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121 Mozambique
Presently an independent African state and formerly Portugal's main colonial territory in East Africa. After Angola, Portugal's largest colony in Africa, with some 784,090 kilometers (297,000 square miles) of territory. Lisbon controlled sections of what is now Mozambique from the early 16th century to 1975. In its long history as a Portuguese colony and outpost, Mozambique was influenced by its geography and its position in the Portuguese empire. Mozambique's location adjacent to industrializing South Africa was an important factor in its economic life. The colony's location on the sea route to Portugal's empire in India, mainly Goa, and its administrative subordination to Portuguese India during the centuries were also important historical factors.Until the 20th century, except for sections of the disease-ridden Zambezi valley, what little Portuguese colonization there was remained coastal. After 1910, Portuguese colonization in the interior burgeoned and plantations of sugar, cotton, and other crops were developed. As in Angola and other African colonies of Portugal, long after slavery was abolished in the 19th century, forced labor of Africans continued into the 1960s in Mozambique. In 1964, a colonial war in Mozambique began, a conflict between Portuguese armed forces and nationalist forces of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO). This conflict ceased following the Revolution of 25 April 1974 in Portugal. Mozambique obtained its independence in July 1975. -
122 Norton de Matos, José
(1867-1955)One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts. -
123 São Tomé and Príncipe
Comprising a former colony of Portugal, these two islands of volcanic origin are located in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. The Portuguese first found these tropical islands about 1471, and efforts to settle them began in 1486 on São Tomé and about 1500 on Príncipe Island. Portugal settled them withAfrican slaves from the mainland. A significant portion of the Africans who were forced to work the coffee and cocoa plantations were from Angola, and some were from the Cape Verde Islands. The early economy of the islands was dominated by sugar as plantations were established, based on the systems pioneered earlier in Madeira and the Cape Verdes. In the 19th and 20th centuries, however, coffee and cocoa plantations were developed. The cocoa plantations, which were owned largely by Portuguese from Portugal, produced the raw material for chocolate and soon formed the principal wealth of this colony.In the early 20th century, forced labor practices and other labor abuses on the Portuguese-owned plantations drew worldwide attention through the famous writings of the British investigative reporter-writer, Henry W. Nevinson. Portugal's colonial rule there, as well as in Angola and Mozambique, whose excesses were now exposed in newspapers and books, also came under the scrutiny of leading humanitarian organizations in London and elsewhere. Although Portugal defended colonial rule in this case and made reform efforts, tragically extensive labor abuse in the islands persisted into the middle of the 20th century. The islands were not involved in a war of African insurgency. In 1975, Portugal granted independence to the archipelago, whose official language of government and instruction remains Portuguese. -
124 Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese
The Portuguese role in the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1500-1850), next to Portugal's motives for empire and the nature of her colonial rule, remains one of the most controversial historical questions. The institution of slavery was conventional in Roman and Visigothic Portugal, and the Catholic Church sanctioned it. The origins of an international traffic in enslaved African captives in the Atlantic are usually dated to after the year 1411, when the first black African slaves were brought to Portugal (Lagos) and sold, but there were activities a century earlier that indicated the beginnings. In the 1340s, under King Afonso IV, Portuguese had captured native islanders on voyages to the Canary Islands and later used them as slave labor in the sugar plantations of Madeira. After 1500, and especially after the 1550s, when African slave-worked plantations became established in Brazil and other American colonies, the Atlantic slave trade became a vast international enterprise in which Portugal played a key role. But all the European maritime powers were involved in the slave trade from 1500 to 1800, including Great Britain, France, and Holland, those countries that eventually pressured Portugal to cease the slave trade in its empire.No one knows the actual numbers of Africans enslaved in the nefarious business, but it is clear that millions of persons during more than three-and-a-half centuries were forcibly stolen from African societies and that the survivors of the terrible slave voyages helped build the economies of the Americas. Portugal's role in the trade was as controversial as its impact on Portuguese society. Comparatively large numbers of African slaves resided in Portugal, although the precise number remains a mystery; by the last quarter of the 18th century, when the prime minister of King José I, the Marquis of Pombal abolished slavery in Portugal, the African racial element had been largely absorbed in Portuguese society.Great Portuguese fortunes were built on the African slave trade in Portugal, Brazil, and Angola, and the slave trade continued in the Portuguese empire until the 1850s and 1860s. The Angolan slave trade across the Atlantic was doomed after Brazil banned the import of slaves in 1850, under great pressure from Britain. As for slavery in Portugal's African empire, various forms of this institution, including forced labor, continued in Angola and Mozambique until the early 1960s. A curious vestige of the Portuguese role in the African slave trade over the centuries is found in the family name, appearing in Lisbon telephone books, of Negreiro, which means literally, "One who trades in (African) Negro slaves."Historical dictionary of Portugal > Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese
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126 2356
1. LAT Streptopelia decipiens ( Finsch et Hartlaub)2. RUS африканская горлица f3. ENG Angola [mourning] dove4. DEU Brillentaube f, Angola-Lachtaube f, Sudan-Trauertaube f5. FRA tourterelle f pleureuse -
127 6031
1. LAT Mirafra angolensis ( Bocage)2. RUS ангольский кустарниковый жаворонок m3. ENG Angolan lark4. DEU Angola-Lerche f5. FRA alouette f d’Angola -
128 6540
1. LAT Prionops gabela ( Rand)2. RUS красноклювый очковый сорокопут m3. ENG Angola [Rand’s] red-billed (helmet) shrike, Angola helmet shrike4. DEU Gabelawürger m, Gabela-Brillenwürger m5. FRA bagadais m de Gabela
См. также в других словарях:
Angola — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda República de Angola República de Angola … Wikipedia Español
Angola — (Hond.) f. *Leche agria. * * * Angola es un país del suroeste de Africa que tiene fronteras con Namibia, la República Democrática del Congo, Zambia, y el Océano Atlántico. La provincia exclave de Cabinda tiene fronteras con la … Enciclopedia Universal
Angola — Angola is a large, predominantly Roman Catholic country in southern Africa. Protestant and African Initiated Churches have won many members in the 20th century. For nearly 500 years after its discovery by Europeans in the 15th century… … Encyclopedia of Protestantism
Angola — (république d ) état du S. O. de l Afrique, limité au N. par les deux Congo, à l E. par la Zambie, au S. par la Namibie et à l O. par l océan Atlantique; 1 246 700 km²; 11 558 000 hab. (Angolais), selon l estimation de 1995; croissance… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Angola — Angola, NY U.S. village in New York Population (2000): 2266 Housing Units (2000): 903 Land area (2000): 1.425623 sq. miles (3.692346 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.425623 sq. miles (3.692346… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Angōla [1] — Angōla, Baumwollenstoff mit 24 Ketten und 23 Schußfäden auf 1 cm. Garne: Kette Nr. 12 englisch, Schuß Nr. 22 englisch, Bindung Köper 2/2 gebrochen. Angola Gewebe … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Angola, IN — U.S. city in Indiana Population (2000): 7344 Housing Units (2000): 3012 Land area (2000): 4.229491 sq. miles (10.954332 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.015500 sq. miles (0.040145 sq. km) Total area (2000): 4.244991 sq. miles (10.994477 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Angola, NY — U.S. village in New York Population (2000): 2266 Housing Units (2000): 903 Land area (2000): 1.425623 sq. miles (3.692346 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.425623 sq. miles (3.692346 sq. km) FIPS … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
angola — |ó| adj. 2 g. s. 2 g. 1. O mesmo que angolano. • s. 2 g. 2. Indivíduo pertencente aos angolas, povo indígena africano que deu o seu nome ao território de Angola. • adj. 2 g. 3. Relativo aos angolas. • s. f. 4. [Brasil] O mesmo que capim de… … Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa
Angòla — Angola ? l Angola m. [ cf. ital. esp. et port. Angola] … Diccionari Personau e Evolutiu
Angola — An*go la, n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English