calliditās

callĭdĭtas, ātis, f. [callidus], the being callidus, in a good or bad sense.

In a good sense, shrewdness, skill, skilfulness, readiness, aptness (so several times after the Aug. period):

calliditas ingenii,

Nep. Eum. 1, 3; Ov. F. 3, 380; Plin. 37, 12, 74, § 195; Tac. Agr. 9; Flor. 2, 17, 15; Cic. Har. Resp. 9, 19.—Far more freq. and class.,

In a bad sense, cunning, craft, slyness, artfulness:

scientia, quae est remota ab justitiā, calliditas potius quam sapientia est appellanda,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 63; 3, 32, 113; id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; id. Har. Resp. 9, 19; id. Or. 39, 137; Quint. 2, 5, 7; 4, 2, 126; Ov. H. 16, 300; 20, 126; Mart. 11, 50, 2 al.—Of stratagem in war, Liv. 42, 47, 7:

calliditas ad robur accesserat,

Flor. 3, 4, 3.— Trop., of oratorical artifice:

genus ejusmodi calliditatis atque calumniae,

Cic. Part. Or. 39, 137.—In plur.:

servi venere in mentem Syri Calliditates,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 14; Lact. 2, 12, 17.

* * *

* * *

ars, artis, f. [v. arma], skill in joining something, combining, working it, etc., with the advancement of Roman culture, carried entirely beyond the sphere of the common pursuits of life, into that of artistic and scientific action, just as, on the other hand, in mental cultivation, skill is applied to morals, designating character, manner of thinking, so far as it is made known by external actions (syn.: doctrina, sollertia, calliditas, prudentia, virtus, industria, ratio, via, dolus).

Skill in producing any material form, handicraft, trade, occupation, employment (technê).

Lit.:

Zeno censet artis proprium esse creare et gignere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 57:

quarum (artium) omne opus est in faciendo atque agendo,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 22; id. Off. 2, 3, 12 sq.—

Transf.

With the idea extended, any physical or mental activity, so far as it is practically exhibited; a profession, art ( music, poetry, medicine, etc.); acc. to Roman notions, the arts were either liberales or ingenuae artes, arts of freemen, the liberal arts; or artes illiberales or sordidae, the arts, employments, of slaves or the lower classes.

In gen.:

Eleus Hippias gloriatus est nihil esse ullā in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret: nec solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem et poëtarum, atque illa, quae de naturis rerum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de rebus publicis dicerentur, sed anulum, quem haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se suā manu confecisse,

Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 127:

Jam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut feneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercenariorum omniumque, quorum operae, non artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis... Opificesque omnes in sordidā arte versantur... Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia major inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, hae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150 sq.; cf. id. Fam. 4, 3:

artes elegantes,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

laudatae,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 9:

bonae,

Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 32:

optimae,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 111:

magnae,

id. Or. 1, 4:

maximae,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

gravissimae,

id. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

leviores artes,

id. Brut. 1, 3:

mediocres,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

omnis artifex omnis artis,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 22:

artifices omnium artium,

ib. 1 Par. 22, 15.—

Esp., of a single art, and,

With an adj. designating it:

ars gymnastica,

gymnastics, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 73:

ars duellica,

the art of war, id. Ep. 3, 4, 14:

ars imperatoria,

generalship, Quint. 2, 17, 34:

(artes) militares et imperatoriae,

Liv. 25, 9, 12:

artes civiles,

politics, Tac. Agr. 29:

artes urbanae,

i. e. jurisprudence and eloquence, Liv. 9, 42:

ars grammatica,

grammar, Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 128:

rhetorica,

Quint. 2, 17, 4:

musica,

poetry, Ter. Hec. prol. 23:

musica,

music, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 93:

medicae artes,

the healing art, medicine, Ov. H. 5, 145; so,

ars Apollinea,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 10:

magica,

Verg. A. 4, 493, and Vulg. Sap. 17, 7; so,

maleficis artibus inserviebat,

he used witchcraft, ib. 2 Par. 33, 6 al.—

With a gen. designating it:

ars disserendi,

dialectics, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

ars dicendi,

the art of speaking, id. ib. 1, 23, 107, and Quint. 2, 17, 17; so,

ars eloquentiae,

id. 2, 11, 4:

ars medendi,

Ov. A. A. 2, 735:

ars medentium,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 158:

medicorum ars,

Vulg. 1 Par. 16, 12:

pigmentariorum ars,

the art of unguents, ib. 2 Par. 16, 4:

ars armorum,

the art of war, Quint. 2, 17, 33:

ars pugnae,

Vulg. Judith, 5, 27; so in plur.:

belli artes,

Liv. 25, 40, 5:

ars gubernandi,

navigation, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24; Quint. 2, 17, 33; so,

ars gubernatoris,

Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 42.—Sometimes the kind of art may be distinguished by the connection, so that ars is used absol. of a particular art:

instruere Atriden num potes arte meā? i. e. arte sagittandi,

Ov. H. 16, 364:

tunc ego sim Inachio notior arte Lino, i. e. arte canendi,

Prop. 3, 4, 8:

fert ingens a puppe Notus: nunc arte (sc. navigandi) relictā Ingemit,

Stat. Th. 3, 29; so Luc. 7, 126; Sil. 4, 715:

imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte (sc. rhetoricā) viros,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 16:

ejusdem erat artis, i. e. artis scaenofactoriae,

Vulg. Act. 18, 3.—

Science, knowledge:

quis ignorat, ii, qui mathematici vocantur, quantā in obscuritate rerum et quam reconditā in arte et multiplici subtilique versentur,

Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 10:

nam si ars ita definitur, ex rebus penitus perspectis planeque cognitis atque ab opinionis arbitrio sejunctis, scientiāque comprehensis, non mihi videtur ars oratoris esse ulla,

id. ib. 1, 23, 108: nihil est quod ad artem redigi possit, nisi ille prius, qui illa tenet. quorum artem instituere vult, habeat illam scientiam (sc. dialecticam), ut ex iis rebus, quarum ars nondum sit, artem efficere possit, id. ib. 1, 41, 186:

ars juris civilis,

id. ib. 1, 42, 190:

(Antiochus) negabat ullam esse artem, quae ipsa a se proficisceretur. Etenim semper illud extra est, quod arte comprehenditur... Est enim perspicuum nullam artem ipsam in se versari, sed esse aliud artem ipsam, aliud, quod propositum sit arti,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9; id. Cael. 30, 72; id. Or. 1, 4:

vir bonus optimisque artibus eruditus,

Nep. Att. 12, 4: ingenium docile, come, ap-tum ad artes optimas, id. Dion, 1, 2 al.—

The theory of any art or science: ars est praeceptio, quae dat certam viam rationemque faciendi aliquid, Auct. ad Her. 1, 1;

Asper, p. 1725 P.: non omnia, quaecumque loquimur, mihi videntur ad artem et ad praecepta esse revocanda,

not every thing is to be traced back to theory and rules, Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 44: res mihi videtur esse facultate ( in practice) praeclara, arte ( in theory) mediocris;

ars enim earum rerum est, quae sciuntur: oratoris autem omnis actio opinionibus, non scientiā continetur,

id. ib. 2, 7, 30; id. Ac. 2, 7, 22.—In later Lat. ars is used,

Absol. for grammatical analysis, grammar:

curru non, ut quidam putant, pro currui posuit, nec est apocope: sed ratio artis antiquae, etc.,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 156; 1, 95: et hoc est artis, ut (vulgus) masculino utamur, quia omnia Latina nomina in us exeuntia, si neutra fuerint, tertiae sunt declinationis, etc., id. ad eund. ib. 1, 149: secundum artem dicamus honor, arbor, lepor: plerumque poëtae r in s mutant, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 153 al.—Hence also,

As a title of books in which such theories are discussed, for rhetorical and, at a later period, for grammatical treatises.

Rhetorical:

quam multa non solum praecepta in artibus, sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt!

Cic. Fin. 4, 3, 5:

ipsae rhetorum artes, quae sunt totae forenses atque populares,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4: neque eo dico, quod ejus (Hermagorae) ars mihi mendosissime scripta videatur; nam satis in eā videtur ex antiquis artibus ( from the ancient works on rhetoric) ingeniose et diligenter electas res collocāsse, id. Inv. 1, 6 fin.:

illi verbis et artibus aluerunt naturae principia, hi autem institutis et legibus,

id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

artem scindens Theodori,

Juv. 7, 177.—

Grammar:

in artibus legimus superlativum gradum non nisi genitivo plurali jungi,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 96: ut in artibus lectum est, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 535.—So Ars, as the title of the later Lat. grammars: Donati Ars Grammatica, Cledonii Ars, Marii Victorini Ars, etc.; v. the grammarians in Gothofred., Putsch., Lindem., Keil.—

The knowledge, art, skill, workmanship, employed in effecting or working upon an object (Fr. adresse):

majore quādam opus est vel arte vel diligentiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14 fin.:

et tripodas septem pondere et arte pares,

Ov. H. 3, 32: qui canit arte, canat;

qui bibit arte, bibat,

id. A. A. 2, 506:

arte laboratae vestes,

Verg. A. 1, 639:

plausus tunc arte carebat,

was void of art, was natural, unaffected, Ov. A. A. 1, 113.—

(Concr.) The object artistically formed, a work of art:

clipeum efferri jussit Didymaonis artis,

Verg. A. 5, 359:

divite me scilicet artium, Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 5; id. Ep. 1, 6, 17.—

Artes (personified), the Muses:

artium chorus,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 19.—

Transf. from mind to morals, the moral character of a man, so far as it is made known by actions, conduct, manner of acting, habit, practice, whether good or bad:

si in te aegrotant artes antiquae tuae,

your former manner of life, conduct, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 35; cf. Hor. C. 4, 15, 12; Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6 Lind.:

nempe tuā arte viginti minae Pro psaltriā periere,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 24:

quid est, Quod tibi mea ars efficere hoc possit amplius?

my assiduity, id. And. 1, 1, 4:

Hac arte (i. e. constantiā, perseverantiā) Pollux et vagus Hercules Enisus arces attigit igneas,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 9:

multae sunt artes (i. e. virtutes) eximiae, hujus administrae comitesque virtutis (sc. imperatoris),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 13; id. Fin. 2, 34, 115; id. Verr. 2, 4, 37 Zumpt:

nam imperium facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est,

Sall. C. 2, 4 Kritz; so id. ib. 5, 7:

cultusque artesque virorum,

Ov. M. 7, 58:

mores quoque confer et artes,

id. R. Am. 713: praeclari facinoris aut artis [p. 167] bonae famam quaerere, Sall. C. 2, 9; so id. ib. 10, 4:

animus insolens malarum artium,

id. ib. 3, 4; so Tac. A. 14, 57.—Hence also, absol. in mal. part. as in Gr. technê for cunning, artifice, fraud, stratagem:

haec arte tractabat virum,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 125 (cf. Ov. H. 17, 142):

capti eādem arte sunt, quā ceperant Fabios,

Liv. 2, 51; 3, 35:

at Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat Consilia,

Verg. A. 1, 657; so id. ib. 7, 477:

ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasgā,

id. ib. 2, 152:

talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis Credita res, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 195:

fraudes innectere ponto Antiquā parat arte,

Luc. 4, 449:

tantum illi vel ingenii vel artis vel fortunae superfuit,

Suet. Tit. 1:

fugam arte simulantes,

Vulg. Jud. 20, 32: regem summis artibus pellexit, pasêi mêchanêi, Suet. Vit. 2.

astūtus, a, um, adj. [a lengthened form of the ante-class. astus, like versutus from versus, cinctutus from cinctus; and astus itself has the form of a P. a., q. v. init. ], shrewd, sagacious, expert; or (more freq., cf. astutia) in mal. part., sly, cunning, artful, designing, etc.

Ante-class. form astus, a, um: asta lingua, Att. ap. Non. p. 1, 54.—

Class. form astūtus:

malus, callidus, astutus admodum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 112:

Causam dicere adversus astutos, audacīs viros, valentes virgatores,

id. As. 3, 2, 19:

non tam astutus, neque ita perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 1:

verum ego numquam adeo astutus fui, Quin etc.,

id. Ad. 2, 2, 13:

ratio,

Cic. Verr. 1, 11 fin.:

nihil astutum,

id. Or. 19, 64: hoc celandi genus est hominis non aperti, non simplicis, non ingenui;

versuti potius, obscuri, astuti, fallacis,

id. Off. 3, 13, 57:

astuti Getae,

Prop. 5, 5, 44:

Parthorum astutae tela remissa fugae,

id. 4, 8, 54:

ut est astuta et ingeniosa sollertia,

Plin. 36, 26, 66, § 192, where Jan omits astuta et:

gens non astuta, nec callida,

Tac. G. 22 et saep.:

pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 62:

homo sagax et astutus,

Mart. 12, 88, 4:

Est vir astutus multorum eruditor,

Vulg. Eccli. 37, 21:

vulpes,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 186:

consilium,

Gell. 5, 10 al. —As subst. (eccl. Lat.):

Astutus omnia agit cum consilio,

Vulg. Prov. 13, 16; ib. Eccli. 18, 28.— Comp.:

fallacia astutior,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 7:

si qui me astutiorem fingit (followed by callidius),

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6:

qui custodit increpationes, astutior fiet,

Vulg. Prov. 15, 5.—

* Sup.:

astutissimus adversarius,

Aug. Serm. 17: astutissima calliditas, id. Civ. Dei, 21, 6.— Adv.: astūtē, craftily, cunningly:

astute comminisci aliquid,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 96:

docte atque astute captare,

id. Most. 5, 1, 21:

consulte, docte atque astute cavere,

id. Rud. 4, 7, 14: Astute, shrewdly done, Ter. And. 1, 2, 12:

astute labefactare aliquem,

id. Eun. 3, 3, 3:

satis astute adgredi aliquem,

id. Phorm. 5, 8, 75:

astute reticere aliquid,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 2, 1: astute nihil agere, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 3.— Comp.:

astutius ponere aliquid,

Varr. L. L. 9, 1 Müll.— Sup.:

astutissime componere aliquid,

Gell. 18, 4:

astutissime excogitare,

Lact. 1, 22: astutissime fingi, Aug. Civ. Dei, 19, 5.

cĕlĕrĭtas, ātis, f. [celer], swiftness, quickness, speed, celerity (in good prose; syn.: velocitas, pernicitas;

opp. tarditas): velocitas corporis celeritas appellatur, quae eadem ingenii laus habetur, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 13, 31:

celeritas et vis equorum,

id. Div. 2, 70, 144; cf.

equitum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48 fin.:

navis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88:

pedum,

id. Ac. 1, 5, 19:

in capiendis castris,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

veneni,

the quick effect, Cic. Cael. 24, 60:

incredibili celeritate de victoriā Caesaris fama perfertur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 53:

celeritati studere,

id. B. C. 3, 79:

Favonio Scipionis celeritas salutem attulit,

id. ib. 3, 36 fin.:

maximum bonum in celeritate putabat,

Sall. C. 43, 4:

celeritate uti,

to employ speed, Nep. Ages. 2, 2; 4, 4.—In plur. absol.: cavendum est ne in festinationibus suscipiamus nimias celeritates, Cic. Off. 1, 36, 131.—

Of intellectual and abstract objects:

animorum,

Cic. Sen. 21, 78: inge nii, v. supra; cf.:

calliditas et celeritas ingenii,

quickness of device, Nep. Eum. 1, 3:

cogitationis,

Quint. 10, 3, 19:

consilii,

Nep. Ages. 6, 2:

orationis,

Cic. Or. 16, 53; Quint. 11, 3, 111:

dicendi,

Cic. Fl. 20, 48:

syllabarum,

id. Or. 57, 191; Quint. 9, 4, 91; 9, 4, 88; 9, 4, 140; 11, 3, 107.

dŏlus, i, m. [Sanscr. dal-bhas, deceit; Gr. dolos, cunning, delear, bait]. Orig., a device, artifice; hence, evil intent, wrongdoing with a view to the consequences (opp. culpa, negligence; cf. also: fallacia, fraus, astutia, calliditas).—In the older, and esp. the jurid. lang.: dolus malus, a standing expression for guile, fraud, deceit: doli vocabulum nunc tantum in malis utimur, apud antiquos etiam in bonis rebus utebatur. Unde adhuc dicimus Sine dolo malo, nimirum quia solebat dici et bonus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69, 10 Müll.: in quibus ipsis (formulis) cum ex eo (sc. Aquillio) quaereretur, quid esset dolus malus? respondebat;

cum esset aliud simulatum, aliud actum,

Cic. Off. 3, 14, 60; cf. id. Top. 9 fin.; and id. N. D. 3, 30: Labeo sic definit: Dolum malum esse omnem calliditatem, fallaciam, machinationem ad circumveniendum, fallendum, decipiendum alterum adhibitam, Dig. 4, 3, 1; so, dolus malus, acc. to Cic. Off. 3, 15, 61; 3, 24; id. Fl. 30, 74; id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

dolo malo instipulari,

Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 25; in a pub. law formula in Liv. 1, 24 fin.; and 38, 11; Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 9 Don.; Dig. 4, 3 tit.: de dolo malo, and ib. 44, 4 tit.: de doli mali et metus exceptione, et saep.; opp. culpa, Cod. 5, 40, 9.—Far more freq. and class. (but rarely in Cic.),

Without malus, guile, deceit, deception:

haud dicam dolo,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 53:

non dolo dicam tibi,

id. ib. 2, 4, 79; id. Men. 2, 1, 3; ita omnes meos dolos, fallacias, Praestigias praestrinxit commoditas patris, Poëta ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73; cf.:

huic quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit,

Sall. C. 11, 2:

aliquem ductare dolis,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 109:

consuere,

id. Am. 1, 1, 211:

versare,

Verg. A. 2, 62:

nectere,

Liv. 27, 28 init. et saep.:

nam doli non doli sunt, nisi astu colas,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 30;

so with astu,

Suet. Tib. 65; Verg. A. 11, 704; cf.

with astutia,

Sall. C. 26, 2:

per sycophantiam atque per doctos dolos,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 70; cf. ib. 113:

per dolum atque insidias,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13, 1;

and with this last cf.: magis virtute quam dolo contendere, aut insidiis niti,

id. ib. 1, 13, 6.—Prov.:

dolo pugnandum est, dum quis par non est armis,

Nep. Hann. 10:

tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1;

so with fraus,

Liv. 1, 53:

consilio etiam additus dolus,

id. 1, 11:

per dolum ac proditionem,

id. 2, 3:

dolis instructus et arte Pelasgā,

Verg. A. 2, 152 et saep.:

subterranei = cuniculi,

Flor. 1, 12, 9:

volpis,

Lucr. 3, 742; cf. id. 5, 858 and 863; Vulg. Matt. 26, 4 et saep.—

Transf., the means or instrument of deceit:

dolos saltu deludit, i. e. the nets,

Ov. Hal. 25:

subterraneis dolis peractum urbis excidium,

Flor. 1, 12, 9.—Dolus, as a deity, Val. Fl. 2, 205:

superavit dolum Trojanum,

Dolon, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 142.—

= culpa:

dolo factum suo,

by his own fault, Hor. S. 1, 6, 90.

fallācĭa, ae (abl. also fallacie, App. M. 5, p. 171), f. [fallax], deceit, trick, artifice, stratagem, craft, intrigue (class.; in Cic. only plur.; syn.: fraus, dolus, astus, astutia, calliditas).

Prop.

Plur.:

nonne ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude, fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur?

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

doli, machinae, fallaciae, praestigiae,

id. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

fraudes atque fallaciae,

id. Clu. 36, 101:

simulatione et fallaciis,

id. de Or. 2, 46, 191:

sine fuco ac fallaciis,

id. Att. 1, 1, 1:

quot admoenivi fabricas! quot fallacias!

Plaut. Cist. 2, 2, 5.—So in plur., Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 13; 16; 20; id. Mil. 2, 2, 37 et saep.—

Sing.:

per malitiam et per dolum et fallaciam,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 15; id. Capt. prol. 40; 46; 2, 1, 25; id. As. 1, 1, 54; 2, 1, 2; 4 al.; Phaedr. 1, 31, 5; 3, 16, 10:

ausculta quod superest fallaciae,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 23; Suet. Tib. 62; Flor. 1, 16, 7 al.—Of magical art, Prop. 1, 1, 19 al.—Prov.:

fallacia alia aliam trudit,

one lie begets another, Ter. And. 4, 4, 39.—

Of things:

haec ipsa res habet aliquam fallaciam,

deception, Col. 11, 2, 68:

peccati,

Vulg. Hebr. 3, 13; cf. id. Matt. 13, 22.

fraus, fraudis ( gen. plur. fraudium, Cic. Off. 3, 18, 75; id. Pis. 19, 44; Dig. 9, 2, 23, § 4 al.:

fraudum,

Tac. A. 6, 21; Gell. 14, 2, 6; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 214; archaic form dat. sing. frudi, Lucr. 6, 187 Lachm.; cf. acc. frudem, id. 2, 187; acc. to Cod. Quadrat.; nom. plur. frudes, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 1), f. [perh. root dhru-, bend, injure; Sanscr. dhru-ti, deception; cf. Gr. titrôskô, wound, thrauô, break, and Lat. frustum, frustra, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 150; Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 222], a cheating, deceit, imposition, fraud (class. in sing. and plur.; syn.: dolus, fallacia, calliditas, etc.).

Lit.:

cum duobus modis, id est aut vi aut fraude fiat injuria, fraus quasi vulpeculae, vis leonis videtur: utrumque homini alienissimum, sed fraus odio digna majore,

Cic. Off. 1, 13 fin.:

nonne ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude, fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur?

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

fraus fidem in parvis sibi praestruit, ut, cum operae pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat,

Liv. 28, 42:

hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1:

fraude ac dolo aggressus est (urbem),

Liv. 1, 53, 4:

per summam fraudem et malitiam,

Cic. Quint. 18, 56:

in fraudem obsequio impelli,

id. Lael. 24, 89:

metuo in commune, ne quam fraudem frausus siet,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 20:

fraudis, sceleris, parricidii, perjurii plenus,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

Litavici fraude perspecta,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40, 6:

legi fraudem facere,

i. e. to circumvent, evade, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 9; cf.: contra legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet;

in fraudem vero legis, qui salvis verbis legis sententiam ejus circumvenit. Fraus enim legi fit, ubi, quod fieri noluit, fieri autem non vetuit, id fit, etc.,

Dig. 1, 3, 29 and 30:

quod emancipando filium fraudem legi fecisset,

Liv. 7, 16 fin.:

facio fraudem senatusconsulto,

Cic. Att. 4, 12:

inventum deverticulum est in fraude earum (legum), gallinaceos quoque pascendi,

Plin. 10, 50, 71, § 140:

si quid in fraudem creditorum factum sit,

Dig. 42, 8, 6, § 8 al.:

sese dedere sine fraude constituunt,

without deception, honorably, Caes. B. C. 2, 22, 1:

sine fraude Punicum emittere praesidium,

Liv. 24, 47, 8 (in another sense under II. C. 2.):

audax Iapeti genus (Prometheus) Ignem fraude malā gentibus intulit,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 28:

aliter enim ad sororis filios quam concordiae fraude pervenire non poterat,

by the deceitful pretence of unanimity, Just. 24, 2:

bestiae cibum ad fraudem suam positum aspernuntur,

Liv. 41, 23.—In plur.:

exagitabantur omnes ejus fraudes atque fallaciae,

deceptions, Cic. Clu. 36, 101:

qui fons est fraudium, maleficiorum, scelerum omnium,

id. Off. 3, 18, 75:

noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 62:

(Europe) scatentem Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax,

id. C. 3, 27, 28.

Transf.

Concr., of persons as a term of reproach, a cheater, deceiver, a cheat (ante-class and rare):

fur, fugitive, fraus populi, Fraudulente,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 131:

gerro, iners, fraus, heluo, ganeo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 10.—

In gen., a bad action, offence, crime (class.):

otio aptus in fraudem incidi,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 32 Brix ad loc.:

est enim periculum, ne aut neglectis iis (rebus divinis) impia fraude, aut susceptis anili superstitione obligemur,

Cic. Div. 1, 4 fin.:

si C. Rabirius fraudem capitalem admisit, quod arma contra L. Saturninum tulit,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

scelus frausque,

id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

suscepta fraus,

id. Pis. 18 fin.:

nocituram postmodo te natis fraudem committere,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.—In plur.:

re publica violanda fraudes inexpiabiles concipere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 72.—

In pass. signif., a being deceived, selfdeception, delusion, error, mistake (class.):

is me in hanc illexit fraudem,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 42:

imperitos in fraudem illicis,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 8 Ruhnk.; cf.: oculi, supercilia, frons, vultus denique totus... hic in fraudem homines impulit;

hic eos, quibus erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, induxit,

Cic. Pis. 1, 1:

nos in fraudem induimus frustraminis ipsi,

Lucr. 4, 417:

quemquam pellicere in fraudem,

id. 5, 1005:

jacere in fraudem,

id. 4, 1206: in fraudem deducere, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 4:

in fraudem incidere,

Cic. Att. 11, 16, 1; cf.:

in fraudem in re publica delabi,

id. de Or. 3, 60, 226:

ne tibi dent in eo flammarum corpora fraudem,

Lucr. 2, 187:

ne tibi sit frudi, quod nos inferne videmus, etc.,

id. 6, 187:

quem (Euryalum) jam manus omnis Fraude loci et noctis... oppressum rapit,

deception as to, ignorance of, Verg. A. 9, 397.—

Injury, detriment, damage.

Prop., produced by deception or ignorance: aliud fraus est, aliud poena;

fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena sine fraude esse non potest. Poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa dicitur et quasi poenae quaedam praeparatio,

Dig. 50, 16, 131.—

Injury, hurt, harm, in gen. (in the best prose confined to the phrases, sine fraude and fraudi esse; v. infra):

tuis nunc cruribus scapulisque fraudem capitalem hinc creas,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 23:

id mihi fraudem tulit,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 2:

esse alicui fraudi aut crimini,

to tend to his injury, id. Mur. 35, 73; cf.:

quae res nemini umquam fraudi fuit,

id. Clu. 33, 91; id. Att. 5, 21, 12; id. Phil. 5, 12, 34; 8, 11, 33; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

latum ad populum est, ne C. Servilio fraudi esset, quod, etc.,

Liv. 30, 19, 9 al.: sine fraude, or archaic SE (SED) FRAVDE, without injury, without damage, without risk (= sine damno, sine noxa): SI PLVS MINVSVE SECVERVNT SE FRAVDE ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 49;

v. sine: rex respondit: QVOD SINE FRAVDE MEA POPVLIQVE ROMANI QVIRITIVM FIAT, FACIO,

Liv. 1, 24, 5:

ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere,

Sall. C. 36, 2; cf. Liv. 26, 12, 5; Hor. C. 2, 19, 20; id. C. S. 41:

quis deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra Egit?

Verg. A. 10, 72:

jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem,

id. ib. 11, 708.

Fraus, personified, a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44. In the service of Mercury, as the god of thieves, Mart. Cap. 1, § 51.

fraus, fraudis ( gen. plur. fraudium, Cic. Off. 3, 18, 75; id. Pis. 19, 44; Dig. 9, 2, 23, § 4 al.:

fraudum,

Tac. A. 6, 21; Gell. 14, 2, 6; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 214; archaic form dat. sing. frudi, Lucr. 6, 187 Lachm.; cf. acc. frudem, id. 2, 187; acc. to Cod. Quadrat.; nom. plur. frudes, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 1), f. [perh. root dhru-, bend, injure; Sanscr. dhru-ti, deception; cf. Gr. titrôskô, wound, thrauô, break, and Lat. frustum, frustra, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 150; Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 222], a cheating, deceit, imposition, fraud (class. in sing. and plur.; syn.: dolus, fallacia, calliditas, etc.).

Lit.:

cum duobus modis, id est aut vi aut fraude fiat injuria, fraus quasi vulpeculae, vis leonis videtur: utrumque homini alienissimum, sed fraus odio digna majore,

Cic. Off. 1, 13 fin.:

nonne ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude, fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur?

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

fraus fidem in parvis sibi praestruit, ut, cum operae pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat,

Liv. 28, 42:

hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1:

fraude ac dolo aggressus est (urbem),

Liv. 1, 53, 4:

per summam fraudem et malitiam,

Cic. Quint. 18, 56:

in fraudem obsequio impelli,

id. Lael. 24, 89:

metuo in commune, ne quam fraudem frausus siet,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 20:

fraudis, sceleris, parricidii, perjurii plenus,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

Litavici fraude perspecta,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40, 6:

legi fraudem facere,

i. e. to circumvent, evade, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 9; cf.: contra legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet;

in fraudem vero legis, qui salvis verbis legis sententiam ejus circumvenit. Fraus enim legi fit, ubi, quod fieri noluit, fieri autem non vetuit, id fit, etc.,

Dig. 1, 3, 29 and 30:

quod emancipando filium fraudem legi fecisset,

Liv. 7, 16 fin.:

facio fraudem senatusconsulto,

Cic. Att. 4, 12:

inventum deverticulum est in fraude earum (legum), gallinaceos quoque pascendi,

Plin. 10, 50, 71, § 140:

si quid in fraudem creditorum factum sit,

Dig. 42, 8, 6, § 8 al.:

sese dedere sine fraude constituunt,

without deception, honorably, Caes. B. C. 2, 22, 1:

sine fraude Punicum emittere praesidium,

Liv. 24, 47, 8 (in another sense under II. C. 2.):

audax Iapeti genus (Prometheus) Ignem fraude malā gentibus intulit,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 28:

aliter enim ad sororis filios quam concordiae fraude pervenire non poterat,

by the deceitful pretence of unanimity, Just. 24, 2:

bestiae cibum ad fraudem suam positum aspernuntur,

Liv. 41, 23.—In plur.:

exagitabantur omnes ejus fraudes atque fallaciae,

deceptions, Cic. Clu. 36, 101:

qui fons est fraudium, maleficiorum, scelerum omnium,

id. Off. 3, 18, 75:

noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 62:

(Europe) scatentem Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax,

id. C. 3, 27, 28.

Transf.

Concr., of persons as a term of reproach, a cheater, deceiver, a cheat (ante-class and rare):

fur, fugitive, fraus populi, Fraudulente,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 131:

gerro, iners, fraus, heluo, ganeo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 10.—

In gen., a bad action, offence, crime (class.):

otio aptus in fraudem incidi,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 32 Brix ad loc.:

est enim periculum, ne aut neglectis iis (rebus divinis) impia fraude, aut susceptis anili superstitione obligemur,

Cic. Div. 1, 4 fin.:

si C. Rabirius fraudem capitalem admisit, quod arma contra L. Saturninum tulit,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

scelus frausque,

id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

suscepta fraus,

id. Pis. 18 fin.:

nocituram postmodo te natis fraudem committere,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.—In plur.:

re publica violanda fraudes inexpiabiles concipere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 72.—

In pass. signif., a being deceived, selfdeception, delusion, error, mistake (class.):

is me in hanc illexit fraudem,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 42:

imperitos in fraudem illicis,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 8 Ruhnk.; cf.: oculi, supercilia, frons, vultus denique totus... hic in fraudem homines impulit;

hic eos, quibus erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, induxit,

Cic. Pis. 1, 1:

nos in fraudem induimus frustraminis ipsi,

Lucr. 4, 417:

quemquam pellicere in fraudem,

id. 5, 1005:

jacere in fraudem,

id. 4, 1206: in fraudem deducere, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 4:

in fraudem incidere,

Cic. Att. 11, 16, 1; cf.:

in fraudem in re publica delabi,

id. de Or. 3, 60, 226:

ne tibi dent in eo flammarum corpora fraudem,

Lucr. 2, 187:

ne tibi sit frudi, quod nos inferne videmus, etc.,

id. 6, 187:

quem (Euryalum) jam manus omnis Fraude loci et noctis... oppressum rapit,

deception as to, ignorance of, Verg. A. 9, 397.—

Injury, detriment, damage.

Prop., produced by deception or ignorance: aliud fraus est, aliud poena;

fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena sine fraude esse non potest. Poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa dicitur et quasi poenae quaedam praeparatio,

Dig. 50, 16, 131.—

Injury, hurt, harm, in gen. (in the best prose confined to the phrases, sine fraude and fraudi esse; v. infra):

tuis nunc cruribus scapulisque fraudem capitalem hinc creas,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 23:

id mihi fraudem tulit,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 2:

esse alicui fraudi aut crimini,

to tend to his injury, id. Mur. 35, 73; cf.:

quae res nemini umquam fraudi fuit,

id. Clu. 33, 91; id. Att. 5, 21, 12; id. Phil. 5, 12, 34; 8, 11, 33; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

latum ad populum est, ne C. Servilio fraudi esset, quod, etc.,

Liv. 30, 19, 9 al.: sine fraude, or archaic SE (SED) FRAVDE, without injury, without damage, without risk (= sine damno, sine noxa): SI PLVS MINVSVE SECVERVNT SE FRAVDE ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 49;

v. sine: rex respondit: QVOD SINE FRAVDE MEA POPVLIQVE ROMANI QVIRITIVM FIAT, FACIO,

Liv. 1, 24, 5:

ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere,

Sall. C. 36, 2; cf. Liv. 26, 12, 5; Hor. C. 2, 19, 20; id. C. S. 41:

quis deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra Egit?

Verg. A. 10, 72:

jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem,

id. ib. 11, 708.

Fraus, personified, a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44. In the service of Mercury, as the god of thieves, Mart. Cap. 1, § 51.

māchĭnātĭo, ōnis, f. [machinor], artificial contrivance, mechanism, machinery (class.).

Lit.:

cum machinatione quadam moveri aliquid videmus, ut sphaeram,

Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97:

data est quibusdam bestiis machinatio quaedam, et sollertia,

power of contrivance, design, id. ib. 2, 48, 123.—

Transf. (abstr. pro concreto), a machine, engine:

tantae altitudinis machinationes,

Caes. B. G. 2, 31:

tanta,

id. ib. 2, 30;

4, 17: navalis,

id. B. C. 2, 10: tale machinationis [p. 1093] genus, Liv. 37, 5.—

Trop., a trick, device, machination, contrivance; artifice, fraud:

judex tamquam machinatione aliqua tum ad severitatem, tum ad remissionem animi est contorquendus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 17, 72:

dolus malus est omnis calliditas, fallacia, machinatio ad circumveniendum, fallendum, decipiendum alterum adhibita,

Dig. 4, 3, 1; 14:

per machinationem obligatus,

by artifice, by fraud, ib. 45, 1, 36.