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1 Lavoisier
LavoisierБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Lavoisier
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2 Lavoisier
m.Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. -
3 Lavoisier
n. 라부아지에 Antoine Laurent \Lavoisier(174394)(프랑스의 화학자, 근대 화학의 아버지) -
4 Lavoisier
Лавуазье -
5 Lavoisier
[\Lavoisiert] Лавуазье -
6 Lavoisier určil součásti vzduchu.
Lavoisier určil součásti vzduchu.Lavoisier détermina les constituants de l'air.Tschechisch-Französisch Wörterbuch > Lavoisier určil součásti vzduchu.
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7 Lavoisier détermina les constituants de l'air.
Lavoisier détermina les constituants de l'air.Lavoisier určil součásti vzduchu.Dictionnaire français-tchèque > Lavoisier détermina les constituants de l'air.
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8 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 26 August 1743 Paris, Franced. 8 May 1794 Paris, France[br]French founder of the modern science of chemistry.[br]As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.[br]Bibliography1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).Further ReadingD.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).LRDBiographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
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9 Antoine Lavoisier
m.Antoine Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. -
10 Antoine Lavoisier
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11 Лавуазье
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12 Davy, Sir Humphry
[br]b. 17 December 1778 Penzance, Cornwall, Englandd. 29 May 1829 Geneva, Switzerland[br]English chemist, discoverer of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and the halogens, inventor of the miner's safety lamp.[br]Educated at the Latin School at Penzance and from 1792 at Truro Grammar School, Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon in Penzance. In 1797 he began to teach himself chemistry by reading, among other works, Lavoisier's elementary treatise on chemistry. In 1798 Dr Thomas Beddoes of Bristol engaged him as assistant in setting up his Pneumatic Institution to pioneer the medical application of the newly discovered gases, especially oxygen.In 1799 he discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, discovered not long before by the chemist Joseph Priestley. He also noted its intoxicating qualities, on account of which it was dubbed "laughing-gas". Two years later Count Rumford, founder of the Royal Institution in 1800, appointed Davy Assistant Lecturer, and the following year Professor. His lecturing ability soon began to attract large audiences, making science both popular and fashionable.Davy was stimulated by Volta's invention of the voltaic pile, or electric battery, to construct one for himself in 1800. That enabled him to embark on the researches into electrochemistry by which is chiefly known. In 1807 he tried decomposing caustic soda and caustic potash, hitherto regarded as elements, by electrolysis and obtained the metals sodium and potassium. He went on to discover the metals barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium by the same means. Next, he turned his attention to chlorine, which was then regarded as an oxide in accordance with Lavoisier's theory that oxygen was the essential component of acids; Davy failed to decompose it, however, even with the aid of electricity and concluded that it was an element, thus disproving Lavoisier's view of the nature of acids. In 1812 Davy published his Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he presented his chemical ideas without, however, committing himself to the atomic theory, recently advanced by John Dalton.In 1813 Davy engaged Faraday as Assistant, perhaps his greatest service to science. In April 1815 Davy was asked to assist in the development of a miner's lamp which could be safely used in a firedamp (methane) laden atmosphere. The "Davy lamp", which emerged in January 1816, had its flame completely surrounded by a fine wire mesh; George Stephenson's lamp, based on a similar principle, had been introduced into the Northumberland pits several months earlier, and a bitter controversy as to priority of invention ensued, but it was Davy who was awarded the prize for inventing a successful safety lamp.In 1824 Davy was the first to suggest the possibility of conferring cathodic protection to the copper bottoms of naval vessels by the use of sacrificial electrodes. Zinc and iron were found to be equally effective in inhibiting corrosion, although the scheme was later abandoned when it was found that ships protected in this way were rapidly fouled by weeds and barnacles.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1812. FRS 1803; President, Royal Society 1820. Royal Society Copley Medal 1805.Bibliography1812, Elements of Chemical Philosophy.1839–40, The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, 9 vols, ed. John Davy, London.Further ReadingJ.Davy, 1836, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). J.A.Paris, 1831, The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). H.Hartley, 1967, Humphry Davy, London (a more recent biography).J.Z.Fullmer, 1969, Cambridge, Mass, (a bibliography of Davy's works).ASD -
13 aurkitu
iz. discovery du/ad.1. ( idoro, ediren) to find, locate; akats asko \aurkitu ditugu liburu hartan we have found many mistakes in that book2. (irud.) uste zuen baino behartsuak \aurkitu zituen he found them poorer than he had imagined3. ( lortu, bilatzen dena ikusi) to find, detect; azkenean \aurkitu zuten galdu zutena finally they found what they had lost; nola \aurkituko dugu zoriona? how shall we find happiness?; fedean zoriona aurkitzen da happiness is found in faith ; bilatu du baina ez du \aurkitu he' s searched for it but hasn' t found it ; ez diogu egoerari konponbiderik aurkitzen we can' t find any solution to the situation4. ( ezkutatuta zegoena edo ezagutzen ez zenarekin topo egin) to discover; Col—nek Amerika \aurkitu zuen 1.492an Columbus discovered America in 1492 ; Lavoisier-ek oxigenoa \aurkitu zuen Lavoisier discovered oxigen ; Vasco da Gama-k \aurkitu zuen Indiarako bide berri bat Vasco da Gama discovered a new route to India da/ad. to find o.s.; azkenean, erbestean dirurik gabe \aurkitu nintzen in the end I found myself abroad without any money ; arriskuren batean aurkitzen garenean when we find ourselves in some kind of danger -
14 восходить к
♦The methods go (or date) back to Lavoisier's introduction of the analytical balance and gas burette.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > восходить к
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15 восходить к
♦The methods go (or date) back to Lavoisier's introduction of the analytical balance and gas burette.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > восходить к
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16 Лавуазье, Антуан Лоран
Antoine Lavoisier -
17 Лавуазье, Антуан Лоран
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier -
18 обезглавить
behead (smb.), cut off the head of (smb.), to sever the head (from the neck), to take off the head of (smb.), to decollate, ист. to guillotine (smb.), мед. to decapitateAt a trial in London he was found guilty and was beheaded. When the great chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was guillotined, Lagrange commented: "It required only a moment to sever that head, and perhaps a century will not be sufficient to produce another like it."
Русско-английский словарь механических и общенаучных терминов > обезглавить
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19 обезглавливать
behead (smb.), cut off the head of (smb.), to sever the head (from the neck), to take off the head of (smb.), to decollate, ист. to guillotine (smb.), мед. to decapitateAt a trial in London he was found guilty and was beheaded. When the great chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was guillotined, Lagrange commented: "It required only a moment to sever that head, and perhaps a century will not be sufficient to produce another like it."
Русско-английский словарь механических и общенаучных терминов > обезглавливать
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20 отрубать голову
behead (smb.), cut off the head of (smb.), to sever the head (from the neck), to take off the head of (smb.), to decollate, ист. to guillotine (smb.), мед. to decapitateAt a trial in London he was found guilty and was beheaded. When the great chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was guillotined, Lagrange commented: "It required only a moment to sever that head, and perhaps a century will not be sufficient to produce another like it."
Русско-английский словарь механических и общенаучных терминов > отрубать голову
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См. также в других словарях:
LAVOISIER (A. L.) — Le chimiste Lavoisier n’a en rien enrichi l’inventaire des choses naturelles, ni découvert quelque phénomène qui eût été inconnu avant lui. Mais on lui doit, en revanche, d’avoir conçu et mis à l’épreuve une méthode de penser la représentation de … Encyclopédie Universelle
Lavoisier — [lavwa zje], Antoine Laurent de, französischer Chemiker, * Paris 26. 8. 1743, ✝ (hingerichtet) ebenda 8. 5. 1794; studierte Jura und Naturwissenschaften und wurde 1768 Mitglied der Académie des sciences. Durch seine quantitativen Methoden… … Universal-Lexikon
Lavoisier — ist der Familienname des französischen Chemiker Ehepaars Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) Marie Lavoisier (1758–1836) Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur Unterscheidung mehrerer mit demselb … Deutsch Wikipedia
Lavoisier — Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier, ley de … Enciclopedia Universal
Lavoisier — (spr. Lawoasiëh), Antoine Laurent, geb. 16. Aug. 1743 in Paris, seit 1771 Generalpächter, widmete er doch anhaltend einen großen Theil seiner Zeit chemischen Untersuchungen in seinem Laboratorium u. wurde der Begründer des Antiphlogistischen… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Lavoisier — (spr. wūasjē), Antoine Laurent. Chemiker, geb. 16. Aug. 1743 in Paris, gest. daselbst 8. Mai 1794, studierte Naturwissenschaft und erwarb sich eine ungewöhnlich vielseitige und besonders auch mathematische Bildung. 1771 wurde er einer der… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Lavoisier — (spr. wŏasĭeh), Antoine Laurent, franz. Chemiker, geb. 16. Aug. 1743 in Paris, 1771 Generalpächter der Steuern, 1776 Verwalter der Salpeter und Pulverfabriken, 1791 Kommissar des Nationalschatzes, während der Schreckenszeit als früherer… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Lavoisier — (Lawoasieh), Ant. Laurent, berühmter Chemiker und Gründer der antiphlogistischen Theorie, geb. 1743 zu Paris, ward 1768 Mitglied der Akademie u. Generalpächter. Er fand, daß beim Verbrennen nicht, wie man bisher nach der Stahlʼschen Theorie… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Lavoisier — Antoine Laurent … Scientists
Lavoisier — (Antoine Laurent de) (1743 1794) chimiste français; créateur de la chimie moderne. Il découvrit la nature et le rôle de l oxygène, établit la composition de l eau, expliqua la respiration. Fermier général (dep. 1779), il se constitua prisonnier… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Lavoisier — Porté dans le Pas de Calais et en Picardie, le nom est généralement considéré comme un sobriquet pour une personne avisée, habile, rusée (sens de l ancien français voisié , croisé avec avisé selon M. T. Morlet). On rencontre en Normandie la forme … Noms de famille
