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1 Brattain
(Surnames) Brattain /ˈbræteɪn, -tn/ -
2 Brattain, Walter Houser
(1902-1987) Брэттин, Уолтер ХаузерФизик. Получил степень магистра в Орегонском университете [ Oregon, University of], докторскую степень в Миннесотском университете [ Minnesota, University of]. Большую часть жизни работал в исследовательском центре компании "Белл телефон" [Bell Telephone Laboratories]. При участии У. Стокли и Дж. Бардина [ Bardeen, John] разработал транзистор, появление которого совершило революцию в электронике. За эту работу в 1956 (совместно с коллегами) был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физикеEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Brattain, Walter Houser
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3 Brattain, Walter Houser
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 10 February 1902 Amoy, China (now Hsiamen)d. 13 October 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA[br]American physicist and co-inventor of the transistor.[br]Born of American parents in China, he was brought up on a cattle-ranch and graduated from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, in 1924. He then went to the University of Minnesota, where he obtained a PhD in 1929. The same year he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories as a research physicist and there, during the First World War, he worked on the magnetic detection of submarines. For his work on the invention and development of the transistor, he was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with John Bardeen and William Shockley. He retired in 1967. His interests have been concentrated on the properties of semiconductors such as germanium and silicon.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Bardeen and Shockley) 1956.Further ReadingIsaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brattain, Walter Houser
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4 Bardeen, John
[br]b. 23 May 1908 Madison, Wisconsin, USAd. 30 January 1991 Boston, Massachusetts, USA[br]American physicist, the first to win the Nobel Prize for Physics twice.[br]Born the son of a professor of anatomy, he studied electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He then worked for three years as a geophysicist at the Gulf Research Laboratories before taking a PhD in mathematical physics at Princeton, where he was a graduate student. For some time he held appointments at the University of Minnesota and at Harvard, and during the Second World War he joined the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory. In 1945 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories to head a new department to work on solid-state devices. While there, he and W.H. Brattain in 1948 published a paper that introduced the transistor. For this he, Brattain and Shockley won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956. In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois as Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. There he worked on superconductivity, a phenomenon described in 1911 by Kamerling-Onnes. Bardeen worked with L.N. Cooper and J.A.Schrieffer, and in 1972 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the "BCS Theory", which suggested that, under certain circumstances at very low temperatures, electrons can form bound pairs.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Brattain and Shockley) 1956, (jointly with Cooper and Schrieffer) 1972.Further ReadingIsaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.IMcN -
5 investigador experimental
(n.) = experimentalistEx. Brattain was a skilled experimentalist, and had a reputation for being able to build anything in the laboratory.* * *(n.) = experimentalistEx: Brattain was a skilled experimentalist, and had a reputation for being able to build anything in the laboratory.
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6 Shockley, William Bradford
[br]b. 13 February 1910 London, Englandd. 12 August 1989, Palo Alto, California, USA.[br]American physicist who developed the junction transistor from the point contact transistor and was joint winner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics.[br]The son of a mining engineer, Shockley graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and in 1936 obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories.Since the early days of radio, crystals of silicon or similar materials had been used to rectify alternating current supply until these were displaced by thermionic valves or tubes. Shockley, with Bardeen and Brattain, found that crystals of germanium containing traces of certain impurities formed far better rectifiers than crystals of the material in its pure form. The resulting device, the transistor, could also be used to amplify the current; its name is derived from its ability to transfer current across a resistor. The transistor, being so much smaller than the thermionic valve which it replaced, led to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. Another advantage was that a transistorized device needed no period of warming up, such as was necessary with a thermionic valve before it would operate. The dispersal of the heat generated by a multiplicity of thermionic valves such as were present in early computers was another problem obviated by the advent of the transistor.Shockley was responsible for much development in the field of semiconductors. He was Deputy Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the US Department of Defense (1954–5), and in 1963 he was appointed the first Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science at Stanford University, California. During the late 1960s Shockley became a controversial figure for expressing his unorthodox views on genetics, such as that black people were inherently less intelligent than white people, and that the population explosion spread "bad" genes at the expense of "good" genes; he supported the idea of a sperm bank from Nobel Prize winners, voluntary sterilization and the restriction of interracial marriages.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1956.Further ReadingI.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: Doubleday \& Co.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Shockley, William Bradford
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7 Shockley, William Bradford
(1910-1989) Шокли, Уильям БрэдфордФизик английского происхождения, один из изобретателей транзистора. С 1937 работал в лаборатории фирмы "Белл телефон" [ Bell Telephone Co.]. С 1963 профессор Стэнфордского университета [ Stanford University]. В 1960-70-е подвергался критике за свои расистские взгляды. Лауреат Нобелевской премии 1956 (вместе с Дж. Бардином [ Bardeen, John] и У. Браттейном [ Brattain, Walter Houser]); премия присуждена за исследования в области полупроводников и открытие транзисторного эффектаEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Shockley, William Bradford
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8 transistor
электронный прибор, содержащий полупроводниковые переходы (semiconductor junction), позволяющие управлять протекающим через них электрическим током. На транзисторах строится логика интегральной микросхемы. Изобретён 23 декабря 1947 г. Джоном Бардином (John Bardeen), Уолтером Брэттеном (Walter Brattain) и Уильям Шокли (William Shockley) из Bell Laboratories. Своё имя (TRANSfer resiSTOR) он получил в 1948 г. от Уильяма Шокли в сентябрьском 1948 г. выпуске журнала Electronics. Транзисторы делятся на два больших класса - биполярные транзисторы (bipolar transistor) и полевые транзисторы (FET)Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > transistor
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9 Electronics and information technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Byron, Ada AugustaNapier, JohnRiche, Gaspard-Clair-François-MarieSchickhard, WilhelmBiographical history of technology > Electronics and information technology
См. также в других словарях:
Brattain — Walter Houser … Scientists
Brattain — Brattain, Walter H … Enciclopedia Universal
Brattain — [brætn], Walter Houser, amerikanischer Physiker, * Amoy (China) 10. 2. 1902, ✝ Seattle (Washington) 13. 10. 1987; war 1929 67 Mitarbeiter der Bell Telephone Laboratories; arbeitete v. a. über die Eigenschaften von Festkörperoberflächen (u. a.… … Universal-Lexikon
Brattain — Walter Houser Brattain (* 10. Februar 1902 in Amoy, Kaiserreich China; † 13. Oktober 1987 in Seattle, Washington) war ein US amerikanischer Physiker und Nobelpreisträger. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werk … Deutsch Wikipedia
Brattain , Walter Houser — (1902–1987) American physicist Brattain, who was born in Amoy, China, was brought up on a cattle ranch. He was educated at Whitman College, at the University of Oregon, and at Minnesota, where he obtained his PhD in 1929. He immediately joined… … Scientists
Brattain, Walter H. — ▪ American physicist in full Walter Houser Brattain born Feb. 10, 1902, Amoy, China died Oct. 13, 1987, Seattle, Wash., U.S. American scientist who, along with John Bardeen (Bardeen, John) and William B. Shockley (Shockley, William B.), won… … Universalium
Brattain, Walter H(ouser) — (10 feb. 1902, Amoy, China–13 oct. 1987, Seattle, Wash., EE.UU.). Científico estadounidense. A poco de nacer, sus padres estadounidenses lo llevaron a EE.UU. Después de obtener su Ph.D. en la Universidad de Minnesota, se convirtió en investigador … Enciclopedia Universal
Brattain — biographical name Walter Houser 1902 1987 American physicist … New Collegiate Dictionary
Brattain — /brat n/, n. Walter Houser /how zeuhr/, born 1902, U.S. physicist: Nobel prize 1956. * * * … Universalium
Brattain — /brat n/, n. Walter Houser /how zeuhr/, born 1902, U.S. physicist: Nobel prize 1956 … Useful english dictionary
Brattain, Walter H(ouser) — born Feb. 10, 1902, Amoy, China died Oct. 13, 1987, Seattle, Wash., U.S. U.S. scientist. His American parents brought him to the U.S. soon after his birth. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota, he became a researcher at Bell… … Universalium