Ἴσιδος

Ἴσις

fem gen sg

Ἴσις

fem gen sg

Ἶσις, ἡ, voc.

A

Ἶσιν UPZ 81 ii 19

(ii B.C.), gen.

Ἴσιδος BGU 993ii10

(ii B.C.), Plu.2.353f, etc.; [dialect] Ion. and later

Ἴσιος Hdt.2.41

, PPetr.3p.216 (iii B.C.), etc. (written

Ἔσιος Schwyzer 749

(v B.C.)), dat.

Ἴσιδι OGI175.4

(ii B.C.), etc., Ἴσῑ or

Ἴσει Hdt.2.59

, OGI61.4 (iii B.C.); acc. Ἶσιν:— Isis, Hdt. Il.cc., Call.Epigr.58, Apollod.2.1.3, Plu.2.351f, POxy. 1380 (ii A.D.), etc.; Ἴσιδος τρίχες, name of a plant, Plu.2.939d, cf. Plin.HN13.142.

II name of a plaster, Gal.11.126,13.774.

III Pythag. name for the δυάς, Theol.Ar.12.

     Ἶσις

    - ιδος ἥ (ион. gen. Ἴσιος, ион. dat. Ἴσῑ) Исида (сестра и жена Осириса, мать Гора, древнеегипетская богиня Нила, земледелия, а впосл. и луны; у греков отожд. с Деметрой и Ио) Her., Luc., Diod., Plut.

    

Ἴσιδος τρίχες Plut. — волосы Исиды ( род морской водоросли)

     ὑδραγωγός

     ὑδρ-ᾰγωγός

    I

    2

    приводящий воду

    

(ὅ σείριος Ἴσιδος ἀστήρ Plut.)

    II

    ὅ гидрагог, специалист по водоснабжению Plut.

καθοδηγ-ός, ὁ,

A guide, Hellanic.51 J., Str.15.2.6, Orph.H.8.8, Apollod.3.4.1;

τῆς Ἴσιδος PMag.Osl.1.338

.

μέγᾰς, μεγάλη [pron. full] [ᾰ], me/ga?μέγαςX, gen. μεγάλου, ης, ου, dat. μεγάλῳ, ῃ, ῳ, acc. μέγᾰν, μεγάλην, μέγᾰ; dual μεγάλω, α, w; pl. μεγάλοι, μεγάλαι, μεγάλα, etc.: the stem μεγάλο- is never used in sg. nom. and acc. masc. and neut., and only once in voc. masc.,

A

ὦ μεγάλε Ζεῦ A.Th. 822

(anap.).

I big, of bodily size: freq. of stature,

εἶδος.. μ. ἦν ὁράασθαι Od.18.4

;

κεῖτο μ. μεγαλωστί Il.16.776

;

ἠΰς τε μ. τε Od.9

. 508; φῶτα μέγαν καὶ καλόν ib. 513;

καλή τε μεγάλη τε 15.418

;

κάρτα μεγάλη καὶ εὐειδής Hdt.3.1

; φύσιν τίν' εἶχε φράζε; Answ.

μέγας S.OT 742

.

b full-grown, of age as shown by stature,

νῦν δ' ὅτε δὴ μ. εἰμί Od.2.314

;

μήτε μέγαν μήτ' οὖν νεαρῶν τινα A.Ag. 358

(anap.); later, elder of two persons of the same name, Wilcken Chr. 305 (iii B. C.);

Σκιπίων ὁ μ. Plb.18.35.9

.

c of animals, μ. ἵπποι, βοῦς, σῦς, Il.2.839, 18.559, Od.19.439;

αἰετός Pi.I.6(5).50

.

2 generally, vast, high, οὐρανός, ὄρος, πύργος, Il.1.497, 16.297, 6.386; wide, πέλαγος, λαῖτμα θαλάσσης, Od.3.179, 5.174; long, ἠϊών, αἰγιαλός, Il.12.31,2.210: sts. opp.

ὀλίγος, κῦμα οὔτε μέγ' οὔτ' ὀ. Od.10.94

; but usu. opp. μικρός or

σμικρός, πρὸς ἑαυτὸ ἕκαστον καὶ μ. καὶ σμικρόν Anaxag. 3

;

τὸ ἄπειρον ἐκ μεγάλου καὶ μικροῦ Arist.Metaph. 987b26

, etc.

II of quality or degree, great, mighty, freq. epith. of gods,

ὁ μ. Ζεύς A. Supp. 1052

(lyr.), etc.; μεγάλα θεά, of Demeter and Persephone, S. OC 683 (lyr.); θεοὶ μεγάλοι, of the Cabiri, IG12(8).71 ([place name] Imbros), etc.; Μήτηρ μ., of Cybele, SIG1014.83 (Erythrae, iii B. C.), 1138.3 (Delos, ii B. C.);

Μήτηρ θεῶν μ. OGI540.6

([place name] Pessinus), etc.;

Ἴσιδος μ. μητρὸς θεῶν PStrassb.81.14

(ii B.C.);

μ. ἡ Ἄρτεμις Ἐφεσίων Act.Ap.19.28

; τίς θεὸς μ. ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν; LXX Ps.76(77).13;

ὁ μ. θεός Ep.Tit.2.13

; of men,

μ. ἠδὲ κραταιός Od.18.382

;

ὀλίγος καὶ μ. Callin.1.17

, etc.; μέγας ηὐξήθη rose to greatness, D.2.5; ἤρθη μ. ib.8; βασιλεὺς ὁ μ., i. e. the King of Persia, Hdt.1.188, etc. (θεῶν β. ὁ μ., of Zeus, Pi.O. 7.34);

βασιλεὺς μ. A.Pers.24

(anap.); as a title of special monarchs,

Ἀρδιαῖος ὁ μ. Pl.R. 615c

;

ὁ μ. Ἀλέξανδρος Ath.1.3d

;

ὁ μ. ἐπικληθεὶς Ἀντίοχος Plb.4.2.7

, etc.;

μ. φίλος E.Med. 549

;

πλούτῳ τε κἀνδρείᾳ μ. Id.Tr. 674

;

ἐπὶ μέγα ἦλθεν ἰσχύος Th.2.97

.

2 strong, of the elements, etc., ἄνεμος, λαῖλαψ, Ζέφυρος, Od.19.200, 12.408, 14.458; of properties, passions, qualities, feelings, etc., of men, θάρσος, πένθος, ποθή, etc., 9.381, Il.1.254, 11.471, etc.;

ἀρετή Od.24.193

, Pi. O.8.5;

θυμός Il.9.496

, E.Or. 702;

κλέος Il.6.446

;

ἄχος 9.9

;

πυρετός Ev.Luc.4.38

(incorrect acc. to Gal.7.275); ἡ μ. νοῦσος epilepsy, Hp. Epid.6.6.5, cf. Gal.17(2).341.

3 of sounds, great, loud, ἀλαλητός, ἰαχή, πάταγος, ὀρυμαγδός, Il.12.138, 15.384, 21.9, 256; θόρυβοι, κωκυτός, S.Aj. 142 (anap.), E.Med. 1176;

οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως τι νεῖκος ἔσται ἢ μέγα ἢ σμικρόν Hdt.3.62

;

μὴ φώνει μέγα S.Ph. 574

.

4 generally, great, mighty,

ὅρκος Il.19.113

; ὄλβος, τιμά, Pi.O.1.56, P.4.148; μ. λόγος, μῦθος, a great story, rumour, A.Pr. 732, S.Aj. 226 (lyr.); ἐρώτημα a big, i. e. difficult, question, Pl.Euthd. 275d, Hp.Ma. 287b; weighty, important,

τόδε μεῖζον Od.16.291

; μέγα ποιέεσθαί τι to esteem of great importance, Hdt.3.42, cf. 9.111;

μέγα γενέσθαι εἴς τι X.HG7.5.6

;

μ. ὑπάρχειν πρός τι Id.Mem.2.3.4

;

μέγα διαφέρειν εἴς τι Pl.Lg. 78o

c; οὐκ ἂν εἴη παρὰ μέγα τὸ δικολογεῖν not of great importance, Phld.Rh.2.85 S.; τὸ δὲ μέγιστον and what is most important, Th.4.70, cf. 1.142; οἱ μέγιστοι καιροί the most pressing emergencies, D.20.44; μ. ὠνησάμενοι χρημάτων for large sums, Plb. 4.50.3, etc.

5 with a bad sense, over-great, μέγα εἰπεῖν to speak big, and so provoke divine wrath, Od.22.288;

λίην μέγα εἶπες 3.227

, 16.243;

μέγα ἔργον 3.261

, Pi.N.10.64;

ἔργων μ. A.Ag. 1546

(anap.);

ὠμὸν τὸ βούλευμα καὶ μ. Th.3.36

; ἔπος μ., μ. λόγοι, S.Aj. 423 (lyr.), Ant. 1350 (anap.); μ. γλῶσσα ib. 127 (anap.);

μηδὲν μέγ' εἴπῃς Id.Aj. 386

;

μὴ μέγα λέγε Pl.Phd. 95b

;

μὴ μεγάλα λίαν λέγε Ar.Ra. 835

;

μέγα φρονεῖν S.OT 1078

, E.Hipp.6;

μεγάλα φρονεῖν Ar.Ach. 988

; μεγάλα, μεῖζον ἢ δικαίως πνεῖν, E.Andr. 189, A.Ag. 376 (lyr.);

μέγα τι παθεῖν X.An.5.8.17

;

μὴ μέγα λέγων μεῖζον πάθῃς E. HF 1244

.

6 of style. impressive, Demetr.Eloc. 278; μεῖζον more striking, ib. 103.

7 of days, long, Gal.12.714.

B Adv. μεγάλως [ᾰ] greatly, mightily, Od.16.432, Hes.Th. 429, Hdt.1.16,30, al., X.Cyr.8.2.10, Parth.28.1, etc.; strengthd.,

μάλα μ. Il.17.723

;

δμαθέντες μ. A.Pers. 907

(lyr.); with Adjs., Hdt. 1.4, 7.190.

II more freq. neut. sg. μέγα as Adv., very much, exceedingly, μ. χαῖρε all hail!, v. l. for μάλα in Od.24.402; esp. with Verbs expressing strong feeling,

μ. κεν κεχαροίατο Il.1.256

;

μ. κήδεται 2.27

, etc.: with Verbs expressing power, might,

μ. πάντων.. κρατέει 1.78

;

ὃς μ. πάντων.. ἤνασσε 10.32

;

πατρὸς μ. δυναμένοιο Od.1.276

, cf. Hom.Epigr.15.1, A.Eu. 950 (anap.), E.Hel. 1358 (lyr.), Ar.Ra. 141, Pl.R. 366a;

μ. δύνασθαι παρά τινι Th.2.29

;

πλουτέειν μ. Hdt.1.32

; or those expressing sound, loudly, μ. ἰάχειν, ἀῧσαι, βοῆσαι, εὔξασθαι, ἀμβῶσαι, Il.2.333, 14.147, 17.334, Od.17.239, Hdt.1.8 (also pl.,

μεγάλ' εὔχετο Il.1.450

; μ. αὐδήσαντος, μ. ἤπυεν, Od.4.505, 9.399): strengthd.,

μάλα μ. Il.15.321

;

μ. δ' ἔβραχε φήγινος ἄξων 5.838

, etc.: so in Trag. with all kinds of Verbs, μ. στένειν, σθένειν, χλίειν, A.Ag. 711 (lyr.), 938, Ch. 137: also in pl.,

μεγάλα.. δυστυχεῖς Id.Eu. 791

(lyr.).

2 of Space, far,

μέγα προθορών Il.14.363

; ἄνευθε μέγα far away, 22.88;

οὐκ ἂν μέγα τι τῆς ἀληθείας παρεξέλθοις Pl.Phlb. 66b

.

3 with Adjs., as μέγ' ἔξοχος, μέγα νήπιος, Il.2.480, 16.46; μ. νήπιε Orac. ap. Hdt.1.85;

μ. πλούσιος Id.1.32

, 7.190;

ὦ μέγ' εὔδαιμον κόρη A.Pr. 647

: with [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup., by far, μέγ' ἀμείνονες, ἄριστος, φέρτατος, Il.4.405, 2.82, 16.21.

C degrees of Comparison (regul. μεγαλώτερος, -ώτατος late, EM780.1,2):

1 [comp] Comp. μείζων, ον, gen. ονος, [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Att. (also Delph., SIG 246 H 260 (iv B. C.)); [dialect] Ion., Arc., [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Aeol. μέζων, ον, Heraclit. 25, Hp.Acut.44, Hdt.1.26, IG7.235.16 ([place name] Oropus), 5(2).3.18 ([place name] Tegea), Epich.62 (also early [dialect] Att., IG12.22.65, but [με] ίζων ib.6.93, by analogy of ὀλείζων ib.76,95); dat. pl.

μεζόνεσσι Diotog.

ap. Stob.4.7.62: written μέσδων in Sapph.Supp.7.6, Plu.Lyc.19: cf. [full] μέττον· μεῖζον, Hsch. (dub.); later

μειζότερος 3 Ep.Jo.4

(used as title, elder, POxy. 943.3 (vi A. D.), etc.);

μειζονώτερος A.Fr. 434

:—greater, longer, taller, Il.3.168, 9.202, etc.; freq. also, too great,

γέρας Pl.Sph. 231a

; Μηνόφιλος μείζων M. the elder, Ostr.Bodl.vC 2 (ii A. D.); as title, μειζων κώμης headman of a village, POxy.1626.5 (iv A. D.), etc.: generally, the higher authority, PLond.2.214.22 (iii A. D.), POxy.1204.17 (pl., iii A. D.); οὔτε μεῖζον οὔτε ἔλαττον, a strong form of denial, nothing whatever, D.H.Comp.4;

οὐδαμὰ προὔφηνεν οὔτε μείζον' οὔτ' ἐλάττονα S.Tr. 324

. Adv.

μειζόνως E.Hec. 1121

, Th.1.130, X.Cyn.13.3, Isoc.9.21, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

μεζόνως Hdt.3.128

, Herod.4.80, etc.: neut. as Adv.,

μεῖζον σθένειν S.Ph. 456

, E.Supp. 216;

μ. ἰσχύειν D.Ep.3.28

;

ἐπὶ μ. ἔρχεται S.Ph. 259

.

2 [comp] Sup. μέγιστος, η, ον, Il.2.412, etc.: neut. as Adv.,

μέγιστον ἴσχυσε S.Aj. 502

; δυνάμενος μ., c. gen., Hdt.7.5, 9.9: with another [comp] Sup.,

μέγιστον ἐχθίστη E.Med. 1323

: in pl.,

χαῖρ' ὡς μέγιστα S.Ph. 462

;

θάλλει μ. Id.OC 700

(lyr.);

τὰ μέγιστ' ἐτιμάθης Id.OT 1203

(lyr.); ἐς μέγιστον ib. 521;

ἐς τὰ μ. Hdt.8.111

:—late [comp] Sup.

μεγιστότατος PLond.1.130.49

(i/ii A. D.). (Cf. Skt. majmán- 'greatness', Lat. magnus, Goth. mikils 'great'.)

νυκτέλιος, ον, ([etym.] νύξ)

A nightly, epith. of Dionysus, from his nightly festivals, AP9.524.14, Plu.2.389a, Paus.1.40.6.

2 νυκτέλιον, τό, night-festival,

Ἴσιδος POxy. 525

(ii A.D.): in pl., festival of Dionysus Νυκτέλιος, Plu.2.291a.

πῶλος, ὁ and ἡ,

A foal, whether colt or filly, Il.20.222 (fem.), Od.23.246 (masc.);

ἵππους.. πάσας θηλείας, πολλῇσι δὲ πῶλοι ὑπῆσαν Il.11.681

;

ἐδάμασσε πώλους Pi.P.2.8

; νεοζυγὴς π. A.Pr. 1010; κριθῶντα π. Id.Ag. 1641; ὁ ἔτι ἀδάμαστος π. X.Eq.1.1; ἵπποι π., opp. ἵπποι τέλειοι, IG9(1).12.18 (Ambryssus, iii A.D.): freq. used by Poets generally for ἵππος, A.Fr. 326, S.OC 313, 1062 (lyr.), El. 705 sq.: in races,

πώλων ἀβόλων ἅρμα IG22.2326.11

;

πώλοις τε ἀβόλοις καὶ τελείων τε καὶ ἀβόλων τοῖς μέσοις Pl.Lg. 834c

: metaph., π. Κύπριδος, of courtesans, Eub.84.2.

2 any young animal: of the elephant, Arist.HA 610a33; camel, ib. 630b34; κάμηλος π. BGU768.2 (ii A.D.); of the dog, AP12.238 (Strat.); ass, Ev.Marc.11.2; ὄνοι π. PLille 8.9 (iii B.C.); pullet, Alex.Trall.5.6;

πῶλοι βουβαλίδων Ael.NA7.47

.

3 in Poets, in fem., young girl, maiden, Anacr.75.1, E.Hec. 142 (anap.);

πῶλον ἄζυγα λέκτρων Id.Hipp. 546

(lyr.), cf. Fr.781.21 (lyr.), Cratin.87, Epicr.9;

κακῆς γυναικὸς πῶλον E.Andr. 621

: less freq. masc., young man, Id.Rh. 386 (anap.), Ph. 947;

ἀνδρὸς φίλου πῶλον.. ζυγέντ' ἐν ἅρμασιν πημάτων A.Ch. 794

(lyr.).

II a Corinthian coin, from the figure of Pegasus upon it, E.Fr. 675, cf. Poll.9.76.

III ἱερὸς π. Ἴσιδος, title of priest in Egypt, OGI739.8 (ii B.C.), PGrenf.2.20.5 (ii B.C.), PRein.10.5, al. (ii B.C.); π. alone, of a priest of Demeter and Persephone, IG5(1).1444 (Messene, iv/iii B.C.).

συγγεν-ικός, ή, όν,

A congenital or hereditary, of a predisposition to disease, Hp.Epid.3.1.σ, cf. Plu.Per.22;

σ. τρίχες Arist.Pr. 878b27

(cf.

συγγενής 1

); τὸ σ. τέλος our congenital end, Nausiph.2, Polystr.Herc.346p.86V., cf. Epicur.Ep.3p.63U. Adv.

- κῶς Id.Ep.1p.24U.

II of or for kinsmen, σ. φιλία between kinsfolk, opp. ἑταιρική, Arist.EN 1161b12;

σ. ἱερωσύναι D.H.2.21

;

σ. ἀρχιερατικοὶ στέφανοι OGI470.20

(Odemish, i A.D.);

τὰ ἀρχῆθεν ὑπάρχοντα ταῖς πόλεσιν πρὸς ἀλλήλας σ. δίκαια IG12(9).4.7

(Carystus, ca. i B.C.); κατὰ τὸ ς. Sammelb.4638.6 (ii B.C.);

συγγενικῆς θεᾶς Ἴσιδος Bull.Soc.Alex.5.273

(ii A.D.). Adv. - κῶς like kinsfolk, D.25.89, Polyaen.5.2.8.

2 metaph., kindred, of a common kind, ἔχειν τὴν μορφὴν ς. Arist.HA 623b6; τὰ κοινὰ καὶ ς. things common and of our own nature, Alex.30.7; εἴδη πρὸς ἄλληλα ς. Arist.HA 531b22.

3 of, belonging to the συγγενεῖς ( 111), Phan.Hist.11, Arch.Pap.1.220 ([place name] Ptolemaic).

ὀργι-αστής, οῦ, ὁ,

A one who celebrates

ὄργια, μυστηρίων ὀργιασταί Id.2.417a

;

τῆς Ἴσιδος App.BC4.47

; τῆς Ἀκαδημείας ὀ. an enthusiastic adherent of the Academy, Plu.2.717d:—fem. [suff] ὀργι-αστίς, ίδος, IG2.1413,1414.

κρυπτός, ή, όν (s. κρύπτω; Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; TestReub 1:4; TestJud 12:5; JosAs 6:3 [also cod. A 24:5 p. 76, 14 λόγος])

① pert. to being unknown because of being kept secret, hidden, secret, adj. (Herodian 5, 6, 3 κ. καὶ ἀόρατος; SIG 973, 5f; BGU 316, 28; 3 Km 6:4; Ezk 40:16; 2 Macc 1:16; Jos., Ant. 15, 424; τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς φύσεως μυστήρια Hippol., Ref. 1, 24, 2) ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος the heart’s inner self 1 Pt 3:4 (s. ἄνθρωπος 5a; cp. Epict. 4, 11, 33). οὐδὲν … κ. ὸ̔ οὐ γνωσθήσεται there is nothing secret that shall not be made known Mt 10:26; Lk 12:2; cp. Mk 4:22 (Philemon Com. 192 χρόνος τὰ κρυπτὰ πάντα εἰς φάος ἄγει; JosAs 6:3 οὐδὲν κρυπτὸν λέληθεν αὐτῷ).

② a hidden entity, something hidden, subst. τὸ κρυπτόν

ⓐ a hidden thing (Menand., Mon. 225 Mei. [316 J.]; Did., Gen. 171, 1) Lk 8:17. Esp. in pl. τὰ κρυπτά (Dt 29:28; Is 29:10; Sus 42 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 5, 402; 413 ὁ θεὸς τὰ κ. πάντα ἐφορᾷ) τὰ κ. ἐλέγχει it exposes the secret things (so, word for word, Artem. 1, 14 p. 19, 4 and 1, 44 p. 42, 8) IPhld 7:1. τὰ κ. τινος someone’s secret thoughts, plans, purposes (Philemon Com. 233 φίλου; Iambl., Myst. 6, 5 Partey; PGM 57, 13 τὰ κ. τ. θεᾶς Ἴσιδος; Sir 1:30; Jer 30:4) Ro 2:16; IEph 15:3; IPhld 9:1. τὰ κ. τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ (TestReub 1:4 ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου τὰ κ.; cp. Is 22:9 τὰ κ. τῶν οἴκων τῆς ἄκρας) the secret thoughts of the person’s (unbeliever’s) heart 1 Cor 14:25; cp. Pol 4:3. τὰ κ. τοῦ σκότους what is hidden in darkness 1 Cor 4:5. τὰ κ. τῆς αἰσχύνης the things that are hidden out of a sense of shame 2 Cor 4:2 (on the topic s. RKaster, The Shame of the Romans: TAPA 127, ’97, 1–19 [lit.]).

ⓑ a hidden place ἐν τῷ κ. in secret (Vi. Aesopi W 104 P.; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 74, 4) Mt 6:4ab, 6ab, 18 v.l.; ἐν κ. in a secret place J 7:4; 18:20; in secret, secretly (TestJud 12:5; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 22, 31) ὁ ἐν τῷ κ. Ἰουδαῖος the Judean who is one inwardly, not only by the outward sign of circumcision Ro 2:29; ἀνέβη ὡς ἐν κ. he went up privately, as it were J 7:10.—On Lk 11:33 v.l. s. κρύπτη.—DELG s.v. κρύπτω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (Hom.+) comp. μείζων and beside it, because of the gradual disappearance of feeling for its comp. sense, μειζότερος 3J 4 (APF 3, 1906, 173; POxy 131, 25; BGU 368, 9; ApcSed 1:5 [cp. J 15:13]; s. B-D-F §61, 2; W-S. §11, 4; Mlt-H. 166; Gignac II 158). Superl. μέγιστος (2 Pt 1:4).

① pert. to exceeding a standard involving related objects, large, great

ⓐ of any extension in space in all directions λίθος Mt 27:60; Mk 16:4. δένδρον Lk 13:19 v.l. (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]). κλάδοι Mk 4:32. Buildings 13:2. Fish J 21:11. A mountain (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 4, 8 D.²; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 138; Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 78 Jac.) Rv 8:8. A star vs. 10. A furnace 9:2 (ParJer 6:23). A dragon (Esth 1:1e; Bel 23 Theod.) 12:3, 9. ἀετός (Ezk 17:3; ParJer 7:18 [RHarris; om. Kraft-Purintun]) vs. 14. μάχαιρα a long sword 6:4. ἅλυσις a long chain 20:1. πέλαγος AcPl Ha 7, 23 (first hand).

ⓑ with suggestion of spaciousness ἀνάγαιον a spacious room upstairs Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12. θύρα a wide door 1 Cor 16:9. A winepress Rv 14:19 (ληνός μ. ‘trough’ JosAs 2:20); χάσμα a broad chasm (2 Km 18:17) Lk 16:26. οἰκία (Jer 52:13) 2 Ti 2:20.

ⓒ with words that include the idea of number ἀγέλη μ. a large herd Mk 5:11. δεῖπνον a great banquet, w. many invited guests (Da 5:1 Theod.; JosAs 3:6) Lk 14:16. Also δοχὴ μ. (Gen 21:8) Lk 5:29; GJs 6:2.

ⓓ of age (Jos., Ant. 12, 207 μικρὸς ἢ μέγας=‘young or old’); to include all concerned μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι small and great (PGM 15, 18) Rv 11:18; 13:16; 19:5, 18; 20:12. μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ Ac 26:22. ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου (Gen 19:11; 4 Km 23:2; 2 Ch 34:30; POxy 1350) 8:10; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34). μέγας γενόμενος when he was grown up 11:24 (Ex 2:11). ὁ μείζων the older (O. Wilck II, 144, 3 [128 A.D.]; 213, 3; 1199, 2; LXX; cp. Polyb. 18, 18, 9 Σκιπίων ὁ μέγας; 32, 12, 1) Ro 9:12; 13:2 (both Gen 25:23).

② pert. to being above average in quantity, great πορισμός a great means of gain 1 Ti 6:6. μισθαποδοσία rich reward Hb 10:35.

③ pert. to being above standard in intensity, great δύναμις Ac 4:33; 19:8 D. Esp. of sound: loud φωνή Mk 15:37; Lk 17:15; Rv 1:10; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (LXX; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; ApcMos 5:21) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; 23:23 (Φωναῖς μεγάλαις), 46; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 5:12; 6:10 al.; μεγ. φωνῇ (ParJer 5:32); Ac 14:10; 16:28; μεγ. τῇ φωνῇ (ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) 14:10 v.l.; 26:24; ἐν φωνῇ μ. Rv 5:2. μετὰ σάλπιγγος μεγάλης with a loud trumpet call Mt 24:31. κραυγή (Ex 11:6; 12:30) Lk 1:42; Ac 23:9; cp. μεῖζον κράζειν cry out all the more Mt 20:31. κοπετός (Gen 50:10) Ac 8:2.—Of natural phenomena: ἄνεμος μ. a strong wind J 6:18; Rv 6:13. λαῖλαψ μ. (Jer 32:32) Mk 4:37. βροντή (Sir 40:13) Rv 14:2. χάλαζα Rv 11:19; 16:21a. χάλαζα λίαν μ. σφόδρα AcPl Ha 5, 7. σεισμὸς μ. (Jer 10:22; Ezk 3:12; 38:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 225) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Lk 21:11a; Ac 16:26. γαλήνη μ. a deep calm Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; φῶς μ. a bright light (JosAs 6:3; ParJer 9:18 [16]; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine voice sounds forth from this light; Petosiris, Fgm. 7, ln. 39 τὸ ἱερὸν ἄστρον μέγα ποιοῦν φῶς) Mt 4:16a; GJs 19:2 (Is 9:1). καῦμα μ. intense heat Rv 16:9 (JosAs 3:3).—Of surprising or unpleasant events or phenomena of the most diverse kinds (ἀπώλεια Dt 7:23; θάνατος Ex 9:3; Jer 21:6; κακόν Philo, Agr. 47) σημεῖα (Dt 6:22; 29:2) Mt 24:24; Lk 21:11b; Ac 6:8. δυνάμεις 8:13. ἔργα μ. mighty deeds (cp. Judg 2:7) Rv 15:3. μείζω τούτων greater things than these J 1:50 (μείζονα v.l.); cp. 5:20; 14:12. διωγμὸς μ. a severe persecution Ac 8:1; θλῖψις μ. (a time of) great suffering (1 Macc 9:27) Mt 24:21; Ac 7:11; Rv 2:22; 7:14. πειρασμός AcPl Ha 8, 22. πληγή (Judg 15:8; 1 Km 4:10, 17 al.; TestReub 1:7; TestSim 8:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 134) 16:21b. θόρυβος GJs 21:1; AcPl Ha 1, 28f (restored, s. AcPlTh [Aa I 258, 6]) λιμὸς μ. (4 Km 6:25; 1 Macc 9:24) Lk 4:25; Ac 11:28; ἀνάγκη μ. Lk 21:23; πυρετὸς μ. a high fever (s. πυρετός) 4:38.—Of emotions: χαρά great joy (Jon 4:6; JosAs 3:4; 4:2 al.; Jos., Ant. 12, 91) Mt 2:10; 28:8; Lk 2:10; 24:52. φόβος great fear (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 10; Menand., Fgm. 388 Kö.; Jon 1:10, 16; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 18 [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1; GrBar 7:5) Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9; 8:37; Ac 5:5, 11; AcPl Ha 3, 33. θυμὸς μ. fierce anger (1 Macc 7:35) Rv 12:12. μείζων ἀγάπη greater love J 15:13. λύπη profound (Jon 4:1; 1 Macc 6:4, 9, 13; TestJob 7:8) Ro 9:2. σκυθρωπία AcPl Ha 7, 36. πίστις firm Mt 15:28. ἔκστασις (cp. Gen 27:33; ParJer 5:8, 12) Mk 5:42.

④ pert. to being relatively superior in importance, great

ⓐ of rational entities: of God and other deities θεός (SIG 985, 34 θεοὶ μεγάλοι [LBlock, Megaloi Theoi: Roscher II 2523–28, 2536–40; SCole, Theoi Megaloi, The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace ’84]; 1237, 5 ὀργὴ μεγάλη τ. μεγάλου Διός; OGI 50, 7; 168, 6; 716, 1; PStras 81, 14 [115 B.C.] Ἴσιδος μεγάλης μητρὸς θεῶν; POxy 886, 1; PTebt 409, 11; 22 ὁ θεὸς μ. Σάραπις, al.; PGM 4, 155; 482; 778 and oft.; 3052 μέγ. θεὸς Σαβαώθ; 5, 474; Dt 10:17 al. in LXX; En 103:4; 104:1; Philo, Cher. 29 al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 319; SibOr 3, 19; 71 al.—Thieme 36f) Tit 2:13 (Christ is meant). Ἄρτεμις (q.v.) Ac 19:27f, 34f (cp. Ael. Aristid. 48, 21 K.=24 p. 471 D. the outcry: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός); s. New Docs 1, 106 on this epithet in ref. to deities. Simon the magician is called ἡ δύναμις τ. θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη Ac 8:10b (s. δύναμις 5). The angel Michael Hs 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 4, 1.—Of people who stand in relation to the Divinity or are otherw. in high position: ἀρχιερεύς (s. ἀρχιερεύς 2a and ἱερεύς aβ.—ἀρχ. μέγ. is also the appellation of the priest-prince of Olba [s. PECS 641f] in Cilicia: MAMA III ’31 p. 67, ins 63; 64 [I B.C.]) Hb 4:14. προφήτης (Sir 48:22) Lk 7:16. ποιμήν Hb 13:20. Gener. of rulers: οἱ μεγάλοι the great ones, those in high position Mt 20:25; Mk 10:42. Of people prominent for any reason Mt 5:19; 20:26; Mk 10:43; Lk 1:15, 32; Ac 5:36 D; 8:9 (MSmith, HWolfson Festschr., ’65, 741: μ. here and Lk 1:32 may imply a messianic claim).—μέγας in the superl. sense (2 Km 7:9.—The positive also stands for the superl., e.g. Sallust. 4 p. 6, 14, where Paris calls Aphrodite καλή=the most beautiful. Diod S 17, 70, 1 πολεμία τῶν πόλεων=the most hostile [or especially hostile] among the cities) Lk 9:48 (opp. ὁ μικρότερος).—Comp. μείζων greater of God (Ael. Aristid. 27, 3 K.=16 p. 382 D.; PGM 13, 689 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, τὸν πάντων μείζονα) J 14:28; Hb 6:13; 1J 3:20; 4:4. More prominent or outstanding because of certain advantages Mt 11:11; Lk 7:28; 22:26f; J 4:12; 8:53; 13:16ab; 1 Cor 14:5. More closely defined: ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζων greater in power and might 2 Pt 2:11. μεῖζον τοῦ ἱεροῦ someth. greater than the temple Mt 12:6. μείζων with superl. mng. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 7, 8 Wagner: Ὀδυσσεὺς τρεῖς κριοὺς ὁμοῦ συνδέων … καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ μείζονι ὑποδύς; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 87 §366 ἐν παρασκευῇ μείζονι= in the greatest preparation; Vett. Val. 62, 24; TestJob 3:1 ἐν μείζονι φωτί) Mt 18:1, 4; 23:11; Mk 9:34; Lk 9:46; 22:24, 26.

ⓑ of things: great, sublime, important μυστήριον (GrBar 1:6; 2:6; ApcMos 34; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 100 al.; Just., A I, 27, 4) Eph 5:32; 1 Ti 3:16. Of the sabbath day that begins a festival period J 19:31; MPol 8:1b. Esp. of the day of the divine judgment (LXX; En 22:4; ApcEsdr 3:3 p. 27, 7 Tdf.; Just., D. 49, 2 al.; cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]) Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Jd 6; Rv 6:17; 16:14. Of Paul’s superb instructional ability μ̣ε̣γάλῃ καθ̣[ηγήσει] AcPl Ha 6, 30f.—μέγας in the superl. sense (Plut., Mor. 35a w. πρῶτος; Himerius, Or. 14 [Ecl. 15], 3 μέγας=greatest, really great; B-D-F §245, 2; s. Rob. 669) ἐντολή Mt 22:36, 38. ἡμέρα ἡ μ. τῆς ἑορτῆς the great day of the festival J 7:37 (cp. Lucian, Pseudolog. 8 ἡ μεγάλη νουμηνία [at the beginning of the year]); Mel., P. 79, 579; 92, 694 ἐν τῇ μ. ἐορτῇ; GJs 1:2; 2:2 (s. deStrycker on 1:2). Of Mary’s day of parturition ὡς μεγάλη ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα what a great day this is GJs 19:2. μείζων as comp. (Chion, Ep. 16, 8 philosophy as νόμος μείζων=higher law; Sir 10:24) J 5:36; 1J 5:9. μ. ἁμαρτία J 19:11 (cp. schol. on Pla. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα; Ex 32:30f). τὰ χαρίσματα τὰ μείζονα the more important spiritual gifts (in the sense Paul gave the word) 1 Cor 12:31. As a superl. (Epict. 3, 24, 93; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ὕβλαι: the largest of three cities is ἡ μείζων [followed by ἡ ἐλάττων, and finally ἡ μικρά=the smallest]. The comparative also performs the function of the superlative, e.g. Diod S 20, 22, 2, where πρεσβύτερος is the oldest of 3 men) Mt 13:32; 1 Cor 13:13 (by means of the superl. μ. Paul singles out from the triad the one quality that interests him most in this connection, just as Ael. Aristid. 45, 16 K. by means of αὐτός at the end of the θεοί singles out Sarapis, the only one that affects him).—The superl. μέγιστος, at times used by contemporary authors, occurs only once in the NT, where it is used in the elative sense very great, extraordinary (Diod S 2, 32, 1) ἐπαγγέλματα 2 Pt 1:4.—On the adv. usage Ac 26:29 s. ὀλίγος 2bβ.—Neut. pl. μεγάλα ποιεῖν τινι do great things for someone Lk 1:49 (cp. Dt 10:21). λαλεῖν μεγάλα καὶ βλασφημίας utter proud words and blasphemies Rv 13:5 (Da 7:8; cp. En 101:3). ἐποίει μεγ̣[ά]λα καὶ [θα]υ̣[μά]σ̣ι̣α̣ (Just., A I, 62, 4) (Christ) proceeded to perform great and marvelous deeds AcPl Ha 8, 33/BMM verso 6.

⑤ pert. to being unusual, surprising, neut. μέγα εἰ … θερίσομεν; is it an extraordinary thing (i.e. are we expecting too much = our colloquial ‘is it a big deal’) if we wish to reap? 1 Cor 9:11. οὐ μέγα οὖν, εἰ it is not surprising, then, if 2 Cor 11:15 (on this constr. cp. Pla., Menex. 235d; Plut., Mor. 215f; Gen 45:28; s. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 2, ’36, 46).—B. 878f; 1309. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

σωτηρία, ας, ἡ (Trag., Hdt.+)

① deliverance, preservation, w. focus on physical aspect: fr. impending death, esp. on the sea (IMaronIsis 11; Diod S 3, 40, 1 λιμὴν σωτηρίας; 2 Macc 3:32; GrBar 1:3; Philo, Mos. 1, 317; Jos., Ant. 7, 5; 183; Ar. 3, 2) Ac 27:34; Hb 11:7. Of the deliverance of the Israelites fr. Egyptian bondage (Jos., Ant. 2, 331) Ac 7:25 (διδόναι σωτηρίαν on the part of a deity: Menand., Col. Fgm. 292, 5=1, 5 Kö.). Survival of a hand punished by fire GJs 20:3. A transition to mng. 2 is found in Lk 1:71, where σωτηρία ἐξ ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν deliverance from the hand of our enemies is expected (cp. Ps 105:10 and ApcPt Rainer ἐν σωτηρίᾳ Ἀχερουσίας λίμνης, where the ref. is to a baptism marking the beginning of life in Elysium); 1 Cl 39:9 (Job 5:4).—S. λίμνη, end.

② salvation, w. focus on transcendent aspects (LXX, Just., Iren; cp. Herm. Wr. 7, 2 [on salvation through gnosis s. GLuck, SBLSP 24, ’85, 315–20]; Ael. Aristid., Sacr. Serm. 3, 46 p. 424 Keil ἐγένετο φῶς παρὰ τῆς Ἴσιδος καὶ ἕτερα ἀμύθητα φέροντα εἰς σωτηρίαν; the Hymn to Attis in Firmicus Maternus, De Errore Prof. Relig. 22, 1 Θαρρεῖτε μύσται τοῦ θεοῦ σεσωσμένου. Ἔσται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐκ πόνων σωτηρία [HHepding, Attis, seine Mythen u. sein Kult 1903, 167]. The Lat. ‘salus’ in the description of the Isis ceremony in Apuleius corresponds to the Gk. σωτηρία [GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47f; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 39]). In our lit. this sense is found only in connection w. Jesus Christ as Savior. This salvation makes itself known and felt in the present, but it will be completely disclosed in the future. Opp. ἀπώλεια Phil 1:28 (Mel., P. 49, 356; on the probability of military metaphor s. EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr., ed. BMcLean, ’93, 125f); θάνατος (cp. Damasc., Vi. Isid. 131: through Attis and the Mother of the Gods there comes ἡ ἐξ ᾅδου γεγονυῖα ἡμῶν σωτ.) 2 Cor 7:10; ὀργή 1 Th 5:9. W. ζωή 2 Cl 19:1; ζωὴ αἰώνιος IEph 18:1. σωτηρία αἰώνιος (Is 45:17) Hb 5:9; short ending of Mk; ἣ κοινὴ ἡμῶν σωτ. Jd 3 (SIG 409, 33f ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας); σωτ. ψυχῶν salvation of souls 1 Pt 1:9 (ς. τῶν ψυχῶν Hippol., Ref. 10, 19, 3); cp. vs. 10 (ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 252f). σωτηρία ἡ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν MPol 22:1. ἡ τῶν σῳζομένων σωτ. 17:2 (ἡ ς. τῶν μετανοούντων Did., Gen. 71, 28; σωτηρία τῶν ἀγαθῶν Hippol., Ref. 7, 28, 6; ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 73, 13). On κέρας σωτηρίας Lk 1:69 s. κέρας 3. σωτηρίας as objective gen. dependent upon various nouns: γνῶσις σωτηρίας Lk 1:77; ἐλπὶς σωτ. (TestJob 24:1; cp. Philemo Com. 181 οἱ θεὸν σέβοντες ἐλπίδας καλὰς ἔχουσιν εἰς σωτηρίαν) 1 Th 5:8; 2 Cl 1:7; ἔνδειξις σωτ. Phil 1:28 (opp. ἀπώλεια). τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν Eph 1:13. ὁ λόγος τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης Ac 13:26. ὁδὸς σωτηρίας way to salvation 16:17; περιποίησις σωτ. 1 Th 5:9. ἡμέρα σωτηρίας (quot. fr. Is 49:8) of the day when the apostle calls them to salvation 2 Cor 6:2ab (cp. the mystery in Apuleius, Metam. 11, 5 ‘dies salutaris’ = ‘day of initiation’). Christ is ὁ ἀρχηγὸς τῆς σωτ. Hb 2:10 (ἀρχηγός 3). ὁ θεὸς τῆς σωτ. μου 1 Cl 18:14 (Ps 50:16).—Used w. verbs: ἔχειν σωτηρίαν Hv 2, 2, 5; 3, 6, 1; m 10, 2, 4; 12, 3, 6. κληρονομεῖν σωτηρίαν Hb 1:14. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σωτ. κατεργάζεσθαι Phil 2:12 (κατεργάζομαι 2). σωτηρίας τυχεῖν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰ. 2 Ti 2:10 (τυχεῖν σωτηρίας: Diod S 11, 4, 4; 11, 9, 1). εἰς σωτηρίαν for salvation (i.e. to appropriate it for oneself or grant it to another) Ro 1:16; 10:1, 10; 2 Cor 7:10; Phil 1:19 (ἀποβαίνω 2); 2 Th 2:13; 2 Ti 3:15; 1 Pt 2:2. πόρρω … ἀπὸ τῆς σωτ. 1Cl 39:9 (Job 3:4). τὰ ἀνήκοντα εἰς σωτηρίαν the things that pertain to salvation 1 Cl 45:1; B 17:1 (cp. SIG 1157, 12f).—σωτηρία is plainly expected to be fully culminated w. the second coming of the Lord Ro 13:11; Hb 9:28; 1 Pt 1:5.—(ἡ) σωτηρία without further qualification= salvation is also found Lk 19:9 (cp. GJs 19:2); J 4:22 (ἡ σωτ. ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν); Ac 4:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 23 ἐν θεῷ εἶναι τ. σωτηρίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν ἄλλῳ); Ro 11:11; 2 Cor 1:6; Hb 2:3 (τηλικαύτη σωτ.); 6:9. ἡ σωτ. ἡμῶν 2 Cl 1:1; 17:5; B 2:10.—Christ died even for the salvation of the repentant Ninevites in the time of Jonah 1 Cl 7:7; cp. vs. 4.—σωτηρία stands by metonymy for σωτήρ (in the quot. fr. Is 49:6) τοῦ εἶναί σε εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς Ac 13:47; B 14:8. On the other hand, for a circumstance favorable for our attainment of salvation ἡγεῖσθαί τι σωτηρίαν 2 Pt 3:15.—In the three places in Rv in which σωτ. appears as part of a doxology we have a Hebraism (salvation as victory intimately associated w. God; PEllingworth, BT 34, ’83, 444f; cp. Ps 3:9 and PsSol 10:8 τοῦ κυρίου ἡ σωτηρία) 7:10; 12:10; 19:1.—LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 248–66; HHaerens, Σωτήρ et σωτηρία dans la religion grecque: Studia Hellenistica 5, ’48, 57–68; FDölger, Ac 6, ’50, 257–63.—DELG s.v. σῶς. RLoewe, JTS 32, ’81, 341–68 (ins pp. 364–68). DBS XI 486–739. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

φῶς, φωτός, τό (Trag.+ [in Hom. φάος or φόως]; loanw. in rabb.) ‘light’

① light in contrast to darkness, light

ⓐ in the physical realm καθόλου τὸ φῶς μὴ βλέπειν (of Judas) Papias (3:2).—Opp. σκότος, as Job 18:18; En 104:8; PGM 5, 101; 7, 262; 13, 335; Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 (p. 60, 7) 2 Cor 4:6 (cp. Gen 1:3ff); 6:14. Not present at night J 11:10. λευκὸς ὡς τὸ φ. Mt 17:2. νεφέλη φωτός a bright cloud vs. 5 v.l. (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 12 [Stone p. 22]). Of the light of the sun (φ. ἡλίου: Dio Chrys. 57 [74], 20 fr. Eur., Hippol. 617; Ael. Aristid. 45, 29 K.=8 p. 95 D; ApcZeph; Just., D. 128, 4; τὸ φ. τοῦ ἡλίου Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 [p. 60, 16]) Rv 22:5b; of a wondrous star IEph 19:2ab. Of lamp-light (Jer 25:10; Jos., Ant. 12, 319) Lk 8:16; 11:33 (v.l. φέγγος); J 5:35 (in imagery); Rv 18:23; 22:5a. Light fr. a transcendent source (Ael. Aristid. 49, 46 K.=p. 500, 17 D. ἐγένετο φῶς παρὰ τῆς Ἴσιδος; Marinus, Vi. Procli 23: a halo of light around Proclus’ head moves the beholder to προσκύνησις): an angel Ac 12:7; 2 Cor 11:14 (here ἄγγελος φωτός [cp. 1QS 3:20] is a messenger of the world of light in contrast to Satan); of Paul’s conversion experience Ac 9:3; 22:6 (both w. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, as X., Cyr. 4, 2, 15; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 29), 9, 11; 26:13 (οὐρανόθεν); the heavenly city Rv 21:24 (s. also bα below). ἐφάνη φῶς μέγα ἐν τῷ σπηλαίῳ a bright light appeared in the cave GJs 19:2, followed by φῶς ἐκεῖνο ὑπεστέλλετο that light faded out. ἦν τὸ ὄρος ἐκεῖνο διαφαίνων (pap=διαφαῖνον) αὐτῇ φ. that mountain was shining a light for her GJs 22:3.—In imagery: (εἰς φ. ἐλθεῖν=‘become apparent’ Hippol., Ref. 4, 28, 4) ἐν τῷ φωτί in the open, publicly (φ. of ‘the open’ X., Ages. 9, 1.—Opp. ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ) Mt 10:27; Lk 12:3 (Proverbia Aesopi 104 P.: ἅπερ ἐν νυκτὶ καλύπτεται, ταῦτα εἰς φῶς λαληθέντα … ‘what is hidden in the night gets talked about in the light’). Of an evil-doer it is said: μισεῖ τὸ φῶς καὶ οὐκ ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸ φῶς J 3:20 (cp. Eur., Iph. T. 1026 κλεπτῶν γὰρ ἡ νύξ, τῆς δʼ ἀληθείας τὸ φῶς=the night’s for thieves, the light’s for truth; Plut., Mor. 82b, Contra Volupt. in Stob., Anthol. 3, 6, 33 vol. III 299 H.; Philo, De Jos. 68, Spec. Leg. 1, 319–23; TestNapht 2:10).

ⓑ in a transcendent sense

α. the passages in the central portion of 1a above show that light is the element and sphere of the divine (Ael. Aristid. 28, 114 K.=49 p. 528 D.: τοῦ θεοῦ φῶς; SibOr 3, 787 ἀθάνατον φ.; Tat. 13, 2 λόγος … ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ φ.—Iren. 1, 4, 1 [Harv. I 32, 1]). God is called φῶς οἰκῶν ἀπρόσιτον 1 Ti 6:16 (Plut., Pericl. 173 [39, 2] the gods dwell in τὸν τόπον ἀσάλευτον φωτὶ καθαρωτάτῳ περιλαμπόμενον, Mor. 567f: the divine φωνή proceeds fr. a φῶς μέγα that suddenly shines forth), or it is said that God dwells ἐν τῷ φωτί 1J 1:7b. In fact, God is described as light pure and simple ὁ θεὸς φῶς ἐστιν vs. 5 (Philo, Somn. 1, 75; cp. TestJob 4:1 εἶπεν τὸ φῶς; ParJer 6:12; Ath. 31, 3 πάντα δὲ φῶς αὐτὸν ὄντα.—OSchaefer, StKr 105, ’33, 467–76). Cp. Dg 9:6. Likew. the Divine Redeemer (ParJer 9:14 τὸ φῶς τῶν αἰώνων πάντων) in the Fourth Gospel: J 1:7–9 (FAuer, Wie ist J 1:9 zu verstehen?: ThGl 28, ’36, 397–407); 12:35ab, 36ab (for 1J 2:8 s. β; on divinity as light s. RCharles, The Book of Enoch 1912, 71f; GWetter, Phōs [ΦΩΣ] 1915. S. also MDibelius, Die Vorstellung v. göttl. Licht: Deutsche Literaturzeitung 36, 1915, 1469–83 and MNilsson, GGA 1916, 49ff; FDölger, Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit 1918, Sol Salutis 1920; WBousset, Kyrios Christos 2, 1921, 173; 174, 2 and 3; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; Dodd 133–36; 183–87 al.; EGoodenough, By Light, Light: The Mystic Gospel of Hellenistic Judaism ’35; RBultmann, Z. Gesch. der Lichtsymbolik im Altertum: Philol 97, ’48, 1–36; 1QH 4:6; 18:29; BGU 597, 33 [I A.D.]). Jesus calls himself τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου J 8:12a; 9:5; 12:46; cp. 3:19a (Mel., P. 103, 795; Wetter, ‘Ich bin das Licht der Welt’: Beiträge zur Religionswissenschaft I/2, 1914, 171ff), and is called τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1:4 (Ael. Aristid. 45, 33 K.=8 p. 97 D.: Sarapis as κοινὸν ἄπασιν ἀνθρώποις φῶς; hymn to Anubis fr. Kios [IAndrosIsis, p. 139] 7: Isis as φῶς πᾶσι βροτοῖσι). His very being is light and life (ζωή 2aβ; s. JWeisengoff, CBQ 8, ’46, 448–51) 1:4. Cp. also vs. 5; 3:19b, 21; Lk 2:32 (Jesus is a φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν).—FDölger, Lumen Christi: Ac V/1, ’35, 1–43. The martyr καθαρὸν φῶς λαμβάνει receives the pure light of heaven IRo 6:2.

β. light, that illuminates the spirit and soul of humans (OdeSol 11:19 μεταβληθέντες ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς τὸ φῶς; JosAs 15:13 ἀναγαγεῖν με εἰς τὸ φῶς; Mel., P. 68, 491 ῥυσάμενος … ἐκ σκότους εἰς φῶς; Philosoph. Max. 499, 39 σωφροσύνη … ψυχῆς φῶς ἐστιν), is gener. the element in which the redeemed person lives, rich in blessings without and within (En 5:6 σωτηρία, φῶς ἀγαθόν; vs. 8 φ. καὶ χάρις; PsSol 3:12 ἡ ζωὴ αὐτῶν ἐν φωτὶ κυρίου): τότε ῤαγήσεται πρώϊμον τὸ φῶς σου then your light will break out early in the morning B 3:4 (Is 58:8; s. πρόϊμος, end). Of God δεῖξαι αὐτῷ (God’s servant) φῶς 1 Cl 16:12 (Is 53:11); of Messianic salvation, the gospel, etc. (opp. σκοτία, σκότος) Mt 4:16ab; AcPl Ha 8, 32f (Is 9:1ab; cp. Lucian, Nigr. 4 ἔχαιρον ὥσπερ ἐκ ζοφεροῦ ἀέρος ἐς μέγα φῶς ἀναβλέπων ‘I rejoiced, looking up as it were from a gloomy atmosphere into a bright light’); Ac 26:18; Eph 5:13; Col 1:12; 1 Pt 2:9; 1 Cl 36:2; 59:2; 2 Cl 1:4. τὸ φῶς τῆς ζωῆς (cp. 1QS 3:7) J 8:12b. τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν (ParJer 9:3 φ. ἀληθινόν; cp. τὸ τῆς ἀληθείας φ. Did., Gen. 87, 23f; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 13, 20; saying of Pythagoreans: WienerStud 8, 1886 p. 280 no. 118 in contrast to σκότος; cp. TestJob 43:6 ὁ τοῦ σκότους καὶ οὐχὶ τοῦ φωτός [of Elihu]) 1J 2:8, cp. J 1:9 (s. α above). φῶς καταγγέλλειν Ac 26:23. To be filled w. Christian truth means ἐν τῷ φωτὶ περιπατεῖν 1J 1:7a, εἶναι 2:9, μένειν vs. 10. Such persons are called υἱοὶ τοῦ φωτός Lk 16:8; J 12:36c (cp. 1QS 1:9 et passim); 1 Th 5:5; τέκνα φωτός Eph 5:8b (ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 375–82; KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 339: 1QS 3:20; 5:9, 10); τέκνα φωτὸς ἀληθείας IPhld 2:1 (Porphyr., Ep. ad Marcellam 20 φῶς τοῦ θεοῦ τῆς ἀληθείας; Simplicius p. 88, 3; 138, 30 Düb. τὸ τῆς ἀληθείας φῶς). They put on τὰ ὅπλα τοῦ φωτός Ro 13:12, travel the ὁδὸς τοῦ φωτός B 18:1; 19:1, 12, and produce the καρπὸς τοῦ φωτός Eph 5:9. The rdg. τ̣ο̣ [φω]ς Ox 1081, 29 is better restored after the Coptic SJCh as τέλος (q.v. 1).

γ. bearers or bringers of this kind of light (φῶς of persons: Od. 16, 23; Anacr. 51 Diehl [32 Page; 124 Bergk] φάος Ἑλλήνων; Pind., I. 2, 17; Trag.; Biogr. p. 453 Hippocr. as ἀστήρ and φῶς of the healing art; TestJob 53:3 Job as φῶς τῶν τυφλῶν; SIG 1238, 2 [c. 160 A.D.] Φήγιλλα, τὸ φῶς τῆς οἰκίας) Is 49:6 φῶς ἐθνῶν is referred to Paul and Barnabas Ac 13:47, and to Christ B 14:8 (as Just., D. 65, 7); cp. 14:7 (Is 42:6) and cp. bα above. The Ἰουδαῖος considers himself a φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει Ro 2:19. Jesus’ disciples are τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου Mt 5:14; cp. vs. 16.—On Is 49:6 s. HOrlinsky, The 75th Anniv. Vol. of the JQR ’67, 409–28.

δ. by metonymy, one who is illuminated or filled w. such light, or who stands in it Eph 5:8a (s. 1bβ above).—On the dualism of light and darkness, etc., s. Hebr. texts in the Dead Sea scrolls: KKuhn, ZTK 47, ’50, 192–211; WBrownlee, Excerpts fr. theTransl. of the Dead Sea Manual of Discipline: BASOR no. 121, ’51, 8–13; HPreisker, TLZ 77, ’52, 673–78; CHowie, The Cosmic Struggle: Int 8, ’54, 206–17.

② that which gives/bears light, torch, lamp, lantern, etc. (X., Hell. 5, 1, 8 φῶς ἔχειν; Musaeus vs. 224 of a λύχνος. Pl.: Plut., Ant. 927 [26, 6], Pelop. 284 [12, 3] al.; Lucian, Philops. 31) Ac 16:29. Fire, which furnishes both light and heat (X., Hell. 6, 2, 29; Cyr. 7, 5, 27; 1 Macc 12:29) Mk 14:54 (GBuchanan, ET 68, ’56, 27); Lk 22:56. Heavenly bodies (Manetho, Apotel. 6, 146 sun and moon δύο φῶτα; likew. Dio Chrys. 23 [40], 38; Ptolem., Apotel. 2, 13, 8; 3, 3, 3; 3, 5, 3 al. τὰ φ=constellations; Vett. Val. index II p. 384; PGM 13, 400; Ps 135:7; Jer 4:23): God is πατὴρ τῶν φώτων Js 1:17 (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 11 [Stone p. 70] φῶς καλούμενον πατὴρ τοῦ φωτός; cp. ApcMos 36; 38); the sun as τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου τούτου J 11:9 (Macrobius, Saturnal. 1, 23, 21 ἥλιε παντοκράτορ, … κόσμου φῶς; cp. Ps.-Demosth. 60, 24). Of the eye as an organ of light (Eur., Cycl. 633 φῶς Κύκλωπος; Ath. 32, 2) Mt 6:23; Lk 11:35.

③ that which is illuminated by light: πᾶν τὸ φανερούμενον φῶς ἐστιν everything that becomes visible is (= stands in the) light Eph 5:14.—CMugler, Dictionnaire historique de la terminologie optique des Grecs ’64.—B. 60. Cp. φέγγος; s. Schmidt, Syn. I 563–98. DELG s.v. φάε. Frisk s.v. φάος. New Docs 1, 98f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀγαπάω impf. ἠγάπων; fut. ἀγαπήσω; 1 aor. ἠγάπησα; pf. ἠγάπηκα, ptc. ἠγαπηκώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἠγαπήκει Is. 2:25. Pass.: 1 fut. ἀγαπηθήσομαι; 1 aor. 2 sg. ἠγαπήθης Sir 47:16; pf. ptc. ἠγαπημένος (in var. mngs. Hom.+.—STromp de Ruiter, Gebruik en beteekenis van ἀγαπᾶν in de Grieksche Litteratuur 1930; CRichardson, Love: Gk. and Christian, JR 23, ’43,173–85).

① to have a warm regard for and interest in another, cherish, have affection for, love

ⓐ by human beings (Pind., Pla. et al.)

α. to a broad range of persons, apart from recipients of special devotion, for which see β; w. obj. given γυναῖκας Eph 5:25, 28, 33 (on proper attitude of the husband cp. Plut., Mor. 142e); Col 3:19; ὡς ἀδελφήν Hv 1, 1, 1. τὸν πλησίον Mt 5:43; 19:19; 22:39; Mk 12:31, 33 (on 33b s. Aristaen., Ep. 2, 13, end φιλῶ σε ὡς ἐμαυτήν); Ro 13:9; Gal 5:14; Js 2:8; B 19:5 (all quots. fr. Lev 19:18); s. πλησίον 2; τὸν ἕτερον Ro 13:8. τὸν ἀδελφόν 1J 2:10; 3:10; 4:20f. τοὺς ἀδελφούς 3:14. τὰ τέκνα τοῦ θεοῦ 5:2. ἀλλήλους J 13:34; 15:12, 17; 1J 3:11, 23; 4:7, 11f; 2J 5; Ro 13:8; 1 Th 4:9. τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας Mt 5:46; Lk 6:32. τὸ ἔθνος ἡμῶν 7:5. τοὺς ἐχθρούς Mt 5:44; Lk 6:27, 35; s. WvanUnnik, NovT 8, ’66, 284–300, and s. ἐχθρός 2bβ; ἀ. τινα ὑπὲρ τὴν ψυχήν love someone more than one’s own life B 1:4; 4:6; 19:5; D 2:7 (cp. Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 42 ὑπερφυῶς ἀ.; Kaibel 716, 5 φίλους ὑπὲρ ἁτὸν [=αὑτὸν] ἐτίμα). εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶ, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι; if I love you the more, am I to be loved less? 2 Cor 12:15; ἀ. πολύ, ὀλίγον show much or little affection Lk 7:47; cp. πλεῖον ἀγαπήσει αὐτόν will love him more vs. 42 (on the love-hate pair s. AFridrichsen, Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok 5, ’40, 152–62.—The meaning be grateful is suggested for Lk 7:42 by HWood, ET 66, ’55, 319, after JJeremias. See Jos., Bell. 1, 392 and Ps 114:1 LXX). Abs. ἡμεῖς ἀγαπῶμεν 1J 4:19. πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν vs. 7. ὁ μὴ ἀγαπῶν vs. 8. W. indication of the kind of affection: ἀ. ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χρ. I Mg 6:2. Opp. μισεῖν (Dt 21:15–17) Mt 6:24; Lk 16:13.

β. to transcendent recipients of special devotion: to Jesus 1 Pt 1:8. Esp. in J: 8:42; 14:15, 21, 23f; 21:15f (always spoken by Jesus).—On the last passage s. AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 46–49; EMcDowell, RevExp 32, ’35, 422–41; Goodsp., Probs. 116–18; JScott, ClW 39, ’45–’46, 71f; 40, ’46–’47, 60f; M-EBoismard, RB 54, ’47, 486f.—ἀ. and φιλέω may be used interchangeably here (cp. the freq. interchange of synonyms elsewh. in the same chapter [βόσκειν–ποιμαίνειν, ἀρνία–προβάτια, ἑλκύειν–σύρειν], but s. KMcKay, NovT 27, ’85, 319–33; also φιλέω).—To God (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 61; Sextus 442; 444; ParJer 6:6; LXX; Philo, Post. Caini 69; Jos., Ant. 7, 269; TestBenj 3:1; 4:5) Mt 22:37; Mk 12:30, 33; Lk 10:27 (all Dt 6:5); Ro 8:28; 1 Cor 2:9; 8:3. Of affection for the Creator B 19:2.

ⓑ of the affection of transcendent beings

α. for ordinary human beings (Dio Chrys. 3, 60 ἀγαπώμενος ὑπὸ θεῶν; 79 [28], 13; CIG 5159 Βρουτταρᾶτος, ὸ̔ν ἀγαπᾷ ἡ Φαρία ῏Ισις; Norden, Agn. Th. 225 ὸ̔ν Ἄμμων ἀγαπᾷ; 226 [= OGI 90, 4]; s. β below; LXX; Jos., Ant. 8, 173; 314; TestNapht 8:4, 10) Ro 8:37; 9:13 (Mal 1:2); 2 Th 2:16; Hb 12:6 (Pr 3:12); J 14:21 (τηρηθήσεται P⁷⁵); 1J 4:10, 19; 1 Cl 56:4 (Pr 3:12). ἱλαρὸν δότην 2 Cor 9:7.—Jesus’ affection for people Ἰ. ἠγάπησεν αὐτον J. liked him or was fond of him Mk 10:21 (displayed affection, caressed him has also been suggested; cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5, 50; Plut., Pericl. 152 [1, 1] al.).—Gal 2:20; Eph 5:2; J 11:5; 15:9; B 1:1. Of the beloved disciple J 13:23; 19:26; 21:7, 20; s. Hdb.³ on J 13:23, also JMaynard, JSOR 13, 1929, 155–59; Bultmann ad loc. et al.; AKragerud, Der Lieblingsjünger im Johannesevangelium, ’59; LJohnson, ET 77, ’66, 157f; see also μαθητής 2bα.—W. pf. pass. ptc. (cp. β) ἀδελφοὶ ἠ. ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ (cp. Sir 45:1; 46:13) 1 Th 1:4; 2 Th 2:13; ἅγιοι καὶ ἠ. Col 3:12; τοῖς ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις Jd 1; ἐκκλησία ἠ. ITr ins; IRo ins.—Ro 9:25 (Hos 2:25 v.l.).

β. for other transcendent beings: God’s love for Jesus J 3:35; 10:17; 17:26, from before creation 17:24. Here belongs also the pf. pass. ptc. the one loved by God (cp. Dt 32:15; 33:5, 26; Is 44:2) as designation of Jesus (cp. ParJer 3:11; AscIs 3:4; TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 6 [Stone p. 4] Ἀβραὰμ τὸν ἠ. μου φίλον; OGI 90, 4 [II B.C.] an Egyptian king is ἠγαπημένος ὑπό τοῦ Φθᾶ; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 12 [III B.C.] a king ἠγαπημένος ὑπὸ τ. Ἴσιδος) Eph 1:6; B 3:6; 4:3, 8. ἠγαπημένος παῖς αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 59:2f; υἱὸς ἠ. Hs 9, 12, 5. Of Jerusalem τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠ. (Sir 24:11) Rv 20:9.—S. the lit. on φιλέω 1a.—Jesus’ love for God J 14:31.

② to have high esteem for or satisfaction with someth., take pleasure in (Aesop, Fab. 156 P.)—Appian, Mithrid. 57 §230 τὰ προτεινόμενα=the proffered terms. PsSol 14:6 ἡμέραν ἐν μετοχῇ ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν day of partnership in their sin. Also striving after someth. (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 124 Jac. τιμήν; Diod. S 11, 46, 2 τ. πλοῦτον; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §215 citizenship; SIG 1268 I, 9 [III B.C.] φιλίαν ἀγάπα=‘value friendship’; pap of early Ptolemaic times in WCrönert, NGG 1922, 31; Ps 39:17; Sir 3:26) τὴν πρωτοκαθεδρίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀσπασμούς Lk 11:43. μισθὸν ἀδικίας 2 Pt 2:15. τὸν κόσμον 1J 2:15. τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα 2 Ti 4:10; Pol 9:2. δικαιοσύνην (Wsd 1:1; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 22) Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8). σεμνότητα Hm 5, 2, 8. τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 296; TestReub 3:9) 1 Cl 18:6 (Ps 50:8); Hm 3:1. Opp. ἀ. ψεύδη B 20:2. ὅρκον ψευδῆ 2:8 (Zech 8:17). μᾶλλον τὸ σκότος ἢ τὸ φῶς J 3:19 (on ἀγ. μᾶλλον w. acc. cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 350 and see μᾶλλον 3c); ἀ. τὴν δόξαν τ. ἀνθρώπων μᾶλλον ἤπερ τ. δ. τοῦ θεοῦ value the approval of human beings more highly than that of God 12:43 (cp. Pla. Phdr. 257e). ζωήν enjoy life (Sir 4:12) 1 Pt 3:10; also τὴν ψυχήν (Sir 30:23 v.l.) Rv 12:11.—Hence long for τὶ someth. (Ps 39:17) τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ his appearing 2 Ti 4:8. W. inf. fol. wish (Anton. Lib. 40, 1 ἠγάπησεν ἀεὶ παρθένος εἶναι) ἀ. ἡμέρας ἱδεῖν ἀγαθάς to see good days 1 Cl 22:2 (Ps 33:13). τὸ παθεῖν wish for martyrdom ITr 4:2.—ἀγάπην ἀ. (2 Km 13:15) show love J 17:26; Eph 2:4; show one’s admiration τὰ δεσμά for my bonds i.e. they were not embarrassed by them IPol 2:3 (not kiss; there is so far no evidence for that mng. of ἀ.).—ISm 7:1 the context seems to require for ἀ. the sense ἀγάπην ποιεῖν (8:2)=hold a love-feast, but so far this mng. cannot be confirmed lexically. But since the noun ἀγάπη is used absolutely in 6:2 in the sense ‘concern for’ someone, it may be that ἀγαπᾶν in 7:1 refers to acts of kindness.

③ to practice/express love, prove one’s love J 13:1, 34 (perh. an allusion to the agape or love-feast, s. ἀγάπη 2). Abs. w. indication of the means μὴ ἀγαπῶμεν λόγῳ μηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ let us show our love with deeds as well as w. word or tongue (TestGad 6:1 ἀγαπήσατε ἀλλήλους ἐν ἔργῳ) 1J 3:18; cp. ἀ. τῷ στόματι love w. the mouth 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:36 Swete; ed. Rahlfs ’31 v.l.).—RJoly, Le vocabulaire chretien de l’amour est-il original? ’68.—B. 1110. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.