σωτήρ-ιος

σωτήρ-ιος, ον,

A saving, delivering,

αὐγαὶ ἡλίου A.Supp. 213

, cf. Th.3.53, Pl.Plt. 311a, etc.;

θεοί BGU 362v 1

(iii A.D.); of symptoms, betokening recovery, Hp.Aph.7.37;

ὀλιγοχρόνιόν τε καὶ σωτήριον δηλοῖ τὸ νόσημα Gal.9.574

; ἐλπὶς σπέρματος σωτηρίου hope of seed to preserve or perpetuate the race, A.Ch. 236; δέχεσθαι τὸν ἱκέτην σωτήριον who brings safety to our state, S.OC 487 codd.

b c. dat., bringing safety or deliverance to.., ὕδωρ ἰχθύσι ς. Heraclit.61; ἄριστα καὶ πόλεις. A.Th. 183, cf. Ch. 505, E.Heracl. 402, Ph. 918;

νηυσίν τε καὶ ναύτῃσιν IG12(8)

p.x (Thasos, vi/V B.C.): also c. gen., τῆς βασιλικῆς ἀρχῆς ς. Pl.Ep. 354b, cf. Arist.Pol. 1314a13: [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.,

τὸ πείθεσθαι σωτηριώτερον αὐτοῖς X.Mem.3.3.10

;

ἵππος -ώτατος τῷ ἀναβάτῃ Id.Eq.3.12

.

2 of persons, much like σωτήρ, E. Or. 657, Ba. 965, etc.; θεοί, Ζεὺς ς., S.El. 281, Fr. 425: c. dat., Th.7.64; [Ἑλένη] ναυτίλοις ς. E.Or. 1637: c. gen. pers.,

τάχ' ἂν γενοίμεθ' αὐτοῦ.. σωτήριοι S.Aj. 779

.

II as Subst., σωτήρια, τά, deliverance, safety,

τἀκείνου σωτήρια Id.El. 925

(so

σ. πράγματα A.Ag. 646

); ἡ ἐλπὶς τῶν ς. Arist.Rh. 1383a17: also in sg., ἔρυμα τῆς χώρας καὶ πόλεως ς. A.Eu. 701;

ἐπινοεῖν τι σ. τοῖς παροῦσι Luc.JTr.18

, cf. DMeretr.9.3.

2 σωτήρια (sc. ἱερά) τά, a thank-offering for deliverance,

σ. θύειν θεοῖς X.An.3.2.9

, 5.1.1, cf. Marm.Par.7, etc.;

σ. ἄγειν Luc.Herm. 86

; σ. τοῦ βασιλέως πανηγυρίζειν for his escape, Hdn.1.10.7; of a festival at Delphi, commemorating the retreat of the Gauls, SIG402.5 (iii B.C.), etc.

3 physician's fee, Poll.6.186.

4 public privy, at Smyrna, AP9.642 (in lemmate), Suid.

III Σωτήριος (sc. μήν), ὁ, also written Σωτήρειος, name of a month, PLond.2.141 (i A.D.), PFlor. 55 (i A.D.), etc.

IV Adv.

- ίως Antip.Stoic.3.256

, Ph.2.12, al., Plu.Luc.5, S.E.M.9.113, etc.; σ. ἔχειν to be capable of recovery, Plu. 2.918d.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `safe, healthy, intact' (Att.; also Hom., Hdt.).

Other forms: σάος (ep. poet. Il. [ σαώτερος], also Cypr., Arc., Lac. etc.), σῶος (Hdt., Hp., X., hell.), σόος (ep., also Hdt.); comp. σαώτερος (A 32, X., Theoc., AP).

Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in ΣαϜο-κλέϜης (Cypr.), σαό-φρων (ep. poet.), σώ-φρων (Att.), Σαυ-κράτης (Boeot.), Σά-δαμος (Arc.); as 2. member in νηο-, τεκνο-σσόος (poet.; cf. on σεύομαι).

Derivatives: Ep. aor. σαῶ-σαι, pass. σαωθῆναι, to which fut. σαώσω, pres. σαόω; with contraction IA. σῶσαι, σωθῆναι, σώσω (inscr. σωῶ), σῴζω (ε 490, Hes. Op. 376; from *σω-ΐζω); to this perf. midd. σέσωσμαι (trag.), σέσωμαι (Pl. a.o.), act. σέσωκα (hell.), often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, `to keep alive, to save', midd. pass. intr. `to stay alive, to save oneself'. As 1. member a. o. in σωσί-πολις `saving the city' (Ar., Str. a.o.). From the verb: 1. σωτήρ, - ῆρος m. `saviour' (h. Hom., Pi., IA.) with σωτηρ-ία, - ίη f. `rescue', - ιος `bringing rescue, saving' (IA.), - ιώδης `wholesome' (Gal. a.o.), - ιασταί m. pl. `worshippers' of the θεοὶ σωτῆρες resp. of Ἄρτεμις Σώτειρα (Rhod., Att.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 178). Archaising byforms: σαωτήρ (Call. a.o.), σαώτωρ (Maiist. III^a), Σαώτης surn. of Dionysos (AP, Paus.); hypocorist. enlargement Σωτήριχος PN (Plu., Luc. a.o.). 2. f. σώτειρα. (Pi., IA.). 3. σῶστρα n. pl. (- σ- as in σέσω-σ-μαι a.o.) `reward for saving, thank-offering for saving lives' (Hdt., X. etc.) with σαοστρεῖ 3. sg. (prob. = σαω-; Cephallenia). 4. σωστικός ( δια-) `saving, preserving' (Arist. etc.). 5. δια-σώστης m. `policeman' (Just.). 6. ἀνα-σωσμός (Aq.), - σωσμα (Tz.) `rescue' -- On the frequent PN in Σω(ι-), Σωσ(ι)-, Σωτ(ο)- a.o. s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 413 ff.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1080] *teu̯h₂- `be strong' (meaning incorrect in Pok.)

Etymology: The above forms can all go back on PGr. σάϜος (Cypr. ΣαϜο-κλέϜης); positing alternative basic forms like *σῶϜος or *σω[υ]ς is unnecessary. From σά(Ϝ)ος arose by contraction σῶς, from where through thematisation (via n. pl. σῶα, sg. σῶον?) σῶος; ep. σόος for σάος after σῶς or through metr. lengthening. Extensive treatment by Leumann Μνήμης χάριν 2, 8 ff. (Kl. Schr. 266 ff.) w. further details and rich lit. -- PGr. σάϜος can stand for IE *tu̯h₂-eu̯o-s; or rather it is a thematization of *σαυς \< *tu̯eh₂-us. Ablaut with *tu̯ō-ro-s, *tu̯ō-mn̥ (in σωρός?, σῶμα??) is quite uncertain; the basic meaning would then be approx. `be strong' (Prellwitz a.o.; s. Bq), which fits badly for a corpse; *tu̯oh₂-mn̥ is simple, but o-grade is improbable. Cf. σωρός and ταΰς, also on σαίνω.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: ` beaver' (Hdt., Hp., Arist.).

Derivatives: καστόρ(ε)ιος ` belonging to the beaver' (Pi., X., Dsc.), καστόρ(ε)ιον n. `castor (= Bibergeil)' (pap., Plu.); καστορίδες f. pl. `Laconian race of dogs, initially elevated by Castor' (AP, Poll.), ` beaver' (Opp., Ael.); καστορίζω ` be like castor' (Dsc., Vett. Val.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Since Kretschmer, Wiener Eranos, 1909,121-3 one assumes that, because of the medicinal effect of the castor for women's diseases the name Κάστωρ, who was known as σωτήρ of women, was transferred to the beaver. S. Bq s. v. Schwyzer 635 gives parallel cases, but there are no real parallels (he gives only ἀλέκτωρ, which is prob. also incorrect). This idea has been uncritically taken over. In fact Kretschmer has no specific argument. Thus Gantz, Early Gr. Myth (1993), who discusses the Dioskouroi rather extensively (323-328) mentions nothing about a relation with the beaver. There is, then, nothing that makes it probable that the name of Castor was also used for the beaver. This kind of pseudo-certainties should be abandoned. Schrader-Nehring 138 point out that the animal no longer existed in Greece and that the word will be a foreign word. It is first mentiond in Hdt. 4, 109 in the North Pontic area. (A Pre-Greek word for ` beaver' may have been λάταξ. There seem to have been words in - τωρ in Pre-Greek: βιάτωρ, λείτωρ. The word was taken over in Latin and spread from there to the European languages. W.-Hofmann s. castrō and ēcastor, Wahrmann Glotta 17, 258. From καστόρ(ε)ιον Skt. kastūrī f. ` musk'.

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