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1 for nogle år siden
a few years ago -
2 depuis
depuis [dəpyi]━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Notez l'emploi de for lorsque l'on parle d'une durée, et de since lorsque l'on parle d'un point de départ dans le temps.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Pour exprimer une durée, le présent français devient un parfait en anglais, l'imparfait un pluperfect.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Dans les questions, for est généralement omis.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• depuis combien de temps travaillez-vous ici ? -- depuis cinq ans how long have you been working here? -- five years• tu le connais depuis longtemps ? -- depuis toujours have you known him long? -- I've known him all my life• depuis quand le connaissez-vous ? how long have you known him?• depuis qu'il habite ici, il n'a cessé de se plaindre he hasn't stopped complaining since he came to live here• depuis que je fais de la natation, je me sens mieux I've been feeling better since I started swimming• depuis le temps qu'on ne s'était pas vus ! it's ages since we last saw each other!• depuis le temps que je dis que je vais lui écrire ! I've been saying I'll write to him for ages!► depuis peud. ► depuis... jusqu'à from... to2. <• depuis, nous sommes sans nouvelles since then we have had no news* * *dəpɥi
1.
adverbe since
2.
1) ( marquant le point de départ) since2) ( marquant la durée) fordepuis quand or combien de temps est-ce qu'elle enseigne? — how long has she been teaching?
3) ( marquant le lieu) from4) ( dans une série) from
3.
depuis que locution conjonctive gén since; ( pour renforcer) ever since
••
depuis se traduit généralement par since: elle a démontré, depuis, qu'elle pouvait le faire = she has since demonstrated that she could do it. Lorsqu'on veut insister sur le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis l'action dont on parle on peut renforcer since par ever: nous nous sommes disputés hier, depuis il me fait la tête = we had an argument yesterday, he's been in a mood ever since. Attention, cette construction ne marche pas à la forme négative: depuis il ne me parle plus = he hasn't talked to me sincedepuis préposition de temps se traduit par since lorsqu'il sert à indiquer un point de départ, une date, une heure précise: depuis 1789/2 heures du matin/le début = since 1789/2 am/the beginning, et par for lorsqu'il sert à indiquer une durée, un nombre de jours, d'heures: depuis deux heures/six ans/quelques mois = for two hours/six years/a few monthsdepuis + datej'apprends l'anglais depuis l'âge de 12 ans = I've been learning English since I was 12; cette maison nous appartient depuis 1876 = we've owned this house since 1876; je le connais depuis l'été dernier = I've known him since last summer; je n'ai rien mangé depuis hier soir = I haven't eaten since yesterday evening; il a fait trois films depuis le début de sa carrière = he's made three films since the beginning of his career; il neigeait depuis 2 h de l'après midi = it had been snowing since 2 pm; il n'avait pas plu depuis dimanche = it hadn't rained since Sunday. On notera l'emploi de la forme progressive: il habite ici depuis 1990/le mois de janvier = he's lived here since 1990/January, he's been living here since 1990/Januarydepuis + duréeil travaille ici depuis quelques années/dix ans = he's worked here for a few years/ten years; nous marchons depuis deux heures = we've been walking for two hours; je n'ai pas eu de nouvelles depuis six mois = I haven't had any news for six months; je dormais depuis une heure = I had been sleeping for an hour; je ne les avais pas vus depuis cinq ans = I hadn't seen them for five yearsOn trouvera des exemples supplémentaires et les autres emplois de la préposition depuis et de la locution conjonctive depuis que dans l'entrée* * *dəpɥi1. prép1) (point de départ dans le temps) sinceIl habite Paris depuis 1993. — He has been living in Paris since 1993.
Il habite Paris depuis l'an dernier. — He has been living in Paris since last year.
Il a plu tous les jours depuis qu'elle est arrivée. — It's rained every day since she arrived.
2) (temps écoulé) forIl habite Paris depuis 5 ans. — He has been living in Paris for 5 years.
Je le connais depuis 3 ans. — I've known him for 3 years.
3) (lieu)Il pleut depuis Metz. — It's been raining since Metz.
Elle a téléphoné depuis Valence. — She rang from Valence.
4) (série) from2. adv(temps) since, since thenJe ne lui ai pas parlé depuis. — I haven't spoken to him since., I haven't spoken to him since then.
* * *depuis ⇒ Note d'usageA adv since; je ne les ai pas revus depuis I haven't seen them since; il est parti il y a deux ans, depuis je n'ai plus de nouvelles he left two years ago, since then I haven't had any news; elle a été gravement malade l'année dernière, depuis nous sommes inquiets she was very ill last year and we've been worried ever since.B prép1 ( marquant le point de départ) since; je fais du courrier depuis 9 heures du matin I've been writing letters since 9 am; j'ai écrit trois lettres depuis 9 heures du matin I've written three letters since 9 am; j'habite ici depuis le 1er juillet I've been living here since 1 July; elle est malade depuis ce matin she's been ill since this morning; il n'a pas retravaillé depuis son accident he hasn't worked since his accident; elle fait de la danse depuis l'âge de six ans she has been dancing since she was six years old; depuis ce jour-là since that day; depuis quand vis-tu là-bas? how long have you been living there?; depuis quand tu réponds à ta mère? so you're answering your mother back now, are you?; depuis lors since then; depuis ta naissance since you were born; depuis leur réconciliation since they were reconciled ou since their reconciliation; depuis le jour où je les ai rencontrés since the day I met them; depuis ce jour, je ne les ai pas revus since that day I haven't seen them again; depuis les événements de mai 68 since the events of May '68; depuis sa création en 1986, l'entreprise s'est développée since it was set up in 1986, the company has expanded; c'est ce que je te répète depuis le début that's what I've been telling you all along; depuis le début jusqu'à la fin from start to finish;2 ( marquant la durée) for; depuis deux heures/dix ans/trois siècles for two hours/ten years/three centuries; il fait une collection de timbres depuis deux ans he's been collecting stamps for two years; ils sont mariés/amis depuis six mois they've been married/friends for six months; il pleut depuis trois jours it's been raining for three days; nous marchions depuis deux heures lorsque… we had been walking for two hours when…; je ne fume plus depuis six mois I gave up smoking six months ago, I haven't smoked for six months; depuis quand or combien de temps est-ce qu'elle enseigne? how long has she been teaching?; cela dure depuis des jours/mois/années it's been going on for days/months/years; depuis longtemps for a long time; je le savais depuis longtemps I had known for a long time; il n'habite plus ici depuis longtemps he hasn't lived here for a long time; depuis peu recently; il est installé à Caen depuis peu he has recently settled in Caen; depuis toujours always; le travail/les vacances dont il rêve depuis toujours the job/the vacation he has always dreamed of; on pratique cette coutume depuis toujours this custom has been observed from time immemorial;3 ( marquant le lieu) from; depuis ma fenêtre/le belvédère on aperçoit… from my window/the belvedere you can see…; depuis chez moi/Dijon il faut deux heures from where I live/Dijon it takes two hours; le lancement de la fusée sera retransmis depuis Kourou the launch of the rocket will be broadcast from Kourou; depuis Paris jusqu'à Arles from Paris to Arles;4 ( dans une série) tous les métiers depuis caissier jusqu'à infirmier every job from cashier to nurse; chemises, robes depuis 10 euros shirts, dresses from 10 euros; depuis le premier jusqu'au dernier from first to last; nous avons toutes les pointures depuis le 34 we have all sizes from 34 upward(s).C depuis que loc conj gén since; ( pour renforcer) ever since; depuis qu'il sait nager, il adore l'eau he has loved the water ever since he learned to swim; je le vois rarement depuis qu'il habite au Canada I haven't seen much of him since he went to live in Canada; elle a changé depuis que sa fille est née she's changed a lot since her daughter was born; il pleut depuis que nous sommes arrivés it's been raining ever since we arrived; j'ai grossi depuis que je ne fais plus de sport I've put on weight since I stopped doing any sport; il dirige l'entreprise depuis qu'il a 20 ans he's been running the company since he was 20.[dəpɥi] préposition1. [à partir d'une date ou d'un moment précis] sincedepuis le début from the very beginning, right from the beginning2. [exprimant une durée] foril ne joue plus depuis quelque temps he hasn't been playing of late ou lately, he hasn't played for some timedepuis peu recently, not long agodepuis le temps: et tu ne sais toujours pas t'en servir depuis le temps! and you still don't know how to use it after all this time!il me l'a rendu hier — depuis le temps! he gave it back to me yesterday — it took him long enough ou and not before time!3. [dans l'espace, un ordre, une hiérarchie] from————————[dəpɥi] adverbeje ne l'ai rencontré qu'une fois, je ne l'ai jamais revu depuis I only met him once and I've not seen him again since (then)————————depuis... jusqu'à locution correlative1. [dans le temps] from... todepuis 12 h jusqu'à 20 h from 12 to ou till 8 p.m2. [dans l'espace, un ordre, une hiérarchie] from... toils vendent de tout, depuis les parapluies jusqu'aux sandwiches they sell everything, from umbrellas to sandwichesdepuis le temps que locution conjonctivedepuis le temps que tu me le promets... you've been promising me that for such a long time...depuis le temps que tu le connais, tu pourrais lui demander considering how long you've known him you could easily ask him————————depuis lors locution adverbiale————————depuis quand locution adverbiale1. [pour interroger sur la durée] how long2. [exprimant l'indignation, l'ironie] since when————————depuis que locution conjonctivedepuis que j'ai arrêté de fumer, je me sens mieux I feel better since I stopped smoking -
3 Deane, Sir Anthony
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1638 Harwich (?), Englandd. 1721 England[br]English master shipwright, one of the most influential of seventeenth-century England.[br]It is believed that Deane was born in Harwich, the son of a master mariner. When 22 years of age, having been trained by Christopher Pett, he was appointed Assistant Master Shipwright at Woolwich Naval Dockyard, indicating an ability as a shipbuilder and also that he had influence behind him. Despite abruptness and a tendency to annoy his seniors, he was acknowledged by no less a man than Pepys (1633–1703) for his skill as a ship designer and -builder, and he was one of the few who could accurately estimate displacements and drafts of ships under construction. While only 26 years old, he was promoted to Master Shipwright of the Naval Base at Harwich and commenced a notable career. When the yard was closed four years later (on the cessation of the threat from the Dutch), Deane was transferred to the key position of Master Shipwright at Portsmouth and given the opportunity to construct large men-of-war. In 1671 he built his first three-decker and was experimenting with underwater hull sheathing and other matters. In 1672 he became a member of the Navy Board, and from then on promotion was spectacular, with almost full responsibility given him for decisions on ship procurement for the Navy. Owing to political changes he was out of office for some years and endured a short period in prison, but on his release he continued to work as a private shipbuilder. He returned to the King's service for a few years before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688; thereafter little is known of his life, beyond that he died in 1721.Deane's monument to posterity is his Doctrine of Naval Architecture, published in 1670. It is one of the few books on ship design of the period and gives a clear insight into the rather pedantic procedures used in those less than scientific times. Deane became Mayor of Harwich and subsequently Member of Parliament. It is believed that he was Peter the Great's tutor on shipbuilding during his visit to the Thames in 1698.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673.Bibliography1670, Doctrine of Naval Architecture; repub. 1981, with additional commentaries by Brian Lavery, as Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture 1670, London: Conway Maritime.Further ReadingWestcott Abell, 1948, The Shipwright's Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.FMW -
4 Roberts, Richard
[br]b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 11 March 1864 London, England[br]Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.Further ReadingThere is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.RTS -
5 Momma (Mumma), Jacob
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. early seventeenth century Germanyd. 1679 England[br]German (naturalized English) immigrant skilled in the manufacture and production of brass, who also mined and smelted copper.[br]The protestant Momma family were well known in Aachen, the seventeenth-century centre of German brass production. Subjected to religious pressures, some members of the family moved to nearby Stolberg, while others migrated to Sweden, starting brass manufacture there. Jacob travelled to England, establishing brassworks with two German partners at Esher in Surrey in 1649; theirs was the only such works in England to survive for more than a few years during the seventeenth century.Jacob, naturalized English by 1660, is often referred to in England as Mummer or another variant of his name. He became respected, serving as a juror, and was appointed a constable in 1661. During the 1660s Momma was engaged in mining copper at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire, where he was credited with introducing gunpowder to English mining technology. He smelted his ore at works nearby in an effort to secure copper supplies, but the whole project was brief and unprofitable.The alternative imported copper required for his brass came mainly from Sweden, its high cost proving a barrier to viable English brass production. In 1662 Momma petitioned Parliament for some form of assistance. A year later he pleaded further for higher tariffs against brass-wire imports as protection from the price manipulation of Swedish exporters. He sought support from the Society of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly (see Dockwra, William) claiming jurisdiction over the country's working of brass, but neither petition succeeded. Despite these problems with the high cost of copper supplies in England, Momma continued his business and is recorded as still paying hearth tax on his twenty brass furnaces up to 1664. Although these were abandoned before his death and he claimed to have lost £6,000 on his brassworks, his wire mills survived him for a few years under the management of his son.[br]Further ReadingJ.Morton, 1985, The rise of the modern copper and brass industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished thesis: University of Birmingham, 16–25.J.Day, 1984, "The continental origins of Bristol Brass", Industrial Archaeology Review 8/1: 32–56.John Robey, 1969, "Ecton copper mines in the seventeenth century", Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historic Society 4(2):145–55 (the most comprehensive published account).JD -
6 hace muchísimo tiempo
(n.) = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonksEx. Fairy stories came from Asia, where they were made, ages and ages ago, by a people who spread themselves over our Western world.Ex. Again, in the past, as many aeons ago as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, a Buddha named Jewel Nature appeared in the world.Ex. I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.* * *(n.) = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonksEx: Fairy stories came from Asia, where they were made, ages and ages ago, by a people who spread themselves over our Western world.
Ex: Again, in the past, as many aeons ago as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, a Buddha named Jewel Nature appeared in the world.Ex: I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish. -
7 hace siglos
(n.) = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonksEx. Fairy stories came from Asia, where they were made, ages and ages ago, by a people who spread themselves over our Western world.Ex. Again, in the past, as many aeons ago as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, a Buddha named Jewel Nature appeared in the world.Ex. I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.* * *(n.) = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonksEx: Fairy stories came from Asia, where they were made, ages and ages ago, by a people who spread themselves over our Western world.
Ex: Again, in the past, as many aeons ago as there are grains of sand in the Ganges, a Buddha named Jewel Nature appeared in the world.Ex: I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish. -
8 hace un montón de tiempo
(n.) = yonksEx. I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.* * *(n.) = yonksEx: I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.
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9 Mitscherlich, Alexander
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germanyd. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany[br]German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.[br]Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.[br]Further ReadingH.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander
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10 Spencer, Christopher Miner
[br]b. 10 June 1833 Manchester, Connecticut, USAd. 14 January 1922 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Christopher M.Spencer served an apprenticeship from 1847 to 1849 in the machine shop at the silk mills of Cheney Brothers in his native town and remained there for a few years as a journeyman machinist. In 1853 he went to Rochester, New York, to obtain experience with machinery other than that used in the textile industry. He then spent some years with the Colt Armory at Hartford, Connecticut, before returning to Cheney Brothers, where he obtained his first patent, which was for a silk-winding machine.Spencer had long been interested in firearms and in 1860 he obtained a patent for a repeating rifle. The Spencer Repeating Rifle Company was organized for its manufacture, and before the end of the American Civil War about 200,000 rifles had been produced. He patented a number of other improvements in firearms and in 1868 was associated with Charles E.Billings (1835–1920) in the Roper Arms Company, set up at Amherst, Massachusetts, to manufacture Spencer's magazine gun. This was not a success, however, and in 1869 they moved to Hartford, Connecticut, and formed the Billings \& Spencer Company. There they developed the technology of the drop hammer and Spencer continued his inventive work, which included an automatic turret lathe for producing metal screws. The patent that he obtained for this in 1873 inexplicably failed to protect the essential feature of the machine which provided the automatic action, with the result that Spencer received no patent right on the most valuable feature of the machine.In 1874 Spencer withdrew from active connection with Billings \& Spencer, although he remained a director, and in 1876 he formed with others the Hartford Machine Screw Company. However, he withdrew in 1882 to form the Spencer Arms Company at Windsor, Connecticut, for the manufacture of another of his inventions, a repeating shotgun. But this company failed and Spencer returned to the field of automatic lathes, and in 1893 he organized the Spencer Automatic Machine Screw Company at Windsor, where he remained until his retirement.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (briefly describes his career and his automatic lathes).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (gives a brief description of Spencer's automatic lathes).RTSBiographical history of technology > Spencer, Christopher Miner
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11 hace la tira (de tiempo)
= yonks, yonks and yonksEx. I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.Ex. Yonks and yonks since I was here - 20 years or more!. -
12 hace la tira
hace la tira (de tiempo)= yonks, yonks and yonksEx: I've been pseudo-vegetarian for a few years now - I usually reserve meat for when we dine out - so it's been yonks since I cooked fish.
Ex: Yonks and yonks since I was here - 20 years or more!. -
13 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC -
14 Halske, Johann Georg
[br]b. 30 July 1814 Hamburg, Germanyd. 18 March 1890 Berlin, Germany[br]German engineer who introduced precision methods into the manufacture of electrical equipment; co-founder of Siemens \& Halske.[br]Halske moved to Berlin when he was a young man, and in 1844 was working for the university, at first independently and then jointly with F. Bötticher, developing and building electric medical appliances. In 1845 he met Werner von Siemens and together they became founder members of the Berlin Physics Society. It was in Halske's workshop that Siemens, assisted by the skill of the former, was able to work out his inventions in telegraphy. In 1847 the two men entered into partnership to manufacture telegraph equipment, laying the foundations of the successful firm of Siemens \& Halske. At the outset, before Werner von Siemens gave up his army career, Halske acted as the sole manager of the firm and was also involved in testing the products. Inventions they developed included electric measuring instruments and railway signalling equipment, and they installed many telegraph lines, notably those for the Russian Government. When gutta-percha became available on the market, the two men soon developed an extrusion process for applying this new material to copper conductors. To the disappointment of Halske, who was opposed to mass production, the firm introduced series production and piece wages in 1857. The expansion of the business, particularly into submarine cable laying, caused some anxiety to Halske, who left the firm on amicable terms in 1867. He then worked for a few years developing the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin and became a town councillor.[br]Further ReadingS. von Weihr and H.Götzeler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1983, Berlin (provides a full account).Neue Deutsche Biographie, 1966, Vol. 7, Berlin, pp. 572–3.S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11.GW -
15 adwokat|ować
impf vi 1. pot. (pełnić obowiązki adwokata) to work as a barrister/solicitor- po kilku latach adwokatowania postanowił zostać sędzią after working for a few years as a barrister he decided he wanted to become a judge2. przen. (wstawiać się) adwokatować komuś a. adwokatować w czyjejś obronie to stand up for sbThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > adwokat|ować
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16 Bond, George Meade
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 17 July 1852 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USAd. 6 January 1935 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and metrologist, co-developer of the Rogers- Bond Comparator.[br]After leaving school at the age of 17, George Bond taught in local schools for a few years before starting an apprenticeship in a machine shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He then worked as a machinist with Phoenix Furniture Company in that city until his savings permitted him to enter the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1876. He graduated with the degree of Mechanical Engineer in 1880. In his final year he assisted William A.Rogers, Professor of Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the design of a comparator for checking standards of length. In 1880 he joined the Pratt \& Whitney Company, Hartford, Connecticut, and was Manager of the Standards and Gauge Department from then until 1902. During this period he developed cylindrical, calliper, snap, limit, thread and other gauges. He also designed the Bond Standard Measuring Machine. Bond was elected a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1881 and of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1887, and served on many of their committees relating to standards and units of measurement.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1908–10. Honorary degrees of DEng, Stevens Institute of Technology 1921, and MSc, Trinity College, Hartford, 1927.Bibliography1881. "Standard measurements", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2:81.1882. "A standard gauge system", Transactions of the American Society of MechanicalEngineers 3:122.1886, "Standard pipe and pipe threads", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 7:311.1887. Standards of Length and Their Practical Application, Hartford.Further Reading"Report of the Committee on Standards and Gauges", 1883, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 4:21–9 (describes the Rogers-Bond Comparator).RTS -
17 в течение нескольких лет ему приходилось очень трудно
General subject: he had tight going for a few yearsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > в течение нескольких лет ему приходилось очень трудно
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18 доброе старое время-это то, о чем ещё не раз вспомнишь в будущем
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > доброе старое время-это то, о чем ещё не раз вспомнишь в будущем
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19 этот певец ещё несколько лет будет пользоваться популярностью
General subject: this singer will be around for a few years yetУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > этот певец ещё несколько лет будет пользоваться популярностью
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20 znać
(-am, -asz); vtdawać (dać perf) komuś znać (o czymś) — to let sb know (of sth)
* * *ipf.1. (= mieć wiedzę o czymś) know; znać życie know all about life; znać coś na pamięć know sth by heart; dać komuś znać (o czymś) let sb know (of sth); dać znać na policję inform the police; znam to miejsce I know this place; nie znam tego modelu I don't know this model; nie dał znać o sobie I haven't heard from him; znam ten ból pot. I know how it feels; daj znać let me know.2. (= być komuś przedstawionym) know ( kogoś sb); be acquainted ( kogoś with sb); znać kogoś jak zły szeląg know sb like a bad penny; nie znam jej I don't know her; znam ją od kilku lat I have known her for a few years; znam go osobiście I know him personally; znam go tylko z widzenia I know him only by sight; nie chcę cię znać I don't want to have anything to do with you; niech cię nie znam! go on with you!3. (= umieć coś) know, can; nie znam francuskiego I can't speak French; nie znam tej historii I don't know this story.4. (= wiedzieć o istnieniu) know; nie znać lęku l. strachu know no fear, be a stranger to fear; nie znać litości know no pity, be a stranger to pity; wtedy nie znali telefonu there were no telephones at that time; jego chciwość nie zna granic his greed knows no bounds.5. (= widać) show, be visible; znać, że potrzebujesz wypoczynku I can see that you need a rest; znać na niej zmęczenie I can see that she is tired.ipf.2. (= być sobie przedstawionym) know each other; znamy się od dziecka we have known each other since we were children.3. (= mieć wiedzę) know; znać się na czymś be knowledgeable about sth; znać się na żartach know how to take a joke; znać się na czymś jak kura na pieprzu not know the first thing about sth; znać się na rzeczy know a thing or two about...; nie znasz się na tym you know nothing about it, that's not in your line.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > znać
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