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1 Flintshire
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2 Флинтшир
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3 Smalley, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. c. 1729 Englandd. 28 January 1782 Holywell, Wales.[br]English helped Arkwright to build and finance the waterframe.[br]John Smalley of Preston was the second son of John, a chapman of Blackburn. He was a distant relative of Richard Arkwright through marrying, in 1751, Elizabeth Baxter, whose mother Ellen was the widow of Arkwright's uncle, Richard. In the Preston Guild Rolls of 1762 he was described as a grocer and painter, and he was also Landlord of the Bull Inn. The following year he became a bailiff of Preston and in 1765 he became a Corporation steward. On 14 May 1768 Arkwright, Smalley and David Thornley became partners in a cotton-spinning venture in Nottingham. They agreed to apply for a patent for Arkwright's invention of spinning by rollers, and Smalley signed as a witness. It is said that Smalley provided much of the capital for this new venture as he sold his business at Preston for about £1,600, but this was soon found to be insufficient and the partnership had to be enlarged to include Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt.Smalley may have helped to establish the spinning mill at Nottingham, but by 28 February 1771 he was back in Preston, for on that day he was chosen a "Councilman in the room of Mr. Thomas Jackson deceased" (Fitton 1989:38). He attended meetings for over a year, but either in 1772 or the following year he sold the Bull Inn, and certainly by August 1774 the Smalleys were living in Cromford, where he became Manager of the mill. He soon found himself at logger-heads with Arkwright; however, Strutt was able to smooth the dispute over for a while. Things came to a head in January 1777 when Arkwright was determined to get rid of Smalley, and the three remaining partners agreed to buy out Smalley's share for the sum of £10,751.Although he had agreed not to set up any textile machinery, Smalley moved to Holywell in North Wales, where in the spring of 1777 he built a cotton-spinning mill in the Greenfield valley. He prospered there and his son was later to build two more mills in the same valley. Smalley used to go to Wrexham to sell his yarn, and there met John Peers, a leather merchant, who was able to provide a better quality leather for covering the drawing rollers which came to be used in Lancashire. Smalley died in 1782, shortly before Arkwright could sue him for infringement of his patents.[br]Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (draws together the fullest details of John Smalley).R.L.Hills, 1969, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (includes details of the agreement with Arkwright).A.H.Dodd, 1971, The Industrial Revolution in North Wales, Cardiff; E.J.Foulkes, 1964, "The cotton spinning factories of Flintshire, 1777–1866", Flintshire Historical SocietyJournal 21 (provide more information about his cotton mill at Holywell).RLH -
4 Williams, Thomas
[br]b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Walesd. 29 November 1802 Bath, England[br]Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.[br]Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.[br]Further ReadingJ.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.ASD -
5 Флинтшир
Geography: Flintshire (графство Уэльса) -
6 графство Флинтшир
Cartography: Flintshire
См. также в других словарях:
Flintshire — ( cy. Sir y Fflint) is a principal area and county in north east Wales. It borders Cheshire, Denbighshire and Wrexham. It is named for the historic county of Flintshire, which had notably different borders.The principal area is governed by the… … Wikipedia
Flintshire — Principal Area Verwaltungssitz Mold Fläche 438 km² Einwohner 149.900[1] (2009) Wa … Deutsch Wikipedia
Flintshire — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Ubicación de Flintshire en Gales. Flintshire (en galés: Sir Fynwy) es una autoridad unitaria situada en el extremo septentrional de Gales. Es asimismo un condado que ocupa la región del condado histórico homónimno.… … Wikipedia Español
Flintshire — (spr. flintschĭr), Grafschaft in Nordwales, am Ästuar des Dee und von Denbighshire und Cheshire umgeben, mit einem abgetrennten Streifen Landes im SW., dem sog. Maelor Saesneg (»Sachsenland«), hat ein Areal von 667 qkm (12,1 QM.) und (1901)… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Flintshire — [ flɪntʃə], ehemalige County in Nordwales, seit 1974 Teil der County Clwyd … Universal-Lexikon
Flintshire — [flint′shir] former county of NE Wales, now part of Clwyd county … English World dictionary
Flintshire — /flint shear, sheuhr/, n. a historic county in Clwyd, in NE Wales. Also called Flint. * * * ▪ county, Wales, United Kingdom also called Flint , Welsh Sir Fflint county in the northeastern corner of Wales, bounded on the east by the River … Universalium
Flintshire — 53° 13′ 03″ N 3° 08′ 35″ W / 53.2175, 3.14317 … Wikipédia en Français
Flintshire — Sp Flintšyras Ap Flintshire angliškai Ap Sir Y Fflint vališkai L Velso grafystė, Jungtinė Karalystė … Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
flintshire — ˈflintˌshi(ə)r, ˌshiə, shə(r) adjective or flint Usage: usually capitalized Etymology: from Flintshire or Flint county, Wales : of or from the county of Flint, Wales : of the kind or style prevalent in the county of Flint * * * … Useful english dictionary
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