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election+period

  • 121 build-up

    (a) (increase → in pressure) intensification f; (→ in excitement) montée f; (→ in production) accroissement m; (→ in stock) accumulation f; Military (→ in troops) rassemblement m;
    ∎ nuclear arms build-up accumulation f des armes nucléaires
    (b) (publicity) campagne f publicitaire (avant le lancement d'un produit);
    ∎ they gave the product a big build-up ils ont fait beaucoup de publicité pour le produit
    ∎ the build-up to the match la période d'avant le match;
    ∎ in the build-up to the election, there will be… pendant la période qui précédera les élections, il y aura…

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > build-up

  • 122 phase

    phase [feɪz]
    1 noun
    (a) (period → gen) phase f, période f; (→ of illness) phase f, stade m; (→ of career, project) étape f; (→ of civilization) période f;
    ∎ the project is going through a critical phase le projet traverse une phase critique;
    ∎ it's still in the development phase c'est encore en cours de développement;
    ∎ the final phase of the election campaign la dernière étape de la campagne électorale;
    ∎ phase two of the government's incomes policy la deuxième étape de la politique salariale du gouvernement;
    ∎ phase two of the restoration project/rebuilding programme la deuxième tranche des travaux de restauration/de reconstruction;
    ∎ the investigation/trial has entered a new phase l'enquête/le procès est désormais dans une nouvelle phase;
    ∎ their daughter's going through a difficult phase leur fille traverse une période difficile;
    ∎ don't worry, it's just a phase she's going through ne vous inquiétez pas, ça lui passera
    ∎ in the solid phase en phase ou à l'état solide;
    ∎ also figurative to be in phase être en phase;
    ∎ also figurative to be out of phase être déphasé;
    ∎ the government is out of phase with the mood of the country le gouvernement est en décalage complet avec les sentiments de la population
    (a) (changes, new methods) introduire progressivement; (project) développer en phases successives; (schedule, introduction of technology etc) échelonner;
    ∎ the closure of the plant will be phased over three years la fermeture de l'usine se fera progressivement, sur trois ans
    (b) (synchronize) synchroniser, faire coïncider;
    ∎ the two operations have to be perfectly phased les deux opérations doivent être parfaitement synchronisées
    (c) American (prearrange → delivery, development) planifier, programmer
    (d) Electricity & Technology mettre en phase
    (new methods) introduire progressivement ou par étapes; (new systems, new equipment) mettre progressivement en place;
    ∎ the reforms will obviously have to be phased in il est évident que les réformes devront être introduites progressivement;
    ∎ the increases will be phased in over five years les augmentations seront échelonnées sur cinq ans
    (stop using → machinery, weapon) cesser progressivement d'utiliser (stop producing → car, model) abandonner progressivement la production de; (do away with → jobs, tax) supprimer progressivement ou par étapes; (→ grant) retirer progressivement;
    ∎ when the use of these pesticides has been phased out quand ces pesticides auront cessé d'être utilisés;
    ∎ the system is being phased out ce système est en cours d'abandon

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > phase

  • 123 swing

    swing [swɪŋ] (pt & pp swung [swʌŋ])
    1 noun
    (a) (to-and-fro movement, sway → gen) balancement m; (→ of pendulum) oscillation f;
    ∎ with a swing of his arm en balançant son bras;
    ∎ the swing of her hips le balancement de ses hanches
    (b) (arc described) arc m, courbe f;
    ∎ the plane came round in a wide swing l'avion décrivit une grande courbe
    (c) (swipe, attempt to hit) (grand) coup m;
    ∎ I took a swing at him je lui ai décoché un coup de poing;
    ∎ he took a swing at the ball il essaya de frapper la balle
    (d) (hanging seat) balançoire f;
    ∎ they're playing on the swings ils jouent sur les balançoires;
    ∎ British what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts ce que l'on perd d'un côté, on le récupère de l'autre;
    ∎ British it's swings and roundabouts really en fait, on perd d'un côté ce qu'on gagne de l'autre
    (e) (in public opinion, voting) revirement m; (in prices, market) fluctuation f;
    ∎ his mood swings are very unpredictable ses sautes d'humeur sont très imprévisibles;
    ∎ Economics seasonal swings fluctuations fpl saisonnières;
    ∎ Stock Exchange the upward/downward swing of the market la fluctuation du marché vers le haut/le bas;
    ∎ sudden swing in public opinion revirement inattendu de l'opinion publique;
    ∎ America experienced a major swing towards conservatism les États-Unis ont connu un important revirement vers le conservatisme;
    ∎ the party needs a 10 percent swing to win the election le parti a besoin d'un revirement d'opinion de 10 pour cent pour gagner aux élections
    (f) (in boxing, golf) swing m
    (g) (rhythm → gen) rythme m; Music (style of jazz) swing m;
    ∎ a swing band un orchestre de swing;
    ∎ the swing era l'époque f du swing
    (h) American Politics (tour) tournée f;
    ∎ on his swing around the circle, the President visited 35 States pendant sa tournée électorale, le Président a visité 35 États
    ∎ to get into the swing of things se mettre dans le bain;
    ∎ it'll be a lot easier once you've got into the swing of things ce sera beaucoup plus facile une fois que tu seras dans le bain;
    ∎ to go with a swing (music) être très rythmé ou entraînant□ ; (party) swinguer; (business) marcher très bien□
    (a) (cause to sway) balancer;
    ∎ she was swinging her umbrella as she walked elle marchait en balançant son parapluie;
    ∎ he walked along swinging his arms il marchait en balançant les bras;
    ∎ to swing one's hips balancer les ou rouler des hanches;
    ∎ figurative to swing the lead tirer au flanc
    (b) (move from one place to another, in a curve)
    ∎ she swung her bag onto the back seat elle jeta son sac sur le siège arrière;
    ∎ he swung a rope over a branch il lança une corde par-dessus une branche;
    ∎ the crane swung the cargo onto the wharf la grue pivota pour déposer la cargaison sur le quai;
    ∎ he swung his son (up) onto his shoulders il hissa son fils sur ses épaules;
    ∎ I swung myself (up) into the saddle j'ai sauté en selle;
    ∎ she swung the door shut elle ferma la porte;
    ∎ he swung the axe in a wide arc il leva la hache avec un large mouvement du bras;
    ∎ she swung the bat at the ball elle essaya de frapper la balle avec sa batte;
    ∎ I swung the club at him j'ai essayé de le frapper avec le gourdin;
    ∎ to swing the ball (in cricket) faire dévier la balle en l'air
    (c) (suspend → hammock) suspendre, pendre, accrocher
    (d) (turn → steering wheel) (faire) tourner; (→ vehicle) faire virer;
    ∎ the helmsman swung the wheel to port le timonier fit tourner la roue à bâbord;
    ∎ I swung the lorry through 180° j'ai pris le virage à 180° (avec le camion)
    ∎ to swing the voters faire changer les électeurs d'opinion;
    ∎ that swung the decision our way/against us cela a influencé la décision finale en notre faveur/en notre défaveur;
    ∎ to swing the voting in favour of sb faire pencher la balance en faveur de qn;
    ∎ the accident swung public opinion against the company l'accident a provoqué un revirement de l'opinion contre la compagnie
    (f) familiar (manage, pull off)
    ∎ to swing sth réussir ou arriver à faire qch□ ;
    ∎ I think I should be able to swing it je crois pouvoir me débrouiller□ ;
    ∎ to swing it so that… (arrange things) arranger les choses de manière (à ce) que… + subjunctive
    (g) Music (tune) interpréter en swing;
    ∎ familiar he can really swing it il a vraiment le swing
    (a) (sway, move to and fro → gen) se balancer; (→ pendulum) osciller; (hang, be suspended) pendre, être suspendu;
    ∎ to swing to and fro se balancer;
    ∎ shop sign that swings (to and fro) in the wind enseigne de magasin qui ballotte au vent;
    ∎ he walked along with his arms swinging il marchait en balançant les bras;
    ∎ a basket swung from her arm un panier se balançait à son bras;
    ∎ swinging from a cord suspendu à une corde;
    ∎ a long rope swung from the ceiling une longue corde pendait du plafond;
    ∎ the door swung open/shut la porte s'est ouverte/s'est refermée;
    ∎ the gate swung back in my face le portail s'est refermé devant moi;
    ∎ familiar figurative to swing both ways (be bisexual) marcher à voile et à vapeur
    (b) (move along, around)
    ∎ to swing from tree to tree se balancer d'arbre en arbre;
    ∎ to swing into the saddle sauter à cheval ou en selle;
    ∎ they came swinging down the street ils ont descendu la rue d'un pas rythmé;
    ∎ figurative to swing into action passer à l'action
    ∎ the car swung left la voiture vira à gauche;
    ∎ the lorry swung through the gate le camion vira pour franchir le portail;
    ∎ the road swings east la route oblique vers l'est
    (d) (change opinion, mood etc) virer;
    ∎ the country has swung to the left le pays a viré à gauche;
    ∎ she swings between depression and elation elle passe de la dépression à l'exultation
    (e) familiar (be hanged) être pendu□ ;
    ∎ he'll swing for this! il sera pendu pour ça!; figurative il le paiera!
    (f) (hit out, aim a blow) essayer de frapper;
    ∎ he swung at them with the hammer il a essayé de les frapper avec le marteau;
    ∎ I swung at him je lui ai décoché un coup de poing;
    ∎ he swung wildly at the ball il essaya désespérément de frapper la balle;
    ∎ familiar to swing for sb essayer d'en coller une à qn
    (g) familiar (musician) swinguer; (music) swinguer, avoir du swing;
    ∎ the saxophonist really swings! il swingue, ce saxo!
    (h) familiar old-fashioned (be modern, fashionable) être dans le vent;
    ∎ he was there in the sixties, when London was really swinging il était là dans les années soixante, quand ça bougeait à Londres
    ∎ the party was beginning to swing la fête commençait à être très animée□
    ∎ he's in there swinging il fait ce qu'il peut□ ;
    ∎ I'm in there swinging for you je fais tout ce que je peux pour toi□
    (k) familiar (exchange sexual partners) faire de l'échangisme□
    ∎ the party was in full swing la fête battait son plein;
    ∎ production is in full swing on produit à plein rendement;
    ∎ the town's packed when the season's in full swing en pleine saison, il y a foule en ville;
    ∎ once it's in full swing, the project will require more people une fois lancé, il faudra plus de gens sur le projet
    ►► swing bridge pont m tournant;
    swing door porte f battante;
    American swing set balançoires fpl;
    American familiar swing shift (work period) = poste de 16 heures à minuit; (team) = équipe qui travaille de 16 heures à minuit
    (car, driver) faire un écart; (from side road) déboucher;
    ∎ the car in front swung out to overtake la voiture de devant a déboîté pour doubler
    (vehicle) faire virer; (person) faire tourner;
    ∎ he swung the car round the corner il a tourné au coin;
    ∎ he swung the car right round il a fait un tête-à-queue;
    ∎ he swung her round il la fit tourner;
    ∎ figurative to swing sb round convaincre qn;
    ∎ he managed to swing her round to his point of view il a réussi à la convaincre qu'il avait raison
    (turn round → person) se retourner, faire volte-face; (→ crane) tourner, pivoter; figurative (public opinion, person) faire volte-face;
    ∎ he swung round to look at me il se retourna pour me regarder;
    ∎ the car swung right round la voiture a fait un tête-à-queue
    (door, gate) se refermer

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > swing

  • 124 Ford, Henry

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    d. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.
    [br]
    He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.
    At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.
    Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.
    Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.
    In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.
    In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.
    Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.
    Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.
    Further Reading
    R.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Ford, Henry

  • 125 Poncelet, Jean Victor

    [br]
    b. 1 July 1788 Metz, France
    d. 22 December 1867 Paris, France
    [br]
    French mathematician and military and hydraulic engineer.
    [br]
    Poncelet studied mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1807 to 1810. He joined the Army, gaining admission to the Corps of Engineers. He worked on the fortifications on the Isle of Walcheren in Holland, and in 1812 he found himself on the Russian front, engulfed in the disastrous defeat of the French at Krasnoi. Poncelet was left for dead on the field, but he was found by the Russians and taken to Saratov, where he was imprisoned for two years. He had ample opportunity there to ponder mathematical problems, a mental process from which stemmed his pioneering advances in projective geometry.
    After his release he returned to this native city of Metz, where he undertook routine military engineering and teaching tasks. These left him time to pursue his mathematical studies in projective geometry. This bore fruit in a series of publications, most notably the first volume of his Traité des propriétés projectives des figures (1822, Paris), the first book to be devoted to the new discipline of projective geometry. With his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1834, Poncelet moved to Paris and devoted much of his time to developing courses in applied mechanics in the Faculty of Science, resulting in a number of books, especially the Introduction à la mécanique industrielle, physique ou expérimentale (1841, Paris: Metz). In 1848 he had attained the rank of general and was made Commandant of the Ecole Polytechnique, a post he held for two years. After his retirement in 1850 he was deeply involved in the industrial machines and tools division at both the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the similar exhibition in Paris in 1855.
    Most of Poncelet's work in applied mechanics and technology was conceived during the period 1825–40. His technological innovations were centred on hydraulic engineering, and in 1826 he invented an inward-flow turbine. At the same time he directed his attention to the vertical undershot water-wheel, with wooden blades set radially and substituted curved metal blades: he used tight-fitting masonry and floors in the wheel pits so that all the water would be swept into the spaces between the blades. In addition, he ensured that the water flowing from the blades fell clear of the wheel and did not run in tail water. This greatly improved the efficiency of the water-wheel.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    H.Tribout, 1936, Un Grand Savant: le général Jean-Victor Poncelet, Paris, pp. 204–20 (the most complete list of his published works).
    Further Reading
    I.Didion, 1870, "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages du général J.-V.Poncelet", Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz 50:101–59.
    M.Daumas (ed), 1968, Histoire des techniques, Vol. 3, Paris (briefly describes his technological work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Poncelet, Jean Victor

  • 126 Thornley, David

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. c. 1741 Liverpool (?), England
    d. 27 January 1772 Nottingham, England
    [br]
    English partner in Arkwright's cotton-spinning venture.
    [br]
    On 4 November 1766 David Thornley married Mary, daughter of Joseph Brown, roper, at St Peter's, Liverpool. In Gore's Dictionary for 1767 Thornley is described as "merchant" and his wife as "milliner" of Castle Street, Liverpool. David Thornley was distantly related to Richard Arkwright and certainly by 1768 Thornley had begun his active association with Arkwright when he joined him in Preston, an event recorded in the inquiry into the qualifications of those who had voted in the Burgoyne election. Thornley may have helped Arkwright with the technical development of his spinning machine.
    On 14 May 1768, Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley became partners in the cotton-spinning venture at Nottingham for a term of fourteen years, or longer if a patent could be obtained. Each partner was to have three one-ninth shares and was to advance such money as might be necessary to apply for a patent as well as to develop the spinning machine. Profits were to be divided equally as often as convenient and the partners were to devote their whole time to the business after a period of two years. How-ever, it seems that in 1769 the partners had difficulty in raising the necessary money to finance the patent, and Thornley had to reduce his stake in the partnership to a one-ninth share. By this time Thornley must have moved to Nottingham, where Arkwright established his first mill. On 19 January 1770, additional finance was provided by two new partners, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, and alterations were made to the mill buildings that the partners had leased to work the spinning machines by horse power. Arkwright and Thornley were to be responsible for the day-to-day management of the mill, receiving £25 per annum for these duties. Thornley appears to have remained at Nottingham to supervise the mill, while the other partners moved to Cromford to establish the much larger enterprise there. It was at Nottingham that David Thornley died in January 1772, and his share in the partnership was bought from his wife, Mary, by Arkwright. Mary returned to her millinery business in Liverpool.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Until copies of the original agreements between Arkwright's partners were presented to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Thornley's existence was unknown. The only account of his life is given in R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester. The "Articles of Agreement", 19 June 1769, are printed in R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. This book also includes part of Arkwright's agreement with his later partners which mentions Thornley's death and covers the technical aspects of the cotton-spinning invention.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Thornley, David

  • 127 ἵστημι

    ἵστημι (Hom.+, ins, pap [Mayser 353]; LXX [Thackeray 247f]; pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog. exc. Ar.) and also ἱστάνω (since I B.C. SIG 1104, 26 ἱστανόμενος; pap [Mayser, loc. cit., with ἀνθιστάνω documented here as early as III B.C.]; Epict. 3, 12, 2; LXX [Ezk 17:14; Thackeray, loc. cit.]; later wr. in Psaltes 236) Ro 3:31; Hs 8, 1, 10 (s. Whittaker on 8, 1, 8; s. B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202). Fut. στήσω; 1 aor. ἔστησα; 2 aor. ἔστην, impv. στῆθι, inf. στῆναι, ptc. στάς; pf. ἕστηκα ( I stand), ptc. ἑστηκώς, ός and ἑστώς En 12:3; JosAs 7:2; J 12:29,-ῶσα J 8:9 v.l., neut. ἑστώς Rv 14:1 v.l. (s. B-D-F §96; W-S. §14, 5; Mlt-H. 222) and ἑστός, inf. always ἑστάναι; plpf. εἱστήκειν ( I stood) or ἱστήκειν GPt 2:3, third pl. εἱστήκεισαν Mt 12:46; J 18:18; Ac 9:7; Rv 7:11 (W-H. spell it ἱστ. everywhere); ἑστάκαμεν w. act. mng. 1 Macc 11:34; fut. mid. στήσομαι Rv 18:15. Pass.: 1 fut. σταθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐστάθην (PEg2 65). S. στήκω. Trans.: A. Intr.: B, C, D.
    A. trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.; s. B-D-F §97, 1; Mlt-H. 241) gener. ‘put, place, set’.
    ① to cause to be in a place or position, set, place, bring, allow to come τινά someone, lit. ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ Ac 5:27. εἰς αὐτούς before them 22:30. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at someone’s right (hand) Mt 25:33. ἐν μέσῳ in the midst, among 18:2; Mk 9:36; J 8:3. ἐνώπιόν τινος before someone Ac 6:6. Also κατενώπιόν τινος Jd 24. ἐπί τι upon someth. Mt 4:5; Lk 4:9. παρά τινι beside someone 9:47.
    ② to propose someone for an obligation, put forward, propose, lit. (e.g. Just., A I, 60, 3 Μωυσέα … τύπον σταυροῦ … στῆσαι ἐπὶ τῇ ἁγίᾳ σκηνῇ) τινά for a certain purpose: the candidates for election to the apostleship Ac 1:23. μάρτυρας ψευδεῖς 6:13 (cp. Mel., P. 93, 700 ψευδομάρτυρες).
    ③ to set up or put into force, establish, fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Gen 26:3 τὸν ὅρκον; Ex 6:4) τὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοσύνην Ro 10:3. τὸ δεύτερον (opp. ἀναιρεῖν τὸ πρῶτον, a ref. to sacrificial system) Hb 10:9.—Of legal enforcement κύριε, μὴ στήσῃς αὐτοῖς ταύτην τ. ἁμαρτίαν Lord, do not hold this sin against them Ac 7:60 (contrast ἀφίημι 1 Macc 13:38f; 15:5; Stephen’s expression=ἄφες Lk 23:34; s. Beginn. IV, ad loc.).
    ④ to validate someth. that is in force or in practice, reinforce validity of, uphold, maintain, validate τὶ someth. fig. ext. of 1 (1 Macc 2:27 τὴν διαθήκην) τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν validate or maintain your own tradition Mk 7:9. νόμον ἱστάνομεν we uphold (the) law Ro 3:31 (s. καταργέω 2).
    ⑤ to cause to be steadfast, make someone stand δυνατεῖ ὁ κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν Ro 14:4.
    ⓐ set/fix a time a period of time ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 3a) Ac 17:31.
    ⓑ determine a monetary amount οἱ δὲ ἔστησαν αὐτῷ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια Mt 26:15 (=Zech 11:12 ἔστησαν τὸν μισθόν μου τριάκοντα ἀργύρους), presents a special problem for interpreters because of the author’s theological and narrative interests, which prompt him to connect an allusion here to Zech 11:12 in anticipation of a fulfillment statement at Mt 27:9f, which in haggadic fashion draws on Zech 11:13 in the longer form of the Mt and Jer 32 (Mt 39):7–9 (s. JDoeve, Jewish Hermeneutics in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts, ’54, 185–87). Jer 39:9 and Zech 11:12 use the verb ἱ. in the sense weigh out on scales (Hom.; X., Cyr. 8, 2, 21, Mem. 1, 1, 9 al.; GDI p. 870, n49 A [Ephesus VI B.C.] 40 minas ἐστάθησαν; Is 46:6; Jer 39:9; 2 Esdr 8:25), and some (e.g. BWeiss, HHoltzmann, JWeiss; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 227f; Field, Notes 19f) interpret Mt 26:15 in this sense. Of course Mt’s readers would know that coinage of their time was not ‘weighed out’ and would understand ἱ. in the sense of striking a bargain (ἵστημι=set a price, make an offer, close a bargain: Herodas 7, 68 pair of shoes; BGU 1116, 8 [I B.C.]; 912, 25 [I A.D.]; PRainer 206, 10 [II A.D.] κεφάλαιον), they set out (=offered, allowed) for him (=paid him) 30 silver coins (Wlh., OHoltzmann, Schniewind), but the more sophisticated among them would readily recognize the obsolete mng. Ac 7:60 is sometimes interpreted in a related sense, but the absence of a direct object of amount paid suggests that the pass. is better placed in 3 above.
    B. intr., aor. and fut. forms
    ① to desist from movement and be in a stationary position, stand still, stop (Hom., Aristot.; Philostrat., Ep. 36, 2 ὁ ποταμὸς στήσεται; TestSol 7:3 οὕτως ἔστη ἡ αὔρα) Lk 24:17. στὰς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐφώνησεν αὐτούς Mt 20:32.—Mk 10:49; Lk 7:14; 17:12; 18:40. στῆναι τὸ ἅρμα Ac 8:38. ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἔστησαν Rv 18:17; cp. vs. 15. ἔστησαν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τοῦ σπηλαίου GJs 19:2. ἔστη ἐπὶ τόπου πεδινοῦ he took his stand on a level place Lk 6:17. Of a star ἐστάθη ἐπάνω οὗ ἦν τὸ παιδίον Mt 2:9; also ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ παιδίου GJs 21:3. Of a flow of blood come to an end ἔστη ἡ ῥύσις τ. αἵματος Lk 8:44 (cp. Ex 4:25 [though HKosmala, Vetus Test. 12, ’62, 28 renders it as an emphatic εἶναι] Heraclid. Pont., Fgm. 49 W.; POxy 1088, 21 [I A.D.]; Cyranides p. 117 note γυναικὶ … αἷμα ἵστημι παραχρῆμα). στῆθι stand Js 2:3. ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἔστη ἄνω his hand remained (motionless) upraised GJs 18:3 (not pap).
    ② to come up in the presence of others, come up, stand, appear ἔμπροσθέν τινος before someone Mt 27:11; Lk 21:36. Also ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 10:30; GJs 11:2 (κατενώπιον TestSol 22:13; Just., D. 127, 3) or ἐπί τινος: σταθήσεσθε you will have to appear Mt 10:18 v.l.; Mk 13:9; ἐπί τοῦ παλατίου AcPl Ha 9, 20. στῆθι εἰς τὸ μέσον Lk 6:8; cp. vs. 8b; J 20:19, 26 (Vi. Aesopi I c. 6 p. 243, 15 Αἴσωπος στὰς εἰς τὸ μέσον ἀνέκραξεν). Also ἐν μέσῳ Lk 24:36; Ac 17:22; Ox 1 verso, 11 (s. Unknown Sayings, 69–71). ἔστη εἰς τὸ κριτήριον she stood before the court GJs 15:2. Cp. J 21:4; Rv 12:18; Lk 7:38. Step up or stand to say someth. or make a speech Lk 18:11. Cp. 19:8; Ac 2:14; 5:20; 11:13 al. ἔστησαν … προσδοκῶντες τὸν Ζαχαρίαν they stood waiting for Z. GJs 24:1. Pract. in the sense of the pf. δυνάμενοι … ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ στῆναι (the cult images) which could not remain standing AcPl Ha 1, 20 (cp. ἵστατο δένδρον κυπάρισσος TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 17 [Stone p. 6]; ὁ τόπος ἐν ᾧ ἱστάμεθα GrBar 6:13).
    ③ to stand up against, resist, w. πρὸς and acc. offer resistance (Thu. 5, 104) Eph 6:11; abs. resist (Ex 14:13) vs. 13. (Cp. the term στάσις in the sense of ‘rebellion’.)
    ④ stand firm so as to remain stable, stand firm, hold one’s ground (Ps 35:13) in battle (X., An. 1, 10, 1) Eph 6:14. σταθήσεται will stand firm Ro 14:4a. τίς δύναται σταθῆναι; Rv 6:17. εἰς ἣν στῆτε stand fast in it (Goodsp., Probs. 198) 1 Pt:12. Of house, city, or kingdom Mt 12:25f; Mk 3:24f; Lk 11:18. Cp. Mk 3:26. The OT expr. (Dt 19:15) ἵνα ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων ἢ τριῶν σταθῇ πᾶν ῥῆμα Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1.
    ⑤ come to a standing position, stand up ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας on one’s feet (Ezk 2:1) Ac 26:16; Rv 11:11. Abs. Ac 3:8.
    C. intr., perf. and plupf.
    ① to be in a standing position, I stand, I stood of bodily position, e.g. of a speaker J 7:37; Ac 5:25, of hearers J 12:29 or spectators Mt 27:47; Lk 23:35; Ac 1:11, of accusers Lk 23:10. Cp. J 18:5, 16, 18ab, 25; 19:25; Ac 16:9 al.
    ② to be at a place, stand (there), be (there), w. the emphasis less on ‘standing’ than on ‘being, existing’.
    ⓐ position indicated by adv. of place ἔξω Mt 12:46f; Lk 8:20; 13:25. μακρόθεν Lk 18:13. ἀπὸ μακρόθεν at a distance 23:49; Rv 18:10. ἐκεῖ Mk 11:5. ὅπου 13:14. ὧδε Mt 16:28; 20:6b. αὐτοῦ Lk 9:27; ἀπέναντι AcPl Ha 3, 30.
    ⓑ w. place indicated by a prep. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at the right (hand) of someone or someth. Lk 1:11; Ac 7:55f (HOwen, NTS 1, ’54/55, 224–26). ἐν αὐτοῖς among them Ac 24:21; w. ἐν and dat. of place Mt 20:3; 24:15; J 11:56; Rv 19:17. ἐν μέσῳ J 8:9 v.l. μέσος ὑμῶν 1:26 (v.l. στήκει). ἐπί w. gen. (X., Cyr. 3, 3, 66; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 209 Jac. ἐπὶ τ. θύρας) Ac 5:23; 21:40; 24:20; 25:10; Rv 10:5, 8; AcPl Ha 7, 37; w. dat. Ac 7:33; w. acc. Mt 13:2; Rv 3:20; 7:1; 14:1; 15:2; GJs 5:2 (ἕστηκας codd., ἔστης pap). παρά w. acc. of place Lk 5:1f. πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης J 6:22. πρό w. gen. of place Ac 12:14. πρός w. dat. of place J 20:11. σύν τινι Ac 4:14. μετά τινος AcPl Ha 11, 3. κύκλῳ τινός around someth. Rv 7:11. W. ἐνώπιον (functioning as prep.) ἐνώπιόν τινος Rv 7:9; 11:4; 12:4; 20:12.
    ⓒ abs. (Epict. 4, 1, 88 ἑστῶσα of the citadel, simply standing there; Tat. 26, 2 παρατρέχοντας μὲν ὑμᾶς, ἑστῶτα δὲ τὸν αἰῶνα) Mt 26:73; J 1:35; 3:29; 20:14; Ac 22:25. τὰ πρόβατα εἱστήκει the sheep stood still GJs 18:2 (not pap). The verb standing alone in the sense stand around idle (Eur., Iph. Aul. 861; Aristoph., Av. 206, Eccl. 852; Herodas 4, 44) Mt 20:6a. ἀργός can be added (Aristoph., Eccl. 879f, Pax 256 ἕστηκας ἀργός) vs. 6a v.l., 6b (w. the question cp. Eubulus Com., Fgm. 15, 1 K. τί ἕστηκας ἐν πύλαις; Herodas 5, 40). W. modifying words (Pla., Phdr. 275d ἕστηκε ὡς ζῶντα τὰ ἔκγονα) εἱστήκεισαν ἐνεοί they stood there speechless Ac 9:7. ὡς ἐσφαγμένον Rv 5:6. cp. Ac 26:6. εἱστήκει ἀπεκδεχόμενος AcPl Ant 13, 22 (=Aa I, 237, 5).
    ③ to stand in attendance on someone, attend upon, be the servant of Rv 8:2 (RCharles, Rv ICC vol. 1, p. 225).
    ④ stand firm in belief, stand firm of personal commitment in gener. (opp. πεσεῖν), fig. ext. of 1, 1 Cor 10:12; 2 Cl 2:6. τ. πίστει ἕστηκας you stand firm because of your faith Ro 11:20; cp. 2 Cor 1:24. ὸ̔ς ἕστηκεν ἐν τ. καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἑδραῖος one who stands firm in his heart 1 Cor 7:37. ὁ θεμέλιος ἕστηκεν the foundation stands (unshaken) 2 Ti 2:19 (Stob. 4, 41, 60 [vol. V, p. 945]: Apelles, when he was asked why he represented Tyche [Fortune] in a sitting position, answered οὐχ ἕστηκεν γάρ=because she can’t stand, i.e. has no stability; Hierocles 11, 441 ἑστῶτος τοῦ νόμου=since the law stands firm [unchanged]; Procop. Soph., Ep. 47 μηδὲν ἑστηκὸς κ. ἀκίνητον; 75).
    ⑤ to be in a condition or state, stand or be in someth., fig. ext. of 1; grace (Hierocles 12, 446 ἐν ἀρετῇ) Ro 5:2; within the scope of the gospel 1 Cor 15:1; in truth J 8:44.
    D. intr., pres. mid. to have a beginning, begin, calendaric expression (as old as Hom.) μὴν ἱστάμενος the month just beginning (oft. ins) MPol 21—B. 835. DELG. M-M. TW.

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