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1 Levitt
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2 Levitt
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3 Levitt, Theodore
(b. 1925) Gen MgtGerman-born academic. Harvard professor, who wrote the landmark article “Marketing Myopia,” Harvard Business Review (July/ August 1960). In this article, which has sold over 500,000 reprints and genuinely changed basic perceptions of business practice, Levitt argued that the central preoccupation of corporations should be with satisfying their customers, rather than simply producing goods. According to Levitt, production-led thinking inevitably led to narrow perspectives, the ultimate result of which would be that customers would be overlooked. -
4 Levitt, Theodore
перс.упр., марк. Левит, Теодор (американский специалист по управлению и маркетингу, профессор Гарвардской школы бизнеса; в начале 1970-х гг. был одним из нескольких ученых, которые сформулировали необходимость перехода от сбытовой ориентации управления к маркетинговой)See: -
5 corporate social responsibility
сокр. CSR, CSR-1 упр., фил. корпоративная социальная ответственность (нормативная концепция деловой этики, согласно которой действия корпорации должны соответствовать целям и ценностям общества; термин предложен в 1953 г. Г. Боуеном в книге "Social Responsilities of the Businessman"; концепция быстро стала популярной и множество авторов попытались дать ей свое обоснование и определение; наиболее полно была представлена А. Кероллом в конце 1970-х гг. как сумма экономической (удовлетворять потребителей и зарабатывать прибыль), правовой (законопослушность), этической (соответствие моральным нормам общества) и филантропической (добровольные социальные программы) ответственностей корпорации; концепция подверглась жесткой критике со стороны Т. Левитта и М. Фридмана, которые утверждали, что единственной задачей бизнеса должна быть максимизация прибыли)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > corporate social responsibility
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6 market orientation
марк. ориентация на рынок [на потребителя\]* (подход к управлению компанией, при котором требования потребителей являются ключевым фактором в процессе принятия решений о работе фирмы, то есть необходимо сначала понять, чего хочет потребитель, а потом приступать к разработке и производству товара, а не пытаться активно продавать существующий товар; концепция пришла в 1970-х гг. на смену сбытовой ориентации)See:customer orientation, competitor orientation, production orientation, product orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation, sales orientation, Levitt, Theodore, Levitt, Theodore* * *позиция компании, считающей что производить стоит лишь то, что найдет сбыт-----позиция компа-. нии, считающей, что производить стоит лишь то, что найдет сбыт -
7 sales orientation
марк. сбытовая ориентация, ориентация на сбыт (подход к управлению компанией, согласно которому ключевым фактором успеха являются активные методы продажи; подход был распространен в 1950-60-е гг., когда на большинстве рынков уже существовал избыток производителей и возможность выживания зависела от умения продавать свой продукт)Syn:See: -
8 Levittown
г. Левиттаун (штат Нью-Йорк, США польз.; Сообщение об ошибке: Wiki: Levittown is the name of some large suburban developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons, коттеджная затройка, "хрущевка". польз.)* * *Левиттаун (США, шт. Нью-Йорк) -
9 Levite
subst. \/ˈliːvaɪt\/( bibelsk) levitt -
10 Levittown
1.Населенный пункт на о. Лонг-Айленд [ Long Island] в штате Нью-Йорк. 53 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1946, когда фирма "Левитт энд сонс" [Levitt and Sons, Inc.] начала массовое строительство типового жилья для ветеранов войны. Поселок стал стремительно расти (450 человек в 1946, 60 тыс. человек в конце 50-х гг.) и некоторое время служил образцом городского планирования, но позднее от идеи однотипной застройки стали отказываться из-за растущей стоимости земли и недвижимости2."левиттаун"Жилой микрорайон, состоящий из практически одинаковых одноквартирных домиков, которые собирались на месте из готовых деталей первоначально на Лонг-Айленде, шт. Нью-Йорк, а затем и на всей территории США. Это сравнительно недорогое жилье помогло тысячам семей в 40-50-х гг. XX в. решить свои жилищные проблемы -
11 soft dollaring
See:Another reason managers are interested in controlling client commissions deserves special attention. "Soft dollaring" has got to be one of the most misunderstood and controversial practices in the money management business. The very term "soft dollars" suggests something shady and conjures up images of money exchanging hands in dark alleyways. Among laymen, soft dollars may be confused with "soft money" political contributions. There is a thin connection between "soft dollars" and "soft money." Since brokerage firms are not subject to the same rules pertaining to political contributions as municipal underwriting firms, large "soft money" contributions from owners of brokerage firms do find their way into politicians' coffers more easily than contributions from underwriters. However, it is important to not confuse the two terms.So what is "soft dollaring?" Soft dollaring is the practice whereby money managers use client brokerage commissions to purchase investment research. When a manager pays for products or services with his own money, directly from the research provider, this is referred to as "hard dollars." Payment with client commissions, financed through a brokerage firm, is referred to as "soft dollars." Through soft dollar arrangements money managers are permitted to shift an expense related to the management of assets they would otherwise have to bear, onto their clients. The amount of this research expense the money management industry transfers onto its clients is in the billions annually. As a result, any analysis of the economics of the money management industry should include the effects of soft dollaring; however, we are unaware of any that has. In the institutional marketplace, strange as it may seem, it is possible for a money manager to profit more from soft dollars than from the negotiated asset management fee he receives.The general rule under the federal and state securities laws is that a fiduciary, the money manager, cannot use client assets for his own benefit or the benefit of other clients. To simplify matters greatly, soft dollaring is a legally prescribed exception to this rule. Congress, the SEC and other regulators have agreed that as long as the research purchased assists the manager in making investment decisions, the clients benefit and its legally acceptable. A tremendous amount of strained analysis has gone into the precise policies and procedures that managers must follow in purchasing research with client commission dollars. Over the years a distinction has been made between "proprietary" research or in-house research distributed to brokerage customers without a price tag attached and "independent third-party" research or research written by a third party and sold to managers at a stated price. Third party research has been most frequently criticized because its cost is separately stated and the benefit to managers most obvious. In this latter case, a breach of fiduciary duty seems most glaring. However, it is well known that proprietary research, offered for "free, " is produced to stimulate sales of dealer inventory. So presumably this research lacks credibility and is less beneficial to clients. There have been distinctions drawn between products and services, such as computers, which are "mixed-use, " i.e., which may serve dual purposes, providing both research and administrative uses. An adviser must make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product according to its uses, the SEC has said. Some portion must be paid for with "hard" dollars and the other with "soft." There are several articles in our Library of Articles that describe soft dollar practices, rule changes and our proposal to Chairman Levitt to reform the soft dollar business.The issue that soft dollaring raises is: when is it acceptable for a manager to benefit from his client's commissions? For purposes of this article we would like to introduce a new and more useful perspective for pensions in their analysis of soft dollars or any other brokerage issue. That is, all brokerage commissions controlled by managers, benefit managers in some way. Brokerage decision-making by managers rarely, if ever, is simply based upon what firm can execute the trade at the best price. Brokerage is a commodity. Almost all brokerage firms offer reasonably competent, "best execution" services. If they didn't, they'd get sued and soon be out of business. Most savvy brokerage marketers don't even try to differentiate their firms with long-winded explanations about best-execution capabilities. Best execution is a given and impossible to prove. If you want to understand how your money manager allocates brokerage, study his business as a whole, including his marketing and affiliates-not just the investment process.The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > soft dollaring
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12 marketing myopia
Mktgthe name given to the theory that challenged the assumption that organizations should be productionoriented by suggesting that to be successful, the wants of customers must be their central consideration. First promoted by Theodore Levitt in “Marketing myopia,” published in the Harvard Business Review during 1960, the theory has gained such widespread acceptance that it now appears commonplace.
См. также в других словарях:
Levitt — can refer to: *Arthur Levitt (b. 1931), former chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission *Alfred Lewis Levitt (1916 2002), American screenwriter blacklisted in the 1950s. *Dorothy Levitt 1900s Female Racing Driver *Gene Levitt (1920 … Wikipedia
LEVITT — LEVITT, U.S. family of builders and philanthropists. ABRAHAM LEVITT (1880–1962), born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Polish immigrants, was a real estate lawyer for 27 years. In 1929 he founded the building firm Levitt and Sons, Inc., which… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Levitt — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Al Levitt (1932–1994), US amerikanischer Jazzschlagzeuger Helen Levitt (1913–2009), US amerikanische Fotografin und Filmemacherin Jonathan Levitt (* 1963), englischer Schachspieler Joseph Gordon Levitt (*… … Deutsch Wikipedia
levitt — variant of levet2 Obs … Useful english dictionary
Levitt — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie des personnes (réelles ou fictives) partageant un même patronyme. Levitt est : soit une variation du nom Leavitt, lui même déformation soit du nom français anglo normand leuet (louveteau) soit du nom… … Wikipédia en Français
Levitt — Recorded in several forms as shown below, this is an Anglo French surname of great antiquity. It has a number of possible origins. Firstly, it can be from a medieval nickname for someone thought to share some characteristic with the wolf,… … Surnames reference
LEVITT, ARTHUR, SR. — LEVITT, ARTHUR, SR. (1900–1980), comptroller of New York State. Levitt was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Israel Levitt and Rose Daniels and married Dorothy M. Wolff in 1929. The couple had one child, ARTHUR LEVITT, JR., who was the chairman of… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Levitt Hagg — (sometimes spelled Levit Hagg) is a now largely abandoned hamlet in South Yorkshire, located approximately two miles southwest of Doncaster and near Conisbrough Castle. Limestone began to be quarried at Levitt Hagg in ancient times. [… … Wikipedia
LEVITT, HELEN — (1907– ), U.S. photographer. Born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Levitt made a mark with some of the most indelible photographs of New York City street scenes in the 1930s and 1940s, a volatile time in America. Levitt, who continued working into her nineties … Encyclopedia of Judaism
LEVITT, ESTHER — (1902–1986), agriculturalist. Born in Metullah, the granddaughter of one of the founders of the village, Levitt devoted herself to agricultural work on her farm. She joined the gedud ha avodah (Labor Legion) in construction, road paving, and… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Levitt, Helen — born Aug. 31, 1913, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. photographer. She began her career in photography at age 18. Her first show, Photographs of Children, was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1943. It featured the subject matter children … Universalium
