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angola

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101 Ангола

1) General subject: Angola

2) Geography: (гос-во) Angola

3) Yachting: ANG (Обозначения на парусах)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Ангола
102 ангола

1) General subject: Angola

2) Geography: (гос-во) Angola

3) Yachting: ANG (Обозначения на парусах)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ангола
103 ткань ангола

Textile: Angola (простого или саржевого переплётения из хлопчатобумажной основы и шерстяного утка), Angola cloth (1. хлопчатобумажная с вышивным узором 2. полушерстяная одёжная с начёсом)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ткань ангола
104 chozi

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[Swahili Word] chozi

[Swahili Plural] machozi

[English Word] tear

[English Plural] tears

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Swahili Definition] Maji yanayotoka machoni

[Swahili Example] Rukia hakutokwa na walao chozi moja [Mt]

[English Example] Not even one tear came from Rukia

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[Swahili Word] chozi

[Swahili Plural] chozi

[English Word] sunbird

[English Plural] sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia spp.

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Swahili Example] chozi au manja akawa anakuja chini [Moh]

[English Example] a sunbird or a Pemba white-eye was coming down below

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi baka

[Swahili Plural] chozi baka

[English Word] banded green sunbird

[English Plural] banded green sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes rubritorques

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi bawa-jekundu

[Swahili Plural] chozi bawa-jekundu

[English Word] rufous-winged sunbird

[English Plural] rufous-winged sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia rufipennis

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi Habeshi

[Swahili Plural] chozi Habeshi

[English Word] shining sunbird

[English Plural] shining sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia habessinica

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi kichwa-kijivu

[Swahili Plural] chozi kichwa-kijivu

[English Word] grey-headed sunbird

[English Plural] grey-headed sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes fraseri

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi kidari-chekundu

[Swahili Plural] chozi kidari-chekundu

[English Word] red-chested sunbird

[English Plural] red-chested sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia erythrocerca

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi kidari-zambarau

[Swahili Plural] chozi kidari-zambarau

[English Word] violet-breasted sunbird

[English Plural] violet-breasted sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia chalcomelas

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi kijani

[Swahili Plural] chozi kijani

[English Word] green sunbird

[English Plural] green sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes rectirostris

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi kijani mdogo

[Swahili Plural] chozi kijani wadogo

[English Word] little green sunbird

[English Plural] little green sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia seimundi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi kijanikijivu mashariki

[Swahili Plural] chozi kijanikijivu mashariki

[English Word] eastern olive sunbird

[English Plural] eastern olive sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia olivacea

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi kijanikijivu magharibi

[Swahili Plural] chozi kijanikijivu magharibi

[English Word] western olive sunbird

[English Plural] western olive sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia obscura

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi kijivu

[Swahili Plural] chozi kijivu

[English Word] mouse-coloured sunbird

[English Plural] mouse-coloured sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia veroxii

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi kiuno-buluu

[Swahili Plural] chozi kiuno-buluu

[English Word] eastern violet-backed sunbird

[English Plural] eastern violet-backed sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes orientalis

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi koo-buluu

[Swahili Plural] chozi koo-buluu

[English Word] plain-backed sunbird

[English Plural] plain-backed sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes reichenowi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mabaka-machungwa

[Swahili Plural] chozi mabaka-machungwa

[English Word] orange-tufted sunbird

[English Plural] orange-tufted sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia bouvieri

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi maridadi

[Swahili Plural] chozi maridadi

[English Word] superb sunbird

[English Plural] superb sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia superba

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mariko

[Swahili Plural] chozi mariko

[English Word] Marico sunbird

[English Plural] Marico sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia mariquensis

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mfalme

[Swahili Plural] chozi wafalme

[English Word] regal sunbird

[English Plural] regal sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia regia

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mgongo-zambarau

[Swahili Plural] chozi mgongo-zambarau

[English Word] western violet-backed sunbird

[English Plural] western violet-backed sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes longuemarei

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mikufu-miwili kaskazi

[Swahili Plural] chozi mikufu-miwili kaskazi

[English Word] northern double-collared sunbird

[English Plural] northern double-collared sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia preussi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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[Swahili Word] chozi mikufu-miwili mashariki

[Swahili Plural] chozi mikufu-miwili mashariki

[English Word] eastern double-collared sunbird

[English Plural] southern double-collared sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia mediocris

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi-miombo

[Swahili Plural] chozi-miombo

[English Word] miombo double-collared sunbird

[English Plural] miombo double-collared sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia manoensis

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mkufu

[Swahili Plural] chozi mkufu

[English Word] collared sunbird

[English Plural] collared sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes collaris

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mkufu-zambarau

[Swahili Plural] chozi mkufu-zambarau

[English Word] purple-banded sunbird

[English Plural] purple-banded sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia bifasciata

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi mzuri

[Swahili Plural] chozi wazuri

[English Word] beautiful sunbird

[English Plural] beautiful sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia pulchella

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi-pwani

[Swahili Plural] chozi-pwani

[English Word] Amani sunbird

[English Plural] Amani sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes pallidigaster

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi shaba

[Swahili Plural] chozi shaba

[English Word] copper sunbird

[English Plural] copper sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia cuprea

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi tumbo-jeupe

[Swahili Plural] chozi tumbo-jeupe

[English Word] white-bellied sunbird

[English Plural] white-bellied sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia talatala

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi tumbo-jeusi

[Swahili Plural] chozi tumbo-jeusi

[English Word] black-bellied sunbird

[English Plural] black-bellied sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia nectarinioides

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi tumbo-kijani

[Swahili Plural] chozi tumbo-kijani

[English Word] olive-bellied sunbird

[English Plural] olive-bellied sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia chloropygia

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi tumbo-njano

[Swahili Plural] chozi tumbo-njano

[English Word] variable sunbird

[English Plural] variable sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia venusta

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Anchieta

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Anchieta

[English Word] Anchieta's sunbird

[English Plural] Anchieta's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes anchietae

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Angola

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Angola

[English Word] Oustalet's sunbird

[English Plural] Oustalet's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia oustaleti

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Fülleborn

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Fülleborn

[English Word] Fülleborn's sunbird

[English Plural] Fülleborn's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia fuelleborni

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Loveridge

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Loveridge

[English Word] Loveridge's sunbird

[English Plural] Loveridge's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia loveridgei

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Moreau

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Moreau

[English Word] Moreau's sunbird

[English Plural] Moreau's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia moreaui

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Pemba

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Pemba

[English Word] Pemba sunbird

[English Plural] Pemba sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia pembae

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Rubeho

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Rubeho

[English Word] Rubeho sunbird

[English Plural] Rubeho sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia sp. nov.

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Shelley

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Shelley

[English Word] Shelley's sunbird

[English Plural] Shelley's sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia shelleyi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Tsavo

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Tsavo

[English Word] Tsavo purple-banded sunbird

[English Plural] Tsavo purple-banded sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia tsavoensis

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi wa Uluguru

[Swahili Plural] chozi wa Uluguru

[English Word] Uluguru violet-backed sunbird

[English Plural] Uluguru violet-backed sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Anthreptes neglectus

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

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[Swahili Word] chozi yakuti

[Swahili Plural] chozi yakuti

[English Word] Tacazze sunbird

[English Plural] Tacazze sunbirds

[Taxonomy] Nectarinia tacazze

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10an

[Terminology] ornithology

[Note] New proposed name

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Swahili-english dictionary > chozi
105 mwangola

[Swahili Word] Mwangola

[Swahili Plural] Waangola

[English Word] Angolan

[English Plural] Angolans

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

[Swahili Definition] mwenyeji au mkazi wa Angola

[English Definition] a native or inhabitant of Angola

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Swahili-english dictionary > mwangola
106 UNITA

UNITA

/uˈnita/

feminine

= Unión Nacional para la Independencia Total de Angola

* * *

UNITA [u'nita] nf (abrev de Unión Nacional para la Independencia Total de Angola)

UNITA

Spanish-English dictionary > UNITA
107 Angolees

adj. Angolan, of or pertaining to Angola (country in southwest Africa)
--------
n. Angolan, resident of Angola, person of Angolan origin

Holandés-inglés dicionario > Angolees
108 Ангола

I
(США, шт. Индиана) Angola
II = Республика Ангола
Angola

Русско-английский географический словарь > Ангола
109 апостиль

юр. apostille; apostil
Специальный штамп, который в соответствии с Гаагской конвенцией об отмене требований легализации иностранных официальных документов, совершенной 5 октября 1961 года (вступившей в силу для Российской Федерации 31 мая 1992 года), проставляется на официальных документах, исходящих лишь от учреждений и организаций Российской Федерации как участника Гаагской конвенции, и не требует дальнейшего заверения или легализации, признается официальными органами всех государств-участников Конвенции. Образец апостиля установлен Конвенцией, отменяющей требование легализации иностранных официальных документов (заключена в Гааге 05.10.61, вступила в силу для России 31.05.92).
The Hague Legalization Convention is in force in the following countries. But see the next question regarding how the change of status of a country affects treaty obligations. Click on the name of the country for specific information about the competent authority to issue apostille certificates and other details on how the Hague Legalization Convention works in that country.
ANDORRA
ANGOLA
ANGUILLA
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
ARGENTINA
ARMENIA
ARUBA
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BAHAMAS
BARBADOS
BELARUS
BELGIUM
BELIZE
BERMUDA
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
BOTSWANA
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
BRUNEI
BULGARIA
CAYMAN ISLANDS
CHINA (Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region) ONLY)
CHINA (Macau SAR (Special Administrative Region) ONLY)
COLOMBIA
COMOROS ISLANDS
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DJIBOUTI
DOMINICA
EL SALVADOR
ESTONIA
FALKLAND ISLANDS
FIJI
FINLAND
FRANCE
Extended to:
NEW CALEDONIA
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
FRENCH POLYNESIA
GERMANY
GIBRALTAR
GREECE
GRENADA
GUERNSEY
HONG KONG SAR (China, Hong Kong SAR)
HUNGARY
IRELAND
ISLE OF MAN
ISRAEL
ITALY
JAPAN
JERSEY
KAZAKHSTAN
LATVIA
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
LIECHTENSTEIN
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MACAU SAR (China, Macau SAR)
MACEDONIA
MALAWI
MALTA
MARSHALL ISLANDS
MAURITIUS
MEXICO
MONTSERRAT
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
NETHERLANDS
Extended to:
ARUBA
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES (Curacao, Bonaire, St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba)
SURINAME
NEW ZEALAND
NIUE
NORWAY
PANAMA
PORTUGAL
Extended to:
ANGOLA
MOZAMBIQUE
ROMANIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ST. CHRISTOPHER (Kitts) AND NEVIS
ST. GEORGIA AND SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS
ST. HELENA
ST. LUCIA
ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
SAMOA
SAN MARINO
SEYCHELLES
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
SOUTH AFRICA
SPAIN
SURINAME
SWAZILAND
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TONGA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TURKEY
TUVALU
UNITED KINGDOM
Extended to:
JERSEY
GUERNSEY
ISLE OF MAN
ANTIGUA
BAHAMAS
BARBADOS
BERMUDA
BRUNEI
CAYMAN ISLANDS
DOMINICA
FALKLAND ISLANDS
FIJI
GIBRALTAR
GRENADA
HONG KONG
MAURITIUS
MONTSERRAT
ST. HELENA
ST. KITTS
NEVIS
ANGUILLA
ST. LUCIA
ST. VINCENT
SEYCHELLES
TURKS AND CAICOS
VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH
UNITED STATES
Extended to:
50 STATES
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
AMERICAN SAMOA
GUAM (TERRITORY OF)
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (COMMONWEALTH OF)
PUERTO RICO
U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS
VANUATU
VENEZUELA
YUGOSLAVIA

Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > апостиль
110 горлица, африканская

—
1. LAT Streptopelia decipiens ( Finsch et Hartlaub)

2. RUS африканская горлица f

3. ENG Angola [mourning] dove

4. DEU Brillentaube f, Angola-Lachtaube f, Sudan-Trauertaube f

5. FRA tourterelle f pleureuse

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > горлица, африканская
111 гриф, пальмовый

—
1. LAT Gypohierax ( Rüppell)

2. RUS пальмовый гриф m, грифовый орлан m

3. ENG palm-nut vulture

4. DEU Palmgeier m

5. FRA palmiste m d’Angola

1. LAT Gypohierax angolensis ( Gmelin)

2. RUS пальмовый гриф m, грифовый орлан m

3. ENG palm-nut vulture, vulturine fish eagle

4. DEU Palmgeier m, Geierseeadler m

5. FRA palmiste m d’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > гриф, пальмовый
112 жаворонок

—
1. LAT Mirafra angolensis ( Bocage)

2. RUS ангольский кустарниковый жаворонок m

3. ENG Angolan lark

4. DEU Angola-Lerche f

5. FRA alouette f d’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > жаворонок
113 жаворонок, ангольский кустарниковый

—
1. LAT Mirafra angolensis ( Bocage)

2. RUS ангольский кустарниковый жаворонок m

3. ENG Angolan lark

4. DEU Angola-Lerche f

5. FRA alouette f d’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > жаворонок, ангольский кустарниковый
114 нектарница, ангольская

—
1. LAT Nectarinia oustaleti ( Bocage)

2. RUS ангольская нектарница f

3. ENG Angola (white-bellied) sunbird, Oustalet’s white-bellied sunbird

4. DEU Angola-Nektarvogel m

5. FRA —

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > нектарница, ангольская
115 орлан, грифовый

—
1. LAT Gypohierax ( Rüppell)

2. RUS пальмовый гриф m, грифовый орлан m

3. ENG palm-nut vulture

4. DEU Palmgeier m

5. FRA palmiste m d’Angola

1. LAT Gypohierax angolensis ( Gmelin)

2. RUS пальмовый гриф m, грифовый орлан m

3. ENG palm-nut vulture, vulturine fish eagle

4. DEU Palmgeier m, Geierseeadler m

5. FRA palmiste m d’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > орлан, грифовый
116 сорокопут, красноклювый очковый

—
1. LAT Prionops gabela ( Rand)

2. RUS красноклювый очковый сорокопут m

3. ENG Angola [Rand’s] red-billed (helmet) shrike, Angola helmet shrike

4. DEU Gabelawürger m, Gabela-Brillenwürger m

5. FRA bagadais m de Gabela

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > сорокопут, красноклювый очковый
117 горбыль, ангольский

—
1. LAT Miracorvina angolensis (Norman)

2. RUS миракорвина f, ангольский горбыль m

3. ENG Angola croaker

4. DEU —

5. FRA courbine f de l’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > горбыль, ангольский
118 миракорвина

—
1. LAT Miracorvina angolensis (Norman)

2. RUS миракорвина f, ангольский горбыль m

3. ENG Angola croaker

4. DEU —

5. FRA courbine f de l’Angola

DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > миракорвина
119 Costa Gomes, Francisco da

(1914-2001)

   Career military officer, key personality, and authority in transition from dictatorship to democracy, and president of the republic. Born in the remote, poor, Trás-Os-Montes district, Costa Gomes was trained as an army officer and gained experience and promotions in many postings in Portugal's overseas empire from Macau, China, to Angola and Mozambique. As a lieutenant colonel in the post of undersecretary of the army in April 1961, he was implicated in a military coup plot to overthrow Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. Although he was fired, Costa Gomes rebuilt his bridges, was promoted to brigadier general in 1964, and soon was appointed to important commands in the colonial wars in Portuguese Africa: first in Mozambique (1965-69) and then in Angola (1970-72). In September 1972, he returned to Portugal as head of the joint chiefs of staff, a post he kept until he broke with Prime Minister Marcello Caetano in early 1974.

   During the last part of Caetano's governance, General Costa Gomes, in tandem with his senior, more famous and charismatic colleague in arms, General Antônio de Spínola, was involved in activities that led to the organization of a successful military coup on 25 April 1974, which overthrew the 48-year-old Estado Novo. Although younger officers did most of the work organizing this action, Costa Gomes played a key role, including authorizing the publication of the sensational book by General Spínola, Portugal e o Futuro, published only two months before the Revolution of Carnations in February 1974. Spinola's book acknowledged that Portugal had to find a political not a military solution to the wars in her African colonies, and the public reception of the work helped prepare the atmosphere for a bloodless coup.

   After the successful coup by the Armed Forces Movement and the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Costa Gomes was appointed chief of defense staff. When General Spínola resigned in September 1974, Costa Gomes became president, a post he ably filled until June 1976, when General Ramalho Eanes was elected president of the republic. Costa Gomes soon withdrew from the public eye, but in 1981 was promoted to Portugal's highest military rank of marshal.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Costa Gomes, Francisco da
120 Equestrianism

   Equestrianism or Equitation has an ancient tradition in Portugal. Although today this sport of horseback riding, which is related to the art and science of horse breeding, is a peaceful activity, for centuries Portugal's use of the horse in cavalry was closely associated with war. Beginning in the 18th century, the activity became connected to bull- fighting. In war, the Portuguese used horse cavalry longer than most other European nations. While most armies gave up the horse for mechanized cavalry or tanks after World War I, Portugal was reluctant to change this tradition. Oddly, Portugal used a specialized form of cavalry in combat as late as 1969-1971, in Angola, a colony of Portugal until 1975. Portugal's army in Angola, engaged in a war with Angolan nationalist forces, employed the so-called "Dragoons," a specialized cavalry in rural areas, until 1971, a case perhaps of the last use of cavalry in modern warfare.

   Soccer, or futebol, is Portugal's favorite mass sport today, but equestrianism retains a special place in sports as a now democratized, if somewhat elite, sport for both Portuguese and visiting foreign riders. As of 1900, equestrianism was still the sport of royalty and aristocracy, but in the 21st century persons from all classes and groups enjoy it. The sport now features the unique Lusitano breed of horse, which evolved from earlier breeds of Iberian ponies and horses. Touring equestrianism recently has become an activity of niche tourism, and it is complemented by international competitive riding. Following the early 20th century, when the Olympics were revived, Portuguese competitors have excelled not only in sailing, field hockey on roller-skates, rowing, and marksmanship, but also in equestrianism. Notable Portuguese riders were medal winners in summer Olympics such as those of 1948 and 1988. This sport is engaged in primarily if not exclusively in regions with a history of horse breeding, riding, and cattle herding, in Ribatejo and Alentejo provinces, and has featured career military participants.

   Portuguese equestrianism, including the use of horses in bull-fighting, hunting, and other forms of sport, as well as in horse cavalry in war, was long associated with the lifestyles of royalty and the nobility. The use of traditional, Baroque riding gear and garb in competitive riding, instruction, and bull-fighting reflects such a tradition. Riders in bull-fighting or in exhibitions wear 18th-century male costumes that include a tricornered hat, long frock coats, breeches, stockings, and buckled shoes. The Ribatejo "cowboy" or riding herder wears the regional costume of a green and red cap, red tunic, white breeches and stockings, Portuguese bridles, and chaps sometimes made of olive leaves.

   Although their prestigious classical riding academy remains less well known than the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna, Portugal has preserved the ancient tradition of a classical riding school in its Royal School of Portuguese Equestrian Arts, at Queluz, not far from the National Palace of Queluz, a miniature Portuguese Versailles, with a hall of mirrors, tiled garden, and canal. One of the great riding masters and trainers was the late Nuno Oliveira (1925-89), whose work generated a worldwide network of students and followers and who published classic riding manuals. Oliveira's widely admired method of instruction was to bring about a perfect harmony of action between horse and rider, an inspiration to new generations of riders.

    See also Queluz, National Palace of.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Equestrianism

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