pacis,

id. Att. 14, 10:

antiquitatis,

Nep. Att. 18:

amatores Catoni desunt,

i. e. readers of his writings, Cic. Brut. 17, 66 (cf. just before: Catonem quis nostrorum oratorum legit?).—

In a dishonorable sense, a lover, paramour, gallant, Plaut. Rud. 2, 1, 28; so id. ib. 2, 1, 30:

amator mulierum,

id. Men. 2, 1, 43: Philocomasio amator (dat. for Philocomasii), id. Mil. 5, 38:

adulter an amator,

Cic. Cael. 20:

aliud est amatorem esse, aliud amantem,

id. Tusc. 4, 12, 27; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 38 al.—

:

amatores oculi,

App. M. 5, p. 169 med.

bellus, a, um, adj. [as if for benulus, from benus = bonus, Prisc. p. 556 P.].

In gen.

Of persons, pretty, handsome, charming, fine, lovely, neat, pleasant, agreeable, etc. (of persons, things, actions, etc.; most freq. in the ante-class. per. and in the poets; in Cic. mostly in his epistt.): uxor, Varr. ap. Non. p. 248, 17: nimis bella es atque amabilis, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 84; id. Rud. 2, 5, 6; Cat. 8, 16; 43, 6:

puella,

id. 69, 8; 78, 4; Ov. Am. 1, 9, 6; Mart. 1, 65; 2, 87:

Piliae et puellae Caeciliae bellissimae salutem dices,

Cic. Att. 6, 4, 3: fui ego bellus ( civil, courtly, polite), lepidus, bonus vir numquam, Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 3:

hospes,

id. Bacch. 2, 3, 111; Cat. 24, 7; 78, 3; 81, 2:

durius accipere hoc mihi visus est quam homines belli solent,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 4:

homo et bellus et humanus,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 102:

Cicero bellissimus tibi salutem plurimam dicit,

id. Fam. 14, 7, 3.—Also active, brisk, lively, as the effect of health, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 20:

fac bellus revertare,

Cic. Fam. 16, 18, 1.—

Of things, places, etc.: socius es hostibus, socius bellum ita geris, ut bella omnia ( every thing beautiful, costly) domum auferas, Varr. ap. Non. p. 248, 19: unum quicquid, quod quidem erit bellissimum, Carpam, * Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 51:

vinum bellissimum,

Col. 12, 19, 2:

nimis hic bellus atque ut esse maxume optabam locu'st,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 74:

illum pueris locum esse bellissimum duximus,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 3:

bella copia,

id. Rep. 2, 40, 67:

recordor, quam bella paulisper nobis gubernantibus civitas fuerit,

in what a pleasant condition the State was, id. Att. 4, 16, 10:

malae tenebrae Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis,

Cat. 3, 14:

subsidium bellissimum existimo esse senectuti otium,

Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255:

(epistula) valde bella,

id. Att. 4, 6, 4:

occasio bellissima,

Petr. 25: fama, * Hor. S. 1, 4, 114:

quam sit bellum cavere malum,

how delightful, pleasant it is, Cic. de Or 1, 58, 247: bellissimum putaverunt dicere amissas (esse litteras), thought it best, i. e. safest, most plausible, id. Fl. 17, 39; cf.:

bella haec pietatis et quaestuosa simulatio,

fine, plausible, id. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 145:

mihi jampridem venit in mentem, bellum esse, aliquo exire,

id. Fam. 9, 2, 3; id. Att. 13, 49, 2; Cod. 6, 35, 11.—

Esp.

Gallant, etc.:

illam esse amicam tui viri bellissimi,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 1, 27; cf.:

Gallus homo'st bellus: nam dulces jungit amores,

Cat. 78, 3.—

For bonus, good: venio nunc ad alterum genus testamenti, quod dicitur physicon, in quo Graeci belliores quam Romani nostri, Varr. ap. Non. p. 77, 30 (Sat. Menipp. 87, 3).—Hence, bellē, adv., prettily, neatly, becomingly, finely, excellently, well, delightfully, etc.: quare bene et praeclare, quamvis nobis saepe dicatur;

belle et festive, nimium saepe nolo,

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 101; cf. id. Quint. 30, 93; so Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 35; * Lucr. 1, 644; Cic. Att. 1, 1, 5; 16, 3, 4; Quint. 6, 3, 48 al.:

quod honeste aut sine detrimento nostro promittere non possumus... belle negandum est,

in a courtly, polite manner, Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 11, 45; so Publ. Syr. ap. Gell. 17, 14, 10:

belle se habere,

Cic. Att. 12, 37: belle habere (cf.: eu, kalôs echein), to be in good health, be well, id. Fam. 9, 9, 1; so,

bellissime esse,

id. Att. 14, 14, 1:

facere, in medical lang.,

to operate well, to have a good effect, Cato, R. R. 157; Scrib. Comp. 136; 150 (cf. the uses of bene). —With bellus:

i sane, bella belle,

Plaut. As. 3, 8, 86; id. Curc. 4, 2, 35 (cf.: kalê kalôs, Av. Ach. 253).—Ellipt., belle, for belle habere: sed ut ad epistolas tuas redeam, cetera belle, illud miror, the others are well or right, Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 2.— Sup.:

haec ipsa fero equidem fronte, ut puto, et voltu bellissime, sed angor intimis sensibus,

Cic. Att. 5, 10, 3; id. Fam. 14, 14, 1:

navigare,

id. ib. 16, 9, 1 al. ( comp. perh. not in use).

fĕrox, ōcis ( gen. plur. ferocum, Albin. 1, 275; abl. sing. feroci, Neue, Formenl. 2, 67 sq.), adj. [root in Gr. thêr, Aeol. phêr, thêrion; cf.: ferus, fera; cf. also Zend. dvar, to run, Gr. thrôskô, thorein, Lat. furere], wild, bold, courageous, warlike, spirited, brave, gallant, savage, headstrong, untamable, fierce, insolent (class.; syn.: dirus, ferus, durus, saevus, crudelis; immanis, immitis, barbarus, etc.).

In a good sense:

moechus qui formest ferox,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 13:

naturā ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat,

Sall. C. 43 fin.; cf.:

nimium es vehemens feroxque naturā,

Cic. Vat. 2, 4:

ferox naturā,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

vicimus vi feroces,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 82: Aequorum magna gens et ferox, warlike, Cic. Rep. 2, 20:

Latium,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 10:

Roma,

id. ib. 3, 3, 44:

Parthi,

id. ib. 3, 2, 3:

Sygambri,

id. ib. 4, 2, 34:

miles,

id. ib. 1, 6, 3:

Hector,

id. ib. 4, 9, 21: virgo (i. e. Minerva), Mart. 14, 179; cf. Sil. 9, 457:

loca amoena, voluptaria facile in otio feroces militum animos molliverat,

Sall. C. 11, 5; cf. id. J. 106, 3:

ferox bello,

Hor. C. 1, 32, 6; cf.:

feroces ad bellandum,

Liv. 38, 13, 11:

adversus pericula ferox,

Tac. H. 3, 69 fin.:

Triaria ultra feminam ferox,

id. ib. 2, 63:

vir nobilis ac ferox,

id. A. 4, 21.—With gen.:

animi,

Tac. A. 1, 32. — Sup.:

globus ferocissimorum juvenum,

Liv. 1, 12, 9:

auxiliarii,

Tac. H. 2, 24:

nullo adversante, cum ferocissimi cecidissent,

id. A. 1, 2.

In a bad sense:

equi indomiti, feroces,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 110:

leones,

Lucr. 4, 717:

aper,

Verg. A. 10, 711:

indulgentia ferocem fortasse atque arrogantem et infestum facit,

Cic. Att. 10, 11, 3:

dote fretae, feroces,

i. e. arrogant, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 17; cf.:

ferox formā,

id. Mil. 4, 9, 13; Titin. ap. Non. 305, 6:

Numidae secundis rebus feroces,

Sall. J. 94, 4; cf.:

ferox viribus,

Liv. 1, 7, 5; 7, 5, 6:

robore corporis stolide ferox,

Tac. A. 1, 3:

nequicquam Veneris praesidio ferox,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 13:

sit Medea ferox invictaque,

id. A. P. 123:

animus ferox inopiā rei familiaris,

Sall. C. 5, 7; cf.:

quibus aetas animusque ferox erat,

id. ib. 38, 1:

oculi,

Luc. 5, 211:

patribus ferox,

haughty toward the senators, Liv. 7, 40, 8.— Comp.:

in bellis civilibus, victoria, etiamsi ad meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores impotentioresque reddit,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3; id. Fragm. ap. Non. 305, 10:

et quia tecum eram, propterea animo eram ferocior,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 13; id. Rud. 3, 1, 14; Quint. 2, 2, 3. — Sup.:

duas ferocissimas affectiones amoris atque odii coërcere,

Gell. 1, 3 fin.:

bestiae,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 9.—

With gen.:

linguae feroces,

Tac. H. 1, 35:

ferox scelerum,

eager for, prone to crimes, id. A. 4, 12:

deorum Spretor erat mentisque ferox Ixione natus,

Ov. M. 8, 614:

scelerum,

Tac. A. 4, 12.—

With in and acc.:

ferox in suos erat miles, ignavus in hostes,

Amm. 22, 4, 7.—

With inf.:

ferox est, viginti minas meas tractare sese,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 62:

odium renovare ferox,

Sil. 11, 8.—Hence, adv.: fĕrōcĭter.

(Acc. to I.) Courageously, valorously, bravely:

strenue et ferociter facta in bello plura memorari possunt,

Liv. 3, 47, 2:

adequitare,

id. 9, 22, 4:

mandata edere,

Tac. A. 15, 5.— Comp.:

pauci ferocius decernunt,

Sall. J. 104, 2.— Sup.:

cum quo ferocissime pro Romana societate adversus Punicum foedus steterat,

Liv. 23, 8, 3.—

(Acc. to II.) Fiercely, savagely, insolently:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

increpare,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 58:

dictae sententiae,

Liv. 2, 55, 11.— Comp.:

paulo ferocius (exagitatus),

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 13, 2.— Sup.:

obloqui,

Curt. 10, 2 fin.

scurra, ae, m.

Orig., an elegant, town-bred man; a fine gentleman, gallant, dandy:

tu urbanus vero scurra, deliciae popli, Rus mihi tu objectas?

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 14; cf. (opp. militaris) id. Ep. 1, 1, 13; id. Curc. 2, 3, 17.—Also of an elegant debauchee, Cic. Sest. 17, 39; Auct. Har. Resp. 20, 42.—

Transf.

A city buffoon, droll, jester (usually in the suite of wealthy persons, and accordingly a kind of parasite;

syn.: sannio, parasitus): urbani assidui cives, quos scurras vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 165; id. Poen. 3, 2, 35; 5, 5, 2; id. Truc. 2, 6, 10; Cic. Quint. 3, 11; id. de Or. 2, 60, 247; id. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 146; Auct. Her. 4, 10, 14: Hor. S. 1, 5, 52, 1, 8, 11; id. Ep. 1, 15, 28; 1, 18, 4; Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 20.—Zeno sarcastically called Socrates scurra Atticus, Cic. N. D. 1, 34, 93:

Sabinus Asilius, venustissimus inter rhetores scurra,

Sen. Suas. 2, 12.—Of the clown in a pantomime, Juv. 13, 111.—Prov.:

vetus est: De scurrā multo facilius divitem quam patremfamilias fieri posse,

Cic. Quint. 17, 55. —

In the times of the later emperors, one of the guard, a soldier of the guard, a guardsman, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 61; 62 fin.; id. Heliog. 33; Treb. Poll. Trig. Tyr. 30.

sŏdālis, is (abl., regularly, sodali;

sodale,

Mart. 1, 86, 5; Plin. Ep. 2, 13, 6), comm. [cf. Sanscr. svadhā, will, power; Gr. ethos, custom; v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 251].

In gen., a mate, fellow, intimate, comrade, crony, boon-companion, etc. (freq.and class.; a favorite word with Plautus; cf.:

socius, familiaris): tuos amicus et sodalis,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 7:

hic sodalis tuos amicus optimus,

id. Cas. 3, 3, 18; so (with amicus) id. Bacch. 3, 3, 71:

sodalem me esse scis gnato tuo,

id. Most. 5, 2, 32:

sex sodales repperi, Vitam, amicitiam, etc.,

id. Merc. 5, 2, 4:

quid enim aut illo fidelius amico aut sodale jucundius?

Plin. Ep. 2, 13, 6:

si frater aut sodalis esset,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 74: sodalis et familiarissimus Dolabellae, Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 7:

primum habui semper sodales. Sodalitates autem me quaestore constitutae sunt sacris Idaeis... epulabar igitur cum sodalibus omnino modice, etc. (shortly after: coetu amicorum),

Cic. Sen. 13, 45:

popularis et sodalis,

id. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

meus sodalis,

id. de Or. 2, 49, 200:

adulescentes aliquot, aequales sodalesque: adulescentium Tarquiniorum,

Liv. 2, 3:

in urbem reversus sodalibus legi,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 7:

Pompei meorum prime sodalium,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 5:

gaudentem parvisque sodalibus et lare certo Et ludis,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 58:

sodalis istius (Verris) in hoc morbo et cupiditate,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 91:

veterem tutare sodalem,

Ov. P. 2, 4, 33:

O jucunde sodalis,

id. ib. 1, 8, 25:

dilectos inter sors prima sodalis,

id. Tr. 4, 5, 1.—

In the poets, adject.:

turba sodalis,

the band of friends, Ov. R. Am. 586.—Of things:

Hebrus,

Hor. C. 1, 25, 19:

cratera,

id. ib. 3, 18, 6.—

In partic.

A fellow or member of a corporation, society, fraternity, college, etc.: sodales sunt, qui ejusdem collegii sunt, quam Graeci hetairian vocant, Dig. 47, 12, 4.—Of the members of a college of priests:

sodales in Lupercis,

Cic. Cael. 11, 26:

Sodales Titii,

Tac. A. 1, 54:

Augustales,

id. ib. 3, 64; Suet. Claud. 6; id. Galb. 8; Inscr. Orell. 2364 sq.; 1588; 1593; 1611 et saep.—

In a bad sense, a participator, accomplice in unlawful secret associations (esp. for buying votes, plotting against the State, etc.):

quos tu si sodales vocas, officiosam amicitiam nomine inquinas criminoso,

Cic. Planc. 19, 46:

tu in illis es decem sodalibus: Te in exsilium ire hinc oportet,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 12.—

A gallant, Mart. 9, 3, 8; Hier. adv. Juv. 1, 48.