-
1 Bevan, Edward John
[br]b. 11 December 1856 Birkenhead, Englandd. 17 October 1921 London, England[br]English co-inventor of the " viscose rayon " process for making artificial silk.[br]Bevan began his working life as a chemist in a soap works at Runcorn, but later studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. It was there that he met and formed a friendship with C.F. Cross, with whom he started to work on cellulose. Bevan moved to a paper mill in Scotland but then went south to London, where he and Cross set up a partnership in 1885 as consulting and analytical chemists. Their work was mainly concerned with the industrial utilization of cellulose, and with the problems of the paper and jute industries. Their joint publication, A Text-book of Paper-making, which first appeared in 1888 and went into several editions, became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The book has a long introductory chapter on cellulose.In 1892 Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered viscose, or sodium cellulose xanthate, and took out the patent which was to be the foundation of the "viscose rayon" industry. They had their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens, where they carried out much work that eventually resulted in viscose: cellulose, usually in the form of wood pulp, was treated first with caustic soda and then with carbon disulphide to form the xanthate, which was then dissolved in a solution of dilute caustic soda to produce a viscous liquid. After being aged, the viscose was extruded through fine holes in a spinneret and coagulated in a dilute acid to regenerate the cellulose as spinnable fibres. At first there was no suggestion of spinning it into fibre, but the hope was to use it for filaments in incandescent electric light bulbs. The sheen on the fibres suggested their possible use in textiles and the term "artificial silk" was later introduced. Cross and Bevan also discovered the acetate "Celanese", which was cellulose triacetate dissolved in acetone and spun in air, but both inventions needed much development before they could be produced commercially.In 1892 Bevan turned from cellulose to food and drugs and left the partnership to become Public Analyst to Middlesex County Council, a post he held until his death, although in 1895 he and Cross published their important work Cellulose. He was prominent in the affairs of the Society of Public Analysts and became one of its officials.[br]Bibliography1888, with C.F.Cross, A Text-book of Papermaking.1892, with C.F.Cross and C.Beadle, British patent no. 8,700 (viscose). 1895, with C.F.Cross, Cellulose.Further ReadingObituary, 1921, Journal of the Chemical Society.Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).RLH -
2 خلايا بيفان لويس
Bevan-Lewis cells -
3 клетка Беван-Левиса
Большой русско-английский медицинский словарь > клетка Беван-Левиса
-
4 разрез Бевена
Большой русско-английский медицинский словарь > разрез Бевена
-
5 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
-
6 гигантопирамидальный нейрон
Medicine: Betz cell, Bevan-Lewis cell, Betz cells, Bevan-Lewis cellsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > гигантопирамидальный нейрон
-
7 гигантская пирамидальная клетка
Medicine: Betz cell, Bevan-Lewis cell, Betz cells, Bevan-Lewis cellsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > гигантская пирамидальная клетка
-
8 клетка Беван-Левиса
Medicine: Bevan-Lewis cellУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > клетка Беван-Левиса
-
9 клетки Беван-Левиса
Medicine: Bevan-Lewis cells, Betz cellsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > клетки Беван-Левиса
-
10 клетки Беца
Medicine: Betz cells (коры большого мозга), Bevan-Lewis cells (коры большого мозга) -
11 кочетка Беца
Medicine: Betz cell (коры большого мозга), Bevan-Lewis cell (коры большого мозга) -
12 разрез Бевена
Medicine: Bevan's incision -
13 целлюлоза, определяемая по методу кросса и Бивена
Forestry: cross-and-Bevan celluloseУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > целлюлоза, определяемая по методу кросса и Бивена
-
14 целлюлоза по методу Кросса и Бивена
Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > целлюлоза по методу Кросса и Бивена
-
15 Schweitzer's Reagent
A solution of ammonia and copper oxide used for many tests. When cotton is placed in this solution the fibres swell and then dissolve. The reagent is of a deep blue colour. The action of this chemical on cotton is utilised in the manufacture of cuprammonium rayon. Cross and Bevan prepared it as follows: - 5 gramms copper sulphate are dissolved in 100 cc. of water. Hydrated copper oxide is precipitated from this solution by adding a slight excess of sodium hydroxide. The precipitate is washed entirely free from alkali, drained, and mixed with a 10 per cent solution of glycerol. The reagent is kept in stoppered bottles and when required for use is washed free from glycerol and dissolved in ammonia water of 20 per cent strength.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Schweitzer's Reagent
-
16 Viscose
Viscose was discovered by two English chemists, Charles F. Cross and E. J. Be van, working in collaboration at Kew, near London, who found that when cellulose was treated with disulphide of carbon in the presence of caustic soda, it was converted into a golden yellow plastic compound which dissolved readily in water. A solution of the plastic was of such viscosity that it was named " viscose," a name that was destined to become world famous, seeing that round about 88 per cent of the world production of rayon is now made by the viscose process. In 1892 Cross and Bevan were granted a patent on the viscose process and it was applied to many purposes before the production of a textile thread was successfully accomplished. Fundamentally, the manufacture of viscose rayon is fairly simple. The raw material may be wood pulp, pulp from cotton linters, or a mixture of the two. The greater part of the world's viscose is made from wood pulp. Viscose rayon manufacture comprises seven distinct treatments as follows: - 1. Making and purifying the cotton or wood pulp which forms the cellulose base. 2. Caustic soda treatment of the cellulose base thereby forming alkali cellulose. 3. Treatment of alkali cellulose with carbon disulphide, forming cellulose xanthate. 4. Dissolving the cellulose xanthate in weak caustic soda to form cellulose solution or viscose. 5. Spinning viscose into yarn. 6. Bleaching, purification and finishing of the yarn. 7. Preparing the yarn for weaving and knitting. -
17 Synthetic materials
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br] -
18 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing
См. также в других словарях:
Bevan — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Aneurin Bevan (1897–1960; bekannt als Nye Bevan), britischer Politiker der walisischen Labour Party Bev Bevan (* 1945), britischer Schlagzeuger Billy Bevan (eigentlich William Bevan Harris; 1887–1957),… … Deutsch Wikipedia
BEVAN (A.) — BEVAN ANEURIN (1897 1960) L’un des plus importants chefs travaillistes britanniques entre 1930 et 1960, Aneurin Bevan fut l’un des plus fermes avocats d’une véritable socialisation de la Grande Bretagne. Fils de mineur, il doit lui même… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Bevan — [ bevən, im Unterschied zu Bevin meist: be ven], Aneurin, britischer Politiker und Gewerkschafter, * Tredegar (County Mid Glamorgan) 15. 11. 1897, ✝ Chesham (County Buckinghamshire) 6. 7. 1960; Bergarbeiter, seit 1929 Mitglied des Unterhauses;… … Universal-Lexikon
Bevan — Bevan, Aneurin … Enciclopedia Universal
Bévan — Surtout porté dans le Morbihan (variantes : Bévant, Béven), semble correspondre à une forme initiale *Abevan (= le fils d Evan, voir Evain) … Noms de famille
Bevan — Infobox Given Name Revised name = Bevan imagesize= caption= pronunciation= gender = meaning = region = origin = related names = Beavan, Bevin footnotes = Bevan is a name of Welsh origin, derived from ab Evan meaning son of Evan .*First… … Wikipedia
Bevan — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Bevan peut désigner : En tant que patronyme Aneurin Bevan, homme politique gallois. Bev Bevan, batteur anglais. Billy Bevan, acteur et réalisateur… … Wikipédia en Français
Bevan — This interesting surname, of Welsh origin, with variant spellings Bevan, Bevin, Bevon, Beavan, Beaven and Beavon, is a patronymic from the given name Ifan, Evan, meaning John, itself coming from the Hebrew name Yochanan, Jehovah has favoured (me… … Surnames reference
Bevan — Bev|an, A|neu|rin also Nye Bevan (1897 1960) a British politician in the Labour Party, who started the ↑National Health Service when he was Minister of Health from 1945 to 1951. Members of the Labour Party with ↑left wing opinions used to be… … Dictionary of contemporary English
bevan — /ˈbɛvən/ (say bevuhn) noun Especially Qld Colloquial 1. a stupid male. 2. (mildly derogatory) a male, generally from an outer suburb of a city or town and from a lower socio economic background, viewed as uncultured. Compare barry2, bennie, bogan …
Bevan Docherty — (* 29. März 1977 in Taupo) ist ein Triathlet aus Neuseeland. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Werdegang 2 Sportliche Erfolge 3 Einzelnachweise 4 … Deutsch Wikipedia