Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

aid+effort

  • 61 abandono

    m.
    1 leaving.
    abandono de hogar (law) desertion (of family, spouse)
    2 state of abandon (descuido) (de aspecto, jardín).
    3 abandonment, desolation, abandoning, desertion.
    4 personal carelessness, neglect, abandonment, carelessness.
    5 departure.
    6 renunciation.
    7 complete surrender.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: abandonar.
    * * *
    1 (acción) abandoning, desertion
    2 (idea, actividad) giving up
    3 (descuido) neglect, lack of care
    4 (dejadez) apathy, carelessness
    5 DEPORTE withdrawal
    6 MARÍTIMO abandonment
    \
    en estado de abandono in an abandoned state
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) withdrawal, resignation
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción)
    a) [de lugar]
    b) [de actividad, proyecto] abandonment

    votaron a favor del abandono del leninismo — they voted in favour of renouncing Leninism, they voted for the abandonment of Leninism

    c) (Jur) [de cónyuge] desertion; [de hijos] abandonment

    abandono de la escuela= abandono escolar

    abandono del domicilio conyugal, abandono del hogar — desertion

    abandono de tierras — land set aside, set-aside

    2) (Dep) [antes de la prueba] withdrawal; [durante la prueba] retirement; (Ajedrez) resignation
    3) (=descuido) neglect, abandon frm
    4) (=vicio) indulgence
    5) (=soledad) desolation
    6) Méx (=ligereza) abandon, ease
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de un lugar)
    b) ( de una persona) abandonment
    2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3) (descuido, desatención) neglect
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de un lugar)
    b) ( de una persona) abandonment
    2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3) (descuido, desatención) neglect
    * * *
    abandono1
    1 = abandonment, betrayal, desertion, surrender, shift away from, drop-off, move away from, defection, pullout, disuse.

    Ex: Practical considerations led to the abandonment of this idea.

    Ex: The author explores the major themes of the novel: self-identity; love; and betrayal.
    Ex: The author also covers the electronic book and the desertion of libraries by researchers in favour of other information sources = El autor también habla del libro electrónico y del abandono de las bibliotecas por parte de los investigadores en favor de otras fuentes de información.
    Ex: This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: There is a subsidy mechanism that lowers rates in order to avoid drop-offs from the network.
    Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.
    Ex: The longer the project is likely to last, the more important it is to be sure that it is designed to cope with factors such as defection of one of the partners.
    Ex: NATO is 'disappointed' at Russian pullout from arms treaty.
    Ex: After a period of disuse at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Caslon roman was revived, and has been available ever since from Caslon's successors.
    * abandono de = flight from.
    * índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.
    * tasa de abandono escolar = dropout rate.

    abandono2
    2 = neglect, dereliction, negligence, neglection, abandon, dilapidation, lassitude.

    Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.

    Ex: The energy crisis & the environmental crisis are rooted not in a stony ground of technological intractability, but in irresponsibility & dereliction.
    Ex: Damage of library materials is often caused by carelessness and negligence.
    Ex: After decades of neglection, nowadays there is an effort to bring these houses back to their original glory.
    Ex: The article 'Enlightenment and lubricity' examines paintings depicting women reading and responding with sensual abandon to the word.
    Ex: If Central Park is to be rescued from the general dilapidation it is much money and energy intelligently directed must be expended.
    Ex: His lassitude does not appear to emanate from laziness, but rather from the stirrings of nihilistic restlessness.
    * abandono de menores = child neglect.
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.
    * estado de abandono = state of neglect.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( frml)
    (de un lugar): la policía ordenó el abandono del recinto the police ordered everyone to leave o vacate the premises
    el capitán ordenó el abandono del barco the captain gave the order to abandon ship
    2 (de una persona) abandonment
    Compuestos:
    noncompletion, dropping out
    desertion
    abandonment of employment
    B ( Dep)
    1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) withdrawal
    2
    (una vez iniciada la carrera, competición): el abandono de Garrido se produjo en la quinta vuelta Garrido pulled out o retired on the fifth lap, Garrido's retirement came on the fifth lap
    el abandono del campeón se produjo en la jugada número 30 the champion's resignation came o the champion resigned on move 30
    C
    (descuido, desatención): el edificio se halla en un lamentable estado de abandono the building is in a sorry state of neglect
    da lástima ver el abandono en que se encuentran estos jardines it's terrible to see how overrun o overgrown these gardens have become, it's terrible to see how these gardens have been allowed to fall into neglect
    dejó a su familia en el más completo abandono he left his family utterly destitute
    la ropa que lleva da una imagen de abandono the clothes he wears make him look slovenly o scruffy
    * * *

    Del verbo abandonar: ( conjugate abandonar)

    abandono es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    abandonó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    abandonar    
    abandono
    abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (frml) ‹ lugar to leave

    b)familia/bebé to leave, abandon;

    marido/amante to leave;
    coche/barco to abandon;

    2 [ fuerzas] to desert
    3
    a)actividad/propósito/esperanza to give up;

    abandono los estudios to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) ‹carrera/partido to retire from, pull out of

    verbo intransitivo (Dep)
    a) (en carrera, competición) to pull out


    (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    abandonarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( entregarse) abandonose a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
    2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    abandono sustantivo masculino
    1 ( de una persona) abandonment;

    2 (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal;
    (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement;
    ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3 (descuido, desatención) neglect
    abandonar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
    2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
    3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
    4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
    (un deporte) to drop
    II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
    abandono sustantivo masculino
    1 (marcha de un lugar) abandoning, desertion
    2 (de proyecto, idea) giving up
    3 (de aseo) neglect
    4 (despreocupación) carelessness
    ' abandono' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonar
    - docencia
    - entrega
    - olvido
    - pudrir
    - recinto
    - renuncia
    English:
    angrily
    - climb down
    - desertion
    - drop out
    - dump
    - intimidate
    - leave
    - neglect
    - self-neglect
    - need
    - walk
    - withdrawal
    * * *
    1. [descuido] [de aspecto, jardín] state of abandon;
    [de estudios, obligaciones] neglect;
    2. [de lugar]
    los bomberos ordenaron el abandono del edificio the firemen instructed everyone to leave the building, the firemen had the building evacuated;
    el abandono de su puesto le costó un arresto al soldado the soldier was placed in confinement for abandoning his post
    3. [de hijo, proyecto] abandonment;
    el abandono de animales se incrementa tras las Navidades there is a rise in the number of animals abandoned after Christmas;
    el movimiento defiende el abandono de la energía nuclear the movement is in favour of abolishing the use of nuclear energy;
    han anunciado el abandono de la violencia they have announced that they are going to give up violence;
    su desilusión lo llevó al abandono de la profesión he was so disillusioned that he left the profession
    Der abandono de hogar desertion [of family, spouse]; UE abandono de tierras:
    el gobierno está fomentando el abandono de tierras the government is promoting land set-aside
    4. [entrega] abandon, abandonment;
    se entregó con abandono a su amante she gave herself with abandon to her lover
    5. [de competición, carrera] withdrawal;
    el abandono se produjo en el kilómetro 10 he pulled out after 10 kilometres;
    ganar por abandono to win by default
    * * *
    m
    1 abandonment;
    abandono de la energía nuclear abandonment of nuclear power
    2 DEP de carrera retirement
    3
    :
    en un estado de abandono in a state of neglect
    * * *
    1) : abandonment
    2) : neglect
    3) : withdrawal
    ganar por abandono: to win by default

    Spanish-English dictionary > abandono

  • 62 impuesto

    m.
    tax, fine, levy, tariff.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: imponer.
    * * *
    1 tax, duty
    ————————
    1→ link=imponer imponer
    1 tax, duty
    \
    tienda libre de impuestos duty-free shop
    * * *
    noun m.
    tax, duty
    * * *
    1.
    PP de imponer
    2.
    ADJ

    estar o quedar impuesto de — to be informed about

    3.
    SM [al estado] tax ( sobre on)
    [en operaciones de compraventa] duty ( sobre on) levy ( sobre on)

    impuestos — taxes, taxation sing

    ¿cuánto ganas antes de impuestos? — how much do you earn before tax?

    libre de impuestos[inversión, mercancías] tax-free; [bebida, perfume, tabaco] duty-free

    impuesto ecológico — eco-tax, green tax

    impuesto revolucionarioprotection money paid to terrorists

    Impuesto sobre (el) Valor Añadido, Impuesto sobre (el) Valor Agregado — LAm Value Added Tax

    impuesto sobre la propiedad — property tax, rate (EEUU)

    impuesto sobre los bienes heredados — inheritance tax, estate duty

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( informado)

    estar impuesto en or de algo — to be well informed about something

    2) (Méx fam) ( acostumbrado)
    II

    libre de impuestos — tax-free, duty-free

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( informado)

    estar impuesto en or de algo — to be well informed about something

    2) (Méx fam) ( acostumbrado)
    II

    libre de impuestos — tax-free, duty-free

    * * *
    impuesto1
    1 = levy, tariff, tax burden, tax [taxes, -pl.], levy tax, tribute.

    Ex: These 'own resources' comprise agricultural and sugar levies, customs duties and a percentage of value added tax (VAT).

    Ex: Print charges are usually charged per reference retrieved with online and offline prints often attracting different tariffs.
    Ex: Even with Groome's effort to ease tax burden pressures on individual property owners through industrial development, the tax rate is very steep.
    Ex: Financed with taxes voted by the county and with state and federal aid, the central library maintains eight branch libraries and three bookmobiles.
    Ex: Excluded is the 1% levy tax which will be added to invoice upon check-out = No está incluido un 1% de canon que se añadirá al abonar la factura al final de la estancia.
    Ex: In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.
    * aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.
    * aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.
    * costeado con los impuestos = tax-supported.
    * devolución de impuestos = tax rebate.
    * dinero procedente de los impuestos = tax money (tax monies).
    * distintivo de impuesto de circulación = road tax disc.
    * estar exento de pagar impuestos = write off.
    * evasión de impuestos = tax evasion.
    * exención de impuestos = tax exemption.
    * gravar con impuestos = tax.
    * impuesto a la herencia = inheritance tax.
    * impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = rates.
    * impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = local rates, council tax, local tax rates, tax rates, local taxes, property tax, real estate tax, real estate property tax.
    * impuesto de bienes y servicios = goods and services tax.
    * impuesto de circulación = road tax.
    * impuesto de importación = import levy.
    * impuesto del timbre = stamp duty.
    * impuesto de sucesión = inheritance tax.
    * impuesto de ventas = sales tax.
    * impuesto municipal = city tax.
    * impuestos = taxation, income tax.
    * impuestos locales = local taxes.
    * impuestos municipales = local tax rates, rates, local taxes.
    * impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.
    * impuesto sobre el patrimonio = wealth tax.
    * impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).
    * impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria = property tax.
    * impuesto sobre la renta = income tax.
    * impuesto sobre las ganancias = profit(s) tax.
    * impuesto sobre las ventas = sales tax.
    * impuesto sobre sucesiones = inheritance tax.
    * impuesto sucesorio = inheritance tax.
    * ingresos procedentes de los impuestos = tax revenues, income tax revenue.
    * libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.
    * mantenido con los impuestos = tax-supported.
    * pagar impuestos = pay + taxes.
    * persona que paga impuestos = taxpayer [tax-payer].
    * poner impuestos = impose + VAT.
    * recaudador de impuestos = tax collector.
    * reducción de impuestos = tax cut.
    * reducir los impuestos = cut + taxes.
    * sin impuestos = duty-free, tax-free.
    * subir los impuestos = push + taxes.
    * sujeto a impuestos = taxable.
    * tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.

    impuesto2

    Ex: Cost cutting by government has resulted in enforced staff reductions.

    * impuesto por uno mismo = self-imposed.

    * * *
    impuesto1 -ta
    A (informado) estar impuesto ENor DE algo to be well versed IN sth, be well informed ABOUT sth
    está muy impuesto en los asuntos del Oriente Medio he is very well versed in o well informed about o ( colloq) well up on Middle Eastern affairs
    B ( Méx fam) (acostumbrado) estar impuesto A algo; to be used TO sth
    estaba impuesta a madrugar todos los días she was used to getting up early every day
    tax
    el impuesto al tabaco the tax on tobacco
    libre de impuestos tax-free, duty-free
    Compuestos:
    ( Méx) wealth tax
    impuesto a or sobre la renta (de las personas físicas)
    income tax
    impuesto al or sobre el valor agregado
    value-added tax
    impuesto al or sobre el valor añadido
    value-added tax
    environmental tax
    business tax
    road tax
    luxury tax
    road tax
    corporation tax
    direct tax
    indirect tax
    (Col, Méx) property tax
    protection money ( paid to terrorist organization)
    windfall tax
    ( Esp) property tax
    * * *

     

    Del verbo imponer: ( conjugate imponer)

    impuesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    imponer    
    impuesto
    imponer ( conjugate imponer) verbo transitivo (frml)
    a) to impose (frml);


    b) respeto to command;

    temor to inspire, instill( conjugate instill)
    c) moda to set

    imponerse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( refl) ‹horario/meta to set oneself


    c) [color/estilo] to come into fashion

    2 ( hacerse respetar) to assert oneself o one's authority
    3 (frml) ( vencer) to win;

    impuesto sustantivo masculino
    tax;

    impuesto a or sobre la renta income tax;
    impuesto de circulación road tax
    imponer verbo transitivo
    1 to impose: impuso su criterio contra el de todos, she imposed her viewpoint over that of others
    2 (sobrecoger) to be impressive: la visión de la sangre le impone mucho, he can't stand the sight of blood
    (suscitar respeto) to inspire respect
    3 Fin to deposit
    impuesto,-a
    I m Fin tax
    impuesto de lujo, luxury tax
    impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas (IRPF), income tax
    impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA), value added tax (VAT)
    evasión de impuestos, tax evasion
    libre de impuestos, tax-free
    II adjetivo imposed

    ' impuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aduana
    - carga
    - contribución
    - gravamen
    - impuesta
    - IRPF
    - IVA
    - lujo
    - supresión
    - tasa
    - tributo
    - arancel
    - catastro
    - cumplir
    - declaración
    - entrada
    - gravar
    - impago
    - municipal
    - patente
    - suprimir
    English:
    capital gains tax
    - deduction
    - duty
    - excise tax
    - immune
    - imposition
    - income tax
    - increase
    - levy
    - luxury
    - sales tax
    - stamp-duty
    - tax
    - value added tax
    - VAT
    - income
    - property
    - road
    - television
    - value
    * * *
    impuesto, -a
    participio
    ver imponer
    nm
    tax;
    pagar impuestos to pay tax o taxes;
    ganamos cinco millones antes de impuestos we earned five million before tax;
    libre de impuestos [alcohol, cigarrillos] tax-free, duty-free
    impuesto sobre actividades económicas = Spanish tax paid by professionals and shop owners;
    impuesto al consumo tax on consumption;
    impuesto directo direct tax;
    impuesto ecológico ecotax, green tax;
    impuesto extraordinario emergency tax;
    impuesto indirecto indirect tax;
    impuesto de lujo luxury tax;
    impuesto de matriculación = tax paid on a new car;
    impuesto municipal local tax;
    impuesto sobre plusvalías capital gains tax;
    impuesto progresivo progressive tax;
    Fig impuesto de protección protection money; Fig impuesto revolucionario revolutionary tax, = protection money paid by businessmen to terrorists;
    impuesto de sociedades corporation tax;
    impuesto de sucesión inheritance tax;
    impuesto sobre sucesiones inheritance tax;
    Am impuesto al valor agregado, Esp impuesto sobre el valor añadido Br VAT, US ≈ sales tax
    * * *
    I partimponer
    II m tax
    * * *
    : tax
    * * *
    impuesto n tax [pl. taxes]

    Spanish-English dictionary > impuesto

  • 63 कृत _kṛta

    कृत p. p. [कृ-क्त]
    1 Done, performed, made, effected accomplished, manufactured &c.; (p. p. of कृ 8. U. q. v.) ते करान् संप्रयच्छन्तु सुवर्णं च कृताकृतम् Mb.3.255.17; दिव्याः प्रसन्ना विविधाः सुराः कृतसुरा अपि Rām.5.11.22; natural and manufactured wines.
    -2 Wounded, hurt; सिद्ध्येत ते कृतमनोभवधर्षितायाः Bhāg.3.23.11.
    -3 Acquired, bought (a kind of son); Mb.13.49.4.
    -4 Cultivated; अकृतं च कृतात्क्षेत्राद् गौरजाविकमेव च Ms.1.114.
    -5 Appointed (as a duty); सो$पि यत्नेन संरक्ष्यो धर्मो राजकृतश्च यः Y.2.186.
    -6 Relating to, referring to; पतनीयकृते क्षेपे Y.2.21.
    -तम् 1 Work, deed, action; कृतं न वेत्ति Pt.1.424; un- grateful; Ms.7.197.
    -2 Service, benefit.
    -3 Conse- quence, result.
    -4 Aim, object.
    -5 N. of that side of a die which is marked with four points; this is lucky; cf. Vāj.3.18.
    -6 N. of the first of the four Yugas of the world extending over 1728 years of men (see Ms.1.69 and Kull. thereon).
    -7 The number '4'.
    -8 A stake at a game.
    -9 Prize or booty gained in a battle.
    -1 An offering.
    -11 Magic sorcery.
    -Comp. -अकृत a. done and not done; i. e. done in part but not completed; कृताकृतस्यैव च काञ्चनस्य Bu. Ch.2.2; that which is done and that which is not done (Dvandva Comp.) मा त्वा ताप्तां कृताकृते Mbh. on P.II.2.29; कृताकृतप्रसङ्गि नित्यम्. (
    -तः) the Supreme Being.
    -अङ्क a.
    1 marked, branded; कठ्यां कृताङ्को निर्वास्यः Ms.8.281.
    -2 numbered. (ङ्कः) that side of a die which is marked with four points.
    -अञ्जलि a. folding the hands in supplication; प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं कृताञ्जलिरभाषत Bg.11.14,35; Ms.4.154.
    -अनुकर a. following another's example, subservient.
    -अनुसारः custom, usage.
    -अन्त a. bringing to an end, termi- nating.
    (-तः) 1 Yama, the god of death; कृतान्त आसीत्समरो देवानां सह दानवैः Bhāg.9.6.13; द्वितीयं कृतान्त- मिवाटन्तं व्याधमपश्यत् H.1.
    -2 fate, destiny; कृतान्त एव सौमित्रे द्रष्टव्यो मत्प्रवासने Rām.2.22.15; क्रूरस्तस्मिन्नपि न सहते संगमं नौ कृतान्तः Me.17.
    -3 a demonstrated con- clusion, dogma, a proved doctrine; दैवं पुरुषकारश्च कृतान्ते- नोपपद्यते Mb.12.153.5; यथा लौकिकेषु वैदिकेषु च कृतान्तेषु Mbh. on P.I.1.1,56; साङ्ख्ये कृतान्ते प्रोक्तानि Bg.18.13.
    -4 a sinful or inauspicious action.
    -5 an epithet of Saturn.
    -6 Saturday.
    -7 the inevitable result of former actions.
    -8 the second lunar mansion.
    -9 the number 'two'. ˚कुशल an astrologer; आधिराज्ये$भिषेको मे ब्राह्मणैः पतिना सह । कृतान्त- कुशलैरुक्तं तत्सर्वं वितथीकृतम् Rām.6.48.14. ˚जनकः the sun.
    -अन्नम् 1 cooked food. कृतान्नमुदकं स्त्रियः Ms.9.219;11.3.
    -2 digested food.
    -3 excrement.
    -अपराध a. guilty, offender, criminal.
    - अभय a. saved from fear or danger.
    -अभिषेक a. crowned, inaugurated. (
    -कः) a prince.
    -अभ्यास a. practised.
    -अयः the die called कृत marked with four points.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 having gained one's object, successful; एकः कृतार्थो भवते वीतशोकः Śwet. Up.2.14.
    -2 satisfied; happy, contented; वयं कृतार्था इत्यभिमन्यन्ति बालाः Muṇḍ.1.2.9; कृतः कृतार्थो$स्मि निबर्हितांहसा Śi.1.29; R.8.3; Ki.4.9; Ś.2.1; Pt.1.194.
    -3 clever.
    -4 that which has served its purpose (and hence in- capable of yielding any further sense or serving any other purpose); पुरुषे यागं श्रावयित्वा कृतार्थः शब्द एकस्य द्वयोर्बहूनां वा यागं न वारयति । ŚB. on MS.6.2.3. सकृत् कृत्वा कृतार्थः शब्दः न नियमः पौनःपुन्ये । ŚB. on MS.6.2.27; सा चाकाङ्क्षा एकेनापि कृतार्था भवतीत्युक्तम् । ŚB. on MS.11.1.13. (कृतार्थीकृ
    1 to render fruitful or successful; कृतार्थीकृत्य तं विप्रम् Ks.74.125.
    -2 to make good; कान्तं प्रत्युपचारतश्चतुरया कोपः कृतार्थीकृतः Amaru.15; so कृतार्थयति to make fruitful; Māl.3.6.)
    -अवधान a. careful, attentive.
    -अवधि a.
    1 fixed, appointed.
    -2 bounded, limited.
    -अवमर्ष a.
    1 effacing from recollection.
    -2 intolerant.
    -अवस्थ a.
    1 summoned, caused to be present; Ms.8.6.
    -2 fixed, settled.
    -अस्त्र a.
    1 armed.
    -2 trained in the science of arms or missiles; पित्रा संवर्धितो नित्यं कृतास्त्रः सांपरा- यिकः R.17.62.
    - अहक a. having performed the daily ceremonies.
    - आगम a. advanced, proficient, skilled. (-m.) the Supreme soul.
    -आगस् a. guilty, offending, criminal, sinful; अध्ने प्र शिरो जहि ब्रह्मजस्य कृतागसः Av.12.5.6; कृतागाः कौटिल्यो मुजग इव निर्याय नगरात् Mu.3.11.
    -आत्मन् a.
    1 having control over oneself, self-possessed, of a selfgoverned spirit; कृतात्मा ब्रह्मलोकमभिसंभवामि Ch. Up.8.13.1; कृतात्मानो वीतरागाः प्रशान्ताः Muṇḍ. Up.3.2.5; Rām.5.61.6; ऐहिष्ट तं कारयितुं कृतात्मा Bk.1.11.
    -2 purified in mind; magnanimous; तमरिघ्रं कृतात्मानं क्षिप्रं द्रक्ष्यसि राघवम् Rām.5.39.48.
    - आभरण a. adorned.
    -आयास a. labouring, suffering.
    - आलय a. one who has taken up his abode in any place; यत्र ते दयिता भार्या तनयाश्च कृतालयाः Rām. (
    -यः) a frog; dog ? M. W.
    -आवास a lodging.
    -आस्पद a.
    1 governed; ruled.
    -2 supporting, resting on.
    -3 residing in.
    -आहार a. having taken one's meals.
    -आह्वान a. challenged.
    -उत्साह a. diligent, making effort, striving.
    - उदक a. one who had performed his ablutions; Mb.3.
    -उद्वाह a.
    1 married.
    -2 practising penance by standing with up-lifted hands.
    -उपकार a.
    1 favoured, befriended, assisted; अज्ञातभर्तृव्यसना मुहूर्तं कृतोपकारेव रतिर्बभूव Ku.3.73.
    -2 friendly.
    -उपभोग a. used, enjoyed.
    -कर, -कारिन् a. Enjoining what is already known or done; कृतकरो हि विधिरनर्थकः स्यात् ŚB. on MS.1.5.58; कृतकरं शास्त्रमनर्थकं स्यात् ŚB. on MS.1.7.25; कृतकारि खलु शास्त्रं पर्जन्यवत् Mbh. on P.I.2.9.
    -कर्मन् a.
    1 one who has done his work; R.9.3.
    -2 skilful, clever. (-m.)
    1 the Supreme spirit.
    -2 a Saṁnyāsin.
    -काम a. one whose desires are fulfilled.
    -कार्य a.
    1 one who has done his work or obtained his object.
    -2 having no need of another's aid.
    -काल a.
    1 fixed or settled as to time.
    -2 who has waited a certain time. (
    -लः) appointed time; कृतशिल्पो$पि निवसेत्कृतकालं गुरोर्गृहे Y.2.184.
    -कृत्य, -क्रिय a.
    1 who has accomplished his object; Bg.15.2.
    -2 satisfied, contented; Śānti.3.19; Māl.4.3.
    -3 clever.
    -4 having done his duty; कृतकृत्यो विधिर्मन्ये न वर्धयति तस्य ताम् Śi.2.32.
    -क्रयः a purchaser.
    -क्रियः 1 one who has accomplished any act.
    -2 one who has fulfilled his duty.
    -3 one who has performed a religious cere- mony; Ms.5.99.
    -क्षण a.
    1 waiting impatiently for the exact moment; कृतक्षणाहं भद्रं ते गमनं प्रति राघव Rām.2.29.15; वयं सर्वे सोत्सुकाः कृतक्षणास्तिष्ठामः Pt.1.
    -2 one who has got an opportunity.
    -घ्न a.
    1 ungrateful; Ms.4.214;8.89.
    -2 defeating all previous measures.
    -चूडः a boy on whom the ceremony of tonsure has been performed; Ms.5.58,67; नृणामकृतचूडानां विशुद्धिर्नौशिकी स्मृता.
    -जन्मन् a. planted; Ku.5.6.
    -ज्ञ a.
    1 grateful; Ms.7.29,21; Y.1.38.
    -2 correct in conduct; कृतज्ञतामस्य वदन्ति सम्पदः Ki.
    (-ज्ञः) 1 a dog.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -तीर्थ a.
    1 one who has visited or frequented holy places.
    -2 one who studies with a professional teacher.
    -3 fertile in means or expedients.
    -4 a guide.
    -5 rendered accessible or easy; Ki.2.3.
    -दार a. married.
    -दासः a servant hired for a stated period, a hired servant.
    -दूषणम् spoiling what is done; उद्धतायाः पुनरुद्धनने न हि किञ्चित्कार्यमस्ति । केवलं कृतदूषणं भवेत् । ृŚB. on MS.12.2.16. (see कृतदूषा)
    -दूषा f. a blemish or vitiating factor for what is done; अकर्म वा कृतदूषा स्यात् MS.12.1.1. (कृतायाः दूषणम् ŚB).
    -धी a.
    1 prudent, considerate.
    -2 learned, educated, wise; पुत्रेभ्यः कृतवेदिनां कृतधियां येषां न भिन्ना वयम् Mu.5.2; Bg.2.54; Śi.2.79.
    -नामधेय a. named, called as; Ś6.
    -निर्णेजनः a penitent. -a. one who has performed penance; कृतनिर्णेजनांश्चैव न जुगुप्सेत कर्हिचित् Ms.11.189.
    -निश्चय a.
    1 resolute, resolved; युद्धाय कृतनिश्चयः Bg.2.37.
    -2 confident, sure.
    -पुङ्ख a. skilled in archery.
    -पूर्व a. done formerly.
    -प्रतिकृतम् assault and counter-assault, attack and resistance; R.12.94.
    -प्रतिज्ञ a.
    1 one who has made an agreement or engagement.
    -2 one who has fulfilled his promise.
    -प्रयोजन a. one who has attained his object; Ks.13.158.
    -फल n. successful. (
    -लम्) result, consequence.
    -बुद्धि a.
    1 learned, educated, wise; विद्वत्सु कृतबुद्धयः (श्रेष्ठाः) Ms.1.97, 7.3.
    -2 a man of resolute character.
    -3 informed of one's duty.
    -ब्रह्मन् a. Ved. one who has per- formed his devotions; कृतब्रह्मा शूशुवद् रातहव्य इत् Rv.2. 25.1.
    -मङ्गल a. blessed, consecrated.
    -मति a. firm, resolute.
    -मन्यु a. indignant.
    -मालः, -लकः 1 a kind of cassia.
    -2 the spotted antelope.
    -मुख a. learned, clever, wise.
    -युगम् the first (golden) of the four ages.
    -रूप one who knows the customary rites (कृतकल्प); Rām.2.1.2.
    -लक्षण a.
    1 stamped, marked.
    -2 branded; ज्ञातिसम्बन्धिभिस्त्वेतास्त्यक्तव्याः कृत- लक्षणाः Ms.9.239.
    -3 excellent, amiable.
    -4 defined, dis- criminated.
    -वर्मन् m. N. of a warrior on the side of the Kauravas who with Kṛipa and Aśvatthāman survived the general havoc of the great Bhārata war. He was afterwards slain by Sātyaki.
    -वापः a penitent who has shaven his head and chin; Ms.11.18.
    -विद् a. grateful; तस्यापवर्ग्यशरणं तव पादमूलं विस्मर्यते कृतविदा कथमार्तबन्धो Bhāg.4.9.8.
    -विद्य a. learned, educated; शूरो$सि कृत- विद्यो$सि Pt.4.43; सुवर्णपुष्पितां पृथ्वीं विचिन्वन्ति त्रयो जनाः । शूरश्च कृतविद्यश्च यश्च जानाति सेवितुम् ॥ Pt.1.45.
    -वीर्य a. being strong or powerful; Av.17.1.27. (
    -र्यः) N. of the father of Sahasrārjuna.
    -वेतन a. hired, paid (as a servant); प्रमादमृतनष्टांश्च प्रदाप्यः कृतवेतनः Y.2.164.
    -वेदिन् a.
    1 grateful; न तथा कृतवेदिनां करिष्यन्प्रियतामेति यथा कृता- वदानः Ki.13.32; see कृतज्ञ.
    -2 observant of propriety.
    -वेश a. attired, decorated; गतवति कृतवेशे केशवे कुञ्जशय्याम् Gīt.11.
    -व्यावृत्ति a. dislodged or dismissed from office, set aside; Ku.2.27.
    -शिल्प a. skilled in art or trade; कृतशिल्पो$पि निवसेत्कृतकालं गुरोर्गृहे Y.2.184.
    -शोभ a.
    1 splendid.
    -2 beautiful.
    -3 handy, dexterous.
    -शौच a. purified; पुण़्डरीकमवाप्नोति कृतशौचो भवेच्च सः Mb.3.83.21.
    -श्मश्रुः one who is shaven; न हि कृतश्मश्रुः पुनः श्मश्रूणि कार- यति Mbh. on P.I.2.9.
    -श्रमः, -परिश्रमः one who has studied; कृतपरिश्रमो$स्मि ज्योतिःशास्त्रे Mu.1; I have devoted my time to (spent my labours on) the science of astro- nomy.
    -संकल्प a. resolved, determined.
    -संकेत a. making an appointment; नामसमेतं कृतसंकेतं वादयते मृदु वेणुम् Gīt.5.
    -संज्ञ a.
    1 having presence of mind... स्थापयेद् दासान् कृत- संज्ञान् समन्ततः Ms.
    -2 restored to consciousness or senses.
    -3 aroused.
    -4 one to whom sign has been given; Rāj. T.4.221.
    -संनाह a. clad in armour, accoutred.
    -संस्कार a.
    1 one who has performed all purificatory rites, ini- tiated; वैश्यस्तु कृतसंस्कारः Ms.9.326; R.1.78.
    -2 Pre- pared, adorned.
    -सापत्निका, -सापत्नी, सापत्नीका, -सापत्नका, सपत्निका a woman whose husband has mar- ried another wife, a married woman having a co-wife or a superseded wife.
    -हस्त, -हस्तक a.
    1 dexterous, clever, skilful, handy.
    -2 skilled in archery.
    -हस्तता 1 skill, dexterity;... संनिपाते । सुमहति कृतहस्ताः सैनिकास्तं ररक्षुः ॥ Śiva. B.13.3.47.
    -2 skill in archery or generally in handling arms; कौरव्ये कृतहस्तता पुनरियं देवे यथा सीरिणि Ve.6.13; Mv.6.41.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृत _kṛta

  • 64 शक्ति


    ṡaktí
    ṡákti

    f. power, ability, strength, might, effort, energy, capability ( ṡaktyā orᅠ ātma-ṡ- orᅠ sva-ṡ-, « according to ability» ;

    paraṉṡaktyā, « with all one's might» ;
    vitta-ṡaktyā, « according to the capability of one's property» ;
    ṡaktima-hāpayitvā, « not relaxing one's efforts, exerting all one's strength»), faculty, skill, capacity for, power over (gen. loc. dat., orᅠ inf.) RV. etc. etc.;
    effectiveness orᅠ efficacy (of a remedy) ṠārṇgS. ;
    regal power (consisting of three parts, prabhutva, personal pre-eminence;
    mantra, good counsel, andᅠ utsāha, energy) Kām. (cf. Ragh. III, 13);
    the energy orᅠ active power of a deity personified as his wife andᅠ worshipped by the Ṡākta (q.v.) sect of Hindūs under various names
    (sometimes only three, sometimes eight Ṡakti goddesses are enumerated, as follow, Indrāṇi, Vaishṇavī, Ṡāntā, Brahmāṇī, Kaumāri, Nārasiṇhī, Vārāhī, andᅠ Māheṡvarī, but some substitute Cāmuṇḍā andᅠ Cāṇdikā for the third andᅠ sixth of these:
    according to another reckoning there are nine, viz. Vaishṇavī, Brahmāṇi, Raudri, Māheṡvarī, Nārasiṇhī, Vārāhī, Indraṇī, Kārttikī, andᅠ Pradhānā:
    others reckon fifty different forms of the Ṡakti of Vishṇu besides Lakshmī, some of these are Kīrtti, Kānti, Tushṭi, Pushṭā, Dhṛiti. Ṡānti, Kriyā, Dayā, Medhā etc.;
    andᅠ fifty forms of the Ṡakti of Ṡiva orᅠ Rudra besides Durgā orᅠ Gaurī, some of whom are Guṇôdarī, Virajā, Sālmali, Lolâkshi, Vartulâkshī, Dīrgha-ghoṇā, Sudirgha-mukhī, Go. -mukhī, Dirgha-jihvā, Kuṇḍôdarī, Ardha-keṡī, Vikṛita-mukhī, Jvālā-mukhi, Ulkāmukhi etc.;
    Sarasvati is alsoᅠ named as a Ṡakti, both of Vishṇu andᅠ Rudra:
    according to the Vāyu-Purāṇa the female nature of Rudra became twofold, one half asita orᅠ white, andᅠ the other sita orᅠ black, each of these again becoming manifold, those of the white orᅠ mild nature included Lakshmī, Sarasvati, Gaurī, Umā etc.;
    those of the dark andᅠ fierce nature, Durgā, Kāli etc.) Kāv. Kathās. Pur. (cf. RTL. 181 etc.. MWB. 216);
    the female organ (as worshipped by the Ṡākta sect either actually orᅠ symbolically) RTL. 140 ;
    the power orᅠ signification of a word (defined in the Nyāya as padasyapadâ̱rthe sambandhaḥ i.e. « the relation of a word to the thing designated») Bhāshāp. Sāh. ;
    (in Gram.) case-power, the idea conveyed by a case (= kāraka) Pāṇ. 2-3, 7 Sch. ;
    the power orᅠ force orᅠ most effective word of a sacred text orᅠ magic formula Up. Pañcar. ;
    the creative power orᅠ imagination (of a poet) Kāvyâd. ;
    help, aid, assistance, gift, bestowal RV. ;
    a spear, lance, pike, dart RV. etc. ( alsoᅠ ṡaktī gaṇa bahv-ādi);
    a sword MW. ;
    (prob.) a flag-staff ( seeᅠ ratha-ṡ-);
    a partic. configuration of stars andᅠ planets (when the latter are situated in the 7th, 8th, 9th, andᅠ 10th astrological house), VirBṛS.;
    m. N. of a Muni orᅠ sage (the eldest of Vasishṭha's hundred sons;
    accord. toᅠ VP. he was father of Parāṡara, andᅠ was devoured by king Kalmāsha-pāda, when changed to a man-eating Rākshasa, in consequence of a curse pronounced upon him by the sage;
    he is represented as having overcome Viṡvāmitra at the sacrifice of king Saudāsa;
    he is regarded as the author of RV. VII, 32, 26; IX, 97, 19-21; 108, 3; 14-16 ;
    Ṡakti is alsoᅠ identified with one of the Vylāsas, andᅠ with Avalokitêṡvara, andᅠ has elsewhere the patr. Jātukarna andᅠ Sāṃkṛiti) Pravar. MBh. etc.
    - शक्तिकर
    - शक्तिकुन्ठन
    - शक्तिकुमार
    - शक्तिकुमारक
    - शक्तिगण
    - शक्तिग्रह
    - शक्तिग्राहक
    - शक्तिज
    - शक्तिजागर
    - शक्तिजामल
    - शक्तिज्ञ
    - शक्तितन्त्र
    - शक्तितस्
    - शक्तिता
    - शक्तित्रय
    - शक्तित्व
    - शक्तिदत्त
    - शक्तिदास
    - शक्तिदेव
    - शक्तिद्वयवत्
    - शक्तिधर
    - शक्तिधृक्
    - शक्तिध्वज
    - शक्तिनाथ
    - शक्तिन्यास
    - शक्तिपर्ण
    - शक्तिपाणि
    - शक्तिपात
    - शक्तिपुत्र
    - शक्तिपूजक
    - शक्तिपूजा
    - शक्तिपूर्व
    - शक्तिप्रकर्ष
    - शक्तिप्रकाशबोधिनी
    - शक्तिबोध
    - शक्तिभद्र
    - शक्तिभृत्
    - शक्तिभेद
    - शक्तिभैरवतन्त्र
    - शक्तिमत्
    - शक्तिमय
    - शक्तिमोक्ष
    - शक्तियशस्
    - शक्तियामल
    - शक्तिरक्षित
    - शक्तिरक्षितक
    - शक्तिरत्नाकर
    - शक्तिवनमाहात्म्य
    - शक्तिवर
    - शक्तिवल्लभ
    - शक्तिवाद
    - शक्तिवादिन्
    - शक्तिविचार
    - शक्तिविजयस्तुति
    - शक्तिविजयस्वामिस्तोत्र
    - शक्तिवीर
    - शक्तिवेग
    - शक्तिवैकल्य
    - शक्तिवैभविक
    - शक्तिशोधन
    - शक्तिष्ठ
    - शक्तिसंगमतन्त्र
    - शक्तिसंगमामृत
    - शक्तिसिंह
    - शक्तिसिद्धन्त
    - शक्तिसेन
    - शक्तिस्तोत्र
    - शक्तिस्वामिन्
    - शक्तिहर
    - शक्तिहस्त
    - शक्तिहीन
    - शक्तिहेतिक

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > शक्ति

  • 65 relief

    I noun
    1) (alleviation, deliverance) Erleichterung, die

    give or bring [somebody] relief [from pain] — [jemandem] [Schmerz]linderung verschaffen

    breathe or heave a sigh of relief — erleichtert aufatmen

    what a relief!, that's a relief! — da bin ich aber erleichtert!

    2) (assistance) Hilfe, die; (financial state assistance) Sozialhilfe, die; attrib. Hilfs[fond, -organisation, -komitee]
    3) (replacement of person) Ablösung, die; attrib.
    II noun

    high/low relief — Hoch-/Flachrelief, das

    2) (a sculpture) Relief, das
    3)

    stand out in strong relief against something — sich scharf gegen etwas abheben; (fig.) in krassem Gegensatz zu etwas stehen

    * * *
    [rə'li:f]
    1) (a lessening or stopping of pain, worry, boredom etc: When one has a headache, an aspirin brings relief; He gave a sigh of relief; It was a great relief to find nothing had been stolen.) die Erleichterung
    2) (help (eg food) given to people in need of it: famine relief; ( also adjective) A relief fund has been set up to send supplies to the refugees.) die Hilfe; Hilfs-...
    3) (a person who takes over some job or task from another person, usually after a given period of time: The bus-driver was waiting for his relief; ( also adjective) a relief driver.) die Ablösung; Ablösungs-...
    4) (the act of freeing a town etc from siege: the relief of Mafeking.) die Befreiung
    5) (a way of carving etc in which the design is raised above the level of its background: a carving in relief.) das Relief
    - academic.ru/61348/relieve">relieve
    - relieved
    * * *
    re·lief1
    [rɪˈli:f]
    I. n
    1. no pl (assistance for poor) Hilfsgüter pl; (help) Hilfe f, Unterstützung f
    shipment of \relief Hilfsgütersendung f
    to be on \relief AM ( fam) von der Sozialhilfe leben
    disaster/famine \relief Katastrophen-/Hungerhilfe f
    2. (diminution) Entlastung f
    \relief of hunger/suffering Linderung f von Hunger/Leid
    tax \relief Steuerermäßigung f
    3. (release from tension) Erleichterung f
    that's [or what] a \relief! was für eine Erleichterung!
    you can imagine my \relief du kannst dir vorstellen, wie erleichtert ich war
    it was such a \relief to hear that Glen had been found safe and well mir fiel ein Stein vom Herzen, als ich hörte, dass man Glen sicher und wohlauf gefunden hatte
    sense of \relief Gefühl nt der Erleichterung
    to feel an incredible sense of \relief sich akk unglaublich erleichtert fühlen
    a sigh of \relief ein Seufzer m der Erleichterung
    to breathe a sigh of \relief erleichtert aufatmen
    light [or comic] \relief THEAT befreiende Komik
    to be greeted with \relief mit Erleichterung aufgenommen werden
    much to my [or to my great] \relief zu meiner großen Erleichterung
    4. (substitute) Ersatz m, Vertretung f
    \relief of a country/a town Entsatz m eines Landes/einer Stadt
    6. LAW (remedy) Klagebegehren nt
    II. n modifier Ersatz-, Vertretungs-
    \relief driver Ersatzfahrer(in) m(f)
    re·lief2
    [rɪˈli:f]
    n
    1. (three-dimensional representation) Reliefdruck m
    2. (sculpture) Relief nt
    bronze \relief Bronzerelief nt
    3. no pl (sharpness of image) Kontrast m
    to be in \relief against sth sich akk von etw dat abheben
    to stand out in sharp [or bold] \relief sich akk deutlich von etw dat [o gegen etw akk] abheben
    to throw sth into \relief etw hervortreten lassen
    * * *
    [rɪ'liːf]
    1. n
    1) (from anxiety, pain) Erleichterung f

    to bring sb relief (drug) — jdm Erleichterung verschaffen; (news) jdn erleichtern

    that brought him some relief from his headachedas hat seine Kopfschmerzen etwas gelindert

    it was a relief to find it — ich/er etc war erleichtert, als ich/er etc es fand

    it was a relief to get out of the office — es war eine Wohltat, aus dem Büro wegzukommen

    2) (from monotony, boredom) Abwechslung f

    to provide a little light/comic relief — für eine kleine Abwechslung/für etwas Humor sorgen

    3) (= assistance) Hilfe f

    to be on relief (US) — Fürsorge bekommen, von der Fürsorge leben

    4) (ESP MIL: act of relieving, replacement forces) Entsatz m; (= substitute) Ablösung f
    5) (ART, GEOG) Relief nt; (TYP) Relief nt, Hochdruck m

    high/low relief — Hoch-/Flachrelief nt

    to stand out in relief (lit) — sich (deutlich) abheben; (fig)

    6) (JUR) Rechtshilfe f (of bei)
    2. attr
    1) (= aid) Hilfs-

    the relief effort — die Hilfsaktion; (in disaster) die Rettungsaktion

    2) (= replacement) watchman, driver zur Entlastung

    relief bus/train — Entlastungsbus/-zug m

    * * *
    relief1 [rıˈliːf] s
    1. Erleichterung f ( auch MED):
    a drug for the relief of pain ein schmerzlinderndes Mittel;
    (much) to my relief, to my (great) relief zu meiner (großen) Erleichterung;
    with ( oder in) relief erleichtert;
    it was a relief to me when ich war erleichtert, als;
    give ( oder bring) some relief MED Erleichterung bringen; sigh A 1, C
    2. Wohltat f ( to the eye für das Auge)
    3. a) Entspannung f, Abwechslung f, angenehme Unterbrechung
    b) euph sexuelle Befriedigung
    4. Trost m
    5. Entlastung f
    6. Abhilfe f
    7. a) Unterstützung f, Hilfe f:
    relief fund Unterstützungs-, Hilfsfonds m;
    relief works öffentliche Bauvorhaben zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit
    b) US Sozialhilfe f:
    be on relief Sozialhilfe beziehen
    8. MIL
    a) Entsatz m, Entlastung f:
    relief attack Entlastungsangriff m
    b) auch allg Ablösung f:
    relief driver AUTO Beifahrer(in);
    relief road Entlastungsstraße f;
    relief train Entlastungszug m;
    relief valve Überdruckventil n
    9. Vertretung f, Aushilfe f:
    relief secretary Aushilfssekretärin f
    10. JUR
    a) Rechtshilfe f
    b) Rechtsbehelf m:
    the relief sought das Klagebegehren
    11. JUR, HIST Lehngeld n, -ware f
    relief2 [rıˈliːf] s
    1. Relief n ( auch GEOG):
    stand out in (bold) relief plastisch oder scharf hervortreten (a. fig);
    bring out the facts in full relief fig die Tatsachen deutlich herausarbeiten;
    set into vivid relief fig etwas plastisch schildern;
    throw into relief (deutlich) hervortreten lassen (a. fig);
    be in relief against sich (deutlich) abheben gegen;
    relief map Relief-, Höhenkarte f
    2. TYPO Reliefdruck m
    * * *
    I noun
    1) (alleviation, deliverance) Erleichterung, die

    give or bring [somebody] relief [from pain] — [jemandem] [Schmerz]linderung verschaffen

    breathe or heave a sigh of relief — erleichtert aufatmen

    what a relief!, that's a relief! — da bin ich aber erleichtert!

    2) (assistance) Hilfe, die; (financial state assistance) Sozialhilfe, die; attrib. Hilfs[fond, -organisation, -komitee]
    3) (replacement of person) Ablösung, die; attrib.
    II noun

    high/low relief — Hoch-/Flachrelief, das

    2) (a sculpture) Relief, das
    3)

    stand out in strong relief against something — sich scharf gegen etwas abheben; (fig.) in krassem Gegensatz zu etwas stehen

    * * *
    n.
    Ablösung -en f.
    Entlastung f.
    Erleichterung f.
    Hilfe -n f.
    Linderung f.
    Relief -s n.
    Unterstützung f.

    English-german dictionary > relief

  • 66 с помощью

    [см. доставлять с помощью; наиболее целесообразно гасить энергию с помощью; проблема, решаемая с помощью; сближение с помощью ручного управления; совершать посадку с помощью ручного управления; управляться с помощью; энергопитание … осуществляется с помощью; см. тж. с … помощью; син. благодаря; за счет; посредством; при помощи; путем; с использованием; с применением; через]
    With the help of modern communications you can visit us on board of our space home…
    Helped by his friends the cosmonaut assumed the position which he had managed earlier to get into with so much effort…
    With the aid of the control stick on the right-hand side the cosmonaut turned the spacecraft around the center of mass.
    With the use of the on-board propulsion system it performed all manoeuvres required for a rendezvous and docking.
    …the attainment of an essentially new level of… through the use of spacecraft.
    Orientation of spacecraft with reference to fixed stars by the use of star sensors.
    The manoeuvre is performed by means of on-board rocket engines.
    The results of these observations are transmitted to the Earth by radio systems and TV systems…
    Now the cosmonauts could contact each other not only through radio communication channels, but also by means of internal telephone lines.
    Inside the orbital compartment the cosmonauts, helping each other and assisted by spacecraft commander Boris Volynov, put on their space suits.

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > с помощью

  • 67 push

    толчок имя существительное:
    напор (pressure, thrust, rush, push, fall, vim)
    глагол:

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > push

  • 68 relief

    1. n облегчение, утешение
    2. n снижение; смягчение
    3. n разнообразие, перемена; контраст

    wide stretches of moorland without relief — бесконечная, однообразная равнина, поросшая вереском

    4. n помощь
    5. n пособие

    outdoor relief — пособия неимущим, живущим самостоятельно

    person on relief — лицо, получающее пособие

    6. n подкрепление, выручка; помощь

    relief party — отряд, пришедший на выручку; спасательная партия

    judicial relief — судебная помощь, средство судебной защиты

    7. n воен. снятие осады; действие по деблокировке
    8. n смена дежурных, караульных; освобождение от дежурства или обязанностей
    9. n смена, дежурный или дежурные, заступающие на пост
    10. n юр. освобождение
    11. n ист. платёж нового арендатора помещику при переходе к нему прав наследственной аренды

    demand for relief — требование судебной защиты; иск

    12. n геогр. рельеф, характер местности

    gelatin relief — желатиновый рельеф; пигментная копия

    13. n чёткость, отчётливость; контраст
    14. n выделение, подчёркивание
    15. n тех. задний угол заточки
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. assistance (noun) allayment; alleviation; assistance; assuagement; dole; easement; handout; mitigation; redress; remission; welfare
    2. balm (noun) balm; cure; remedy
    3. contour (noun) configuration; contour; embossment; frieze; intaglio; projection
    4. help (noun) aid; assist; hand; help; lift; maintenance; secours; succor; succour; support
    5. replacement (noun) replacement
    6. satisfaction (noun) cheer; comfort; contentment; ease; relaxation; release; satisfaction
    Антонимический ряд:
    aggravation; burden; disapproval; discomfort; discouragement; exhaustion; hindrance; impediment; incubus; intensity; interference; obstruction; oppression; restriction

    English-Russian base dictionary > relief

  • 69 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 70 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 71 direct

    A adj
    1 ( without intermediary) [appeal, aid, control, link, participation, talks] direct ; in direct contact with ( touching) en contact direct avec ; ( communicating) directement en contact avec ; to keep sth away from direct heat/sunlight ne pas exposer qch directement à la chaleur/la lumière ;
    2 ( without detour) [access, route, flight, train] direct ; to be a direct descendant of descendre en droite ligne de ;
    3 ( clear) [cause, comparison, impact, influence, reference, result, threat] direct ; [contrast, evidence] flagrant ; to be the direct opposite of être tout le contraire de ; to be of no direct value ne pas avoir de valeur évidente ; to be in no direct danger ne pas être directement en danger ;
    4 ( straightforward) [approach, answer, method, question, response] direct ; [person] franc/franche ; to be direct with sb être franc/franche avec qn.
    B adv
    1 ( without intermediary) [deal, negotiate, speak, write, dial] directement ; available direct from the manufacturer disponible directement chez le fabricant ; to pay sth direct into sb's account créditer qch à qn par virement automatique ;
    2 ( without detour) [come, go] directement (from de) ; to fly direct prendre un vol direct.
    C vtr
    1 fig (address, aim) adresser [appeal, criticism, protest, remark] (at à ; against contre) ; cibler [campaign] (at sur) ; orienter [effort, resource] (to, towards vers) ; to direct one's attention to concentrer son attention sur ; to direct sb's attention to attirer l'attention de qn sur ;
    2 ( control) diriger [company, operation, project] ; régler [traffic] ;
    3 lit (point, aim) diriger [attack, light, car, look, steps] (at vers) ; pointer [gun] (at sur) ;
    4 Cin, Radio, TV réaliser [film, play, drama] ; Theat mettre [qch] en scène [play] ; diriger [actor, cameraman, musician, opera] ; directed by Hitchcock réalisé par Hitchcock ;
    5 ( instruct) to direct sb to do gen ordonner à qn de faire ; Jur imposer à qn de faire ; to direct that sth (should) be done ordonner que qch soit fait ; he directed that the money be repaid il a ordonné le remboursement de l'argent ; he did it as directed il l'a fait comme on le lui avait indiqué ; ‘to be taken as directed’ Pharm ‘à consommer selon la prescription médicale’ ;
    6 ( show route) to direct sb to sth indiquer le chemin de qch à qn ; can you direct me to the station? pouvez-vous m'indiquer le chemin de la gare?.
    D vi Cin, Radio, TV faire de la réalisation ; Theat faire de la mise en scène ; Lee directed Lee a fait la réalisation.

    Big English-French dictionary > direct

  • 72 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

См. также в других словарях:

  • Aid effectiveness — is the effectiveness of development aid in achieving economic or human development (or development targets). Aid agencies are always looking for new ways to improve aid effectiveness, including conditionality, capacity building and support for… …   Wikipedia

  • Aid — For other uses, see Aid (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Ade, Aide, AIDS, or Ayd. Aiding redirects here. It is not to be confused with Ayding. Aid received, per capita, in 2007, in $ of Official Development Assistance per person. Note… …   Wikipedia

  • Live Aid — infobox music festival music festival name = Live Aid location = London, Philadelphia participation = Madonna, Sting, Phil Collins, Eric Clapton, Bob Geldof, Duran Duran, Neil Young founders = Bob Geldof and Midge Ure years active = 1985 dates =… …   Wikipedia

  • National Legal Aid & Defender Association — The National Legal Aid Defender Association (NLADA) is the oldest and largest national, nonprofit membership organization devoted to advocating equal justice for all Americans.[1] Established in 1911, the NLADA champions effective legal… …   Wikipedia

  • International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War by evacuations and aid — See also International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War Evacuation of foreign nationals Despite Lebanon s history of conflict, the suddenness of the latest conflict took many governments by surprise [http://en.geos.tm.fr/newsletter/alertes… …   Wikipedia

  • Faith-based foreign aid — refers to the international development and relief related spending and activities of religious or religiously motivated organizations, and the government financial and political support of those organizations. For centuries, Western religious… …   Wikipedia

  • International aid to Palestinians — International aid has played a major role in the Israeli Palestinian conflict as it has been used as a means to keep the peace process going. [Keating (2005), 2] Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip receive one of the highest levels of… …   Wikipedia

  • Hearing aid — Behind the ear aid In the ear aid …   Wikipedia

  • Development aid — Development aid, German stamp (1981). Development aid or development cooperation (also development assistance, technical assistance, international aid, overseas aid, Official Development Assistance (ODA) or foreign aid) is aid given by… …   Wikipedia

  • Student financial aid in the United States — is funding intended to help students pay education expenses including tuition and fees, room and board, books and supplies, etc. for education at a college, university, or private school. General governmental funding for public education is not… …   Wikipedia

  • Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks — The area surrounding the World Trade Center became the site of the greatest number of casualties and missing, due to a single incident, in the history of the United States. This region became known in the ensuing days as ground zero .Building… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»