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1 draisienne
draisienne nf dandy-horse. -
2 draisienne
f ист. -
3 draisienne
сущ.ист. самокат -
4 draisienne
دراجة بلا دواسةدراجة بعجلتيندريسية -
5 draisienne
drezyna -
6 draisienne
f. (du nom de l'inventeur, le baron Drais) ост. първобитен велосипед без педали. -
7 draisienne
f1. дрези́на 2. tu самока́т -
8 draisienne
nf. velosiped, bir oyoqlab uchib yurituvchi g‘ildirakli aravacha. -
9 دراجة بلا دواسة
draisienne -
10 دريسية
draisienne -
11 دراجة بعجلتين
draisienne; deuxroues -
12 Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1785d. 1851[br]German popularizer of the first form of manumotive vehicle, the hobby-horse.[br]An engineer and agriculturalist who had to travel long distances over rough country, he evolved an improved design of velocipede. The original device appears to have been first shown in the gardens of the Palais Royal by the comte de Sivrac in 1791, a small wooden "horse" fitted with two wheels and propelled by the rider's legs thrusting alternately against the ground. It was not possible to turn the front wheel to steer the machine, a small variation from the straight being obtained by the rider leaning sideways. It is not known if de Sivrac was the inventor of the machine: it is likely that it had been in existence, probably as a child's toy, for a number of years. Its original name was the celerifière, but it was renamed the velocifère in 1793. The Baron's Draisienne was an improvement on this primitive machine; it had a triangulated wooden frame, an upholstered seat, a rear luggage seat and an armrest which took the thrust of the rider as he or she pushed against the ground. Furthermore, it was steerable. In some models there was a cordoperated brake and a prop stand, and the seat height could be adjusted. At least one machine was fitted with a milometer. Drais began limited manufacture and launched a long marketing and patenting campaign, part of which involved sending advertising letters to leading figures, including a number of kings.The Draisienne was first shown in public in April 1817: a ladies' version became available in 1819. Von Drais took out a patent in Baden on 12 January 1818 and followed with a French patent on 17 February. Three-and four-wheeled versions became available so the two men could take the ladies for a jaunt.Drais left his agricultural and forestry work and devoted his full time to the "Running Machine" business. Soon copies were being made and sold in Italy, Germany and Austria. In London, a Denis Johnson took out a patent in December 1818 for a "pedestrian curricle" which was soon nicknamed the dandy horse.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Caunter, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: Science Museum and HMSO.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
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13 самокат
м.bicyclette f (воен.); patinette f ( детский)складно́й самока́т — bicyclette pliante
* * *n1) gener. trottinette, patinette (детский)2) hist. draisienne -
14 draisina
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15 drezyna
1. draisienne2. draisine -
16 Macmillan, Kirkpatrick
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1810d. 1878[br]Scottish inventor and builder of the first pedal-operated bicycle.[br]Macmillan was the blacksmith at the village of Courthill, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. Before 1839, bicycles were of the draisienne or hobby-horse type, which were propelled by the rider's feet pushing alternately on the ground. Macmillan was the first to appreciate that two wheels placed in line could be balanced while being propelled by means of treadles and cranks fitted to one of the axles. His machine, completed in 1839, had wooden wheels shod with iron tyres, and a curved wooden frame which was forked to take the rear axle; the front, steering wheel was carried in an iron fork. The axles ran in brass bearings. Cranks were keyed to the rear axle which was driven by rods connected to two swinging arms; these were pivotted from the frame near the pivot of the front fork, and had foot treadles at their lower ends. Macmillan frequently rode this machine the 22.5 km (14 miles) from Courthill to Dumfries. In 1842 he was fined five shillings at the Gorbals Police Court for knocking over a child at the end of a 64 km (40 mile) ride from Courthill to Glasgow.Although several people copied Macmillan's machine over the next twenty years and it anticipated the rear-driven safety bicycle by some forty years, it did not prove popular.[br]Further ReadingC.F.Caunter, 1955, The History and Development of Cycles, London: HMSO.IMcN -
17 Michaux, Pierre
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1813d. 1883[br]French bicycle maker and developer, in partnership with his son Ernest (1849– 89).[br]Pierre Michaux has been variously described as a cabinet-maker, a locksmith and a carriage-repairer. He probably combined all these occupations. He had a workshop near the Champs Elysées in Paris in 1861 where he set up a business in the manufacture of bicycles. His machines, which became known as Michaulines, were largely built of wood but had the great advantage over the draisienne that the rider's feet rested on a pair of pedals connected to the axle of the front wheel. In the late 1850s solid rubber tyres were added to the wheels. In 1865 Michaux et Cie built about four hundred Michaulines. By 1866–7 they had developed a new model with a wrought-iron frame and a larger front wheel. This machine was shown at the World Exhibition held in Paris in 1867 and the company received many orders, including one from the invalid Napoleon III. The Prince Imperial also had a Michauline. Late in the 1860s the Olivier brothers invested 100,000 francs in Michaux et Cie, allowing the firm to move to a 2 1/2-acre (1-he-care) factory near the Arc de Triomphe. Soon afterwards, Michaux père accepted a 200,000 franc payment and left the firm, which continued to flourish. In the early 1870s the Olivier brothers were building as many as two hundred machines each day. By 1870 they employed 500 workers using fifty-seven forges. There were in addition about sixty other bicycle makers in Paris and fifteen in provincial France.The 1867 Michauline had a metal backbone and a lever-shoe brake; the saddle was mounted on a single leaf spring; slotted cranks allowed the effective crank length to be adjusted; and the machine weighed 59 lb (27 kg).[br]Further ReadingScience Museum, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: HMSO. J.McGunn, 1987, On Tour Bicycle: An Illustrated History of Cycling, London: John Murray.IMcN
См. также в других словарях:
draisienne — [ drɛzjɛn ] n. f. • 1816; de Drais, n. de l inventeur ♦ Anciennt Instrument de locomotion (considéré comme l ancêtre de la bicyclette), dont les deux roues étaient reliées par une pièce de bois sur laquelle on montait à califourchon, et que l on… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Draisienne — Ne pas confondre avec la draisine, véhicule ferroviaire. Vélocipède jardin du Luxembourg 1818 Une draisienne est un véhicule à deux roues ali … Wikipédia en Français
draisienne — (entrée créée par le supplément) (drè ziè n ) s. f. Sorte de voiture vélocipède, ainsi nommée de l inventeur, Baron de Drais, Complément de l Académie. On trouve aussi draisine. • L appareil [pour déterminer l écartement des rails] est mis… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
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Bike — Bicyclette Pour l’article homonyme, voir Bicyclette (football). … Wikipédia en Français
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Vieux clou — Bicyclette Pour l’article homonyme, voir Bicyclette (football). … Wikipédia en Français
Vélo — Bicyclette Pour l’article homonyme, voir Bicyclette (football). … Wikipédia en Français
Vélos — Bicyclette Pour l’article homonyme, voir Bicyclette (football). … Wikipédia en Français
Velocipede — Vélocipède Pour les articles homonymes, voir Vélo (homonymie). Vélocipédomanie Dessin humoristique français anonyme paru entre 1865 et 1870 … Wikipédia en Français
Vélocipède — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Vélo (homonymie). Vélocipédomanie Dessin humoristique français anonyme paru entre 1865 et 1870. Vélocipède est le nom f … Wikipédia en Français
