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61 quarter
1. noun1) Viertel, dasa or one quarter of — ein Viertel (+ Gen.)
divide/cut something into quarters — etwas in vier Teile teilen/schneiden; etwas vierteln
a quarter [of a pound] of cheese — ein Viertel[pfund] Käse
a quarter of a mile/an hour — eine Viertelmeile/-stunde
3) (point of time)[a] quarter to/past six — Viertel vor/nach sechs; drei Viertel sechs/Viertel sieben (landsch.)
there are buses at quarter to and quarter past [the hour] — es fahren Busse um Viertel vor und Viertel nach jeder vollen Stunde
4) (direction) Richtung, dieblow from all quarters — [Wind:] aus allen Richtungen wehen
5) (source of supply or help) Seite, diein some quarters — (fig.) in gewissen Kreisen
9) (Amer.) (school term) Viertelschuljahr, das; (university term) halbes Semester10) (Astron.) Viertel, das11) (mercy)2. transitive verbgive no quarter to somebody — jemandem keinen Pardon (veralt.) gewähren od. geben
1) (divide) vierteln; durch vier teilen [Zahl, Summe]2) (lodge) einquartieren [Soldaten]* * *['kwo:tə] 1. noun1) (one of four equal parts of something which together form the whole (amount) of the thing: There are four of us, so we'll cut the cake into quarters; It's (a) quarter past / (American) after four; In the first quarter of the year his firm made a profit; The shop is about a quarter of a mile away; an hour and a quarter; two and a quarter hours.) das Viertel2) (in the United States and Canada, (a coin worth) twenty-five cents, the fourth part of a dollar.) der Vierteldollar3) (a district or part of a town especially where a particular group of people live: He lives in the Polish quarter of the town.) das Viertel4) (a direction: People were coming at me from all quarters.) die Gegend5) (mercy shown to an enemy.) die Schonung6) (the leg of a usually large animal, or a joint of meat which includes a leg: a quarter of beef; a bull's hindquarters.) das Hinterviertel7) (the shape of the moon at the end of the first and third weeks of its cycle; the first or fourth week of the cycle itself.) das erste/dritte Mondviertel8) (one of four equal periods of play in some games.) das Spielviertel9) (a period of study at a college etc usually 10 to 12 weeks in length.) das Viertel2. verb1) (to cut into four equal parts: We'll quarter the cake and then we'll all have an equal share.) vierteln2) (to divide by four: If we each do the work at the same time, we could quarter the time it would take to finish the job.) vierteilen3) (to give (especially a soldier) somewhere to stay: The soldiers were quartered all over the town.) einquartieren•- academic.ru/59595/quarterly">quarterly3. adverb(once every three months: We pay our electricity bill quarterly.)4. noun(a magazine etc which is published once every three months.) die Vierteljahresschrift- quarters- quarter-deck
- quarter-final
- quarter-finalist
- quartermaster
- at close quarters* * *quar·ter[ˈkwɔ:təʳ, AM ˈkwɔ:rt̬ɚ]I. nthe bottle was a \quarter full es war noch ein Viertel in der Flaschefor a \quarter of the price [or for \quarter the price] zu einem Viertel des Preisesa \quarter [of a pound] of tea ein Viertel[pfund] Teethree \quarters drei Viertelto divide sth into \quarters etw in vier Teile teilena \quarter of a century ein Vierteljahrhundert nta \quarter of an hour eine Viertelstundean hour and a \quarter eineinviertel Stundenpaid by the \quarter vierteljährlich bezahlt▪ \quarters pl ein Spiel, bei dem ein Vierteldollar in ein Glas Bier geschnippt wirdhelp came from a totally unexpected \quarter Hilfe kam von völlig unerwarteter Seitein certain \quarters in gewissen Kreisenfrom high \quarters von höherer Stelleto ask/cry for \quarter um Gnade bitten/flehenno \quarter was asked for and none given es wurde auf beiden Seiten schonungslos gekämpftto give \quarter Erbarmen haben9. (lodgings)married \quarters Familienunterkunft fservants' \quarters Dienstbotenwohnung fto be confined to \quarters MIL Stubenarrest habenfrom the north/west \quarter aus nördlicher/westlicher Richtungon the port \quarter backbordon the starboard \quarter steuerbord12.▶ at close \quarters with sb in jds Nähethey fought at close \quarters sie kämpften Mann gegen MannII. vt▪ to \quarter sth etw vierteln2. (give housing)▪ to \quarter sb somewhere jdn irgendwo unterbringen▪ to be \quartered with sb bei jdm untergebracht [o einquartiert] werden\quarter hour Viertelstunde f\quarter pound Viertelpfund nt* * *['kwɔːtə(r)]1. n1) (= fourth part) Viertel ntthe bottle was a quarter/three-quarters full — die Flasche war zu einem Viertel/zu drei Vierteln gefüllt, die Flasche war viertel/drei viertel voll
a quarter of a mile —
it was a quarter as big as the other one — es war ein Viertel so groß wie das andere
for a quarter (of) the price, for quarter the price — zu einem Viertel des Preises
2) (in expressions of time) Viertel nta quarter to seven, a quarter of seven (US) — (ein) Viertel vor sieben, drei viertel sieben (dial)
a quarter past six, a quarter after six (US) — (ein) Viertel nach sechs, viertel sieben (dial)
the clock has just struck the quarter — die Uhr hat eben Viertel or die Viertelstunde geschlagen
an hour and a quarter — eineinviertel Stunden, fünf viertel Stunden
3) (= fourth of year) Vierteljahr nt, Quartal nt5) (= district in town) Viertel nt6)(= area)
he has travelled in every quarter of the globe — er hat schon alle Ecken der Welt bereist7) (= direction) (Himmels)richtung f8) (NAUT: direction of wind) Richtung fthey were unaccustomed to fighting at close quarters — sie waren nicht an den Nahkampf gewöhnt
12) (NAUT: part of ship) Achterschiff nt13) (= mercy in battle) Schonung f, Pardon m15) (of moon) Viertel nt17) (MEASURE) ≈ Viertelzentner m2. adjViertel-quarter pound/mile — Viertelpfund nt/-meile f
the/a quarter part — das/ein Viertel
3. vt2) (= lodge) unterbringen, einquartieren (ALSO MIL) (on bei)* * *quarter [ˈkwɔː(r)tə(r)]A s1. Viertel n, vierter Teil:quarter of a century Vierteljahrhundert n;for a quarter (of) the price zu einem Viertel des Preises;not a quarter as good as nicht annähernd so gut wie;the stadium was only a quarter full das Stadion war nur zu einem Viertel gefüllt2. US oder Can Vierteldollar m (= 25 Cents)three quarters of an hour Dreiviertelstunde f;the clock strikes the quarters die Uhr schlägt viertelstündlichby the quarter vierteljährlich, quartalsweise5. ASTRON (Mond)Viertel n6. besonders USa) UNIV (Studien)Quartal nb) SCHULE Viertel n des Schuljahres7. SPORT (Spiel)Viertel n8. Viertelpfund n (0,113 kg)10. Quarter n:a) Br 28 lb. = 12,7 kg, US 25 lb. =11,34 kg (Handelsgewicht)b) Br = 2,91 hl (Hohlmaß)11. SCHIFFa) Kardinalpunkt m, Haupthimmelsrichtung f (des Kompasses)b) Viertelstrich m (des Kompasses = 2° 49’)12. (Himmels-, Wind) Richtung f:13. Gegend f, Teil m (eines Landes etc):14. Stelle f, Seite f, Quelle f:higher quarters höhere Stellen;in the highest quarters an höchster Stelle;in the proper quarter bei der zuständigen Stelle;in Government quarters in Regierungskreisen;from all quarters von allen Seiten ( → A 13);15. (Stadt)Viertel n, (-)Bezirk m:poor quarter Armenviertel;residential quarter Wohnbezirk16. meist pl MIL Quartier n, (Truppen)Unterkunft f:be confined to quarters Stubenarrest haben;take up (one’s) quarters Quartier beziehen17. meist pl Quartier n, Unterkunft f, Wohnung f, Logis n:have free quarters umsonst wohnen, freie Wohnung habenask for quarter um Schonung bitten;give quarter Pardon geben oder gewähren21. SCHIFF Achterschiff n22. SCHIFF Posten m:beat to quarters die Mannschaft auf ihre Posten rufen23. SCHIFF Raharm m25. ARCH, TECH Stollenholz n, Vierpass mB v/t1. etwas in vier Teile teilen, vierteln2. aufteilen, zerstückeln4. jemanden beherbergenquartered in barracks kaserniert;quarter o.s. on sb allg sich bei jemandem einquartieren6. Heraldik: ein Wappenschild vierenC v/i1. wohnen, leben2. einquartiert sein, Quartier haben ( beide:at in dat, bei)3. umherstreifen (Jagdhunde)4. SCHIFF mit Backstagswind segelnq. abk2. quarter3. quarterly4. quasi5. query6. questionqu. abk3. queen4. query5. question* * *1. noun1) Viertel, dasa or one quarter of — ein Viertel (+ Gen.)
divide/cut something into quarters — etwas in vier Teile teilen/schneiden; etwas vierteln
a quarter [of a pound] of cheese — ein Viertel[pfund] Käse
a quarter of a mile/an hour — eine Viertelmeile/-stunde
[a] quarter to/past six — Viertel vor/nach sechs; drei Viertel sechs/Viertel sieben (landsch.)
there are buses at quarter to and quarter past [the hour] — es fahren Busse um Viertel vor und Viertel nach jeder vollen Stunde
4) (direction) Richtung, dieblow from all quarters — [Wind:] aus allen Richtungen wehen
5) (source of supply or help) Seite, diein some quarters — (fig.) in gewissen Kreisen
9) (Amer.) (school term) Viertelschuljahr, das; (university term) halbes Semester10) (Astron.) Viertel, das11) (mercy)give no quarter to somebody — jemandem keinen Pardon (veralt.) gewähren od. geben
12) (Amer.): (amount, coin) Vierteldollar, der; 25-Cent-Stück, das2. transitive verb1) (divide) vierteln; durch vier teilen [Zahl, Summe]2) (lodge) einquartieren [Soldaten]* * *(year) n.Quartal -e n. n.Gegend -en f.Quartier -e n.Viertel - n. v.einquartieren v. -
62 quarter
'kwo:tə
1. noun1) (one of four equal parts of something which together form the whole (amount) of the thing: There are four of us, so we'll cut the cake into quarters; It's (a) quarter past / (American) after four; In the first quarter of the year his firm made a profit; The shop is about a quarter of a mile away; an hour and a quarter; two and a quarter hours.) cuarto2) (in the United States and Canada, (a coin worth) twenty-five cents, the fourth part of a dollar.) veinticinco centavos3) (a district or part of a town especially where a particular group of people live: He lives in the Polish quarter of the town.) barrio4) (a direction: People were coming at me from all quarters.) dirección, (de todas) partes5) (mercy shown to an enemy.) gracia6) (the leg of a usually large animal, or a joint of meat which includes a leg: a quarter of beef; a bull's hindquarters.) cuarto7) (the shape of the moon at the end of the first and third weeks of its cycle; the first or fourth week of the cycle itself.) cuarto8) (one of four equal periods of play in some games.) cuarto9) (a period of study at a college etc usually 10 to 12 weeks in length.) trimestre
2. verb1) (to cut into four equal parts: We'll quarter the cake and then we'll all have an equal share.) cortar en cuatro2) (to divide by four: If we each do the work at the same time, we could quarter the time it would take to finish the job.) dividir en cuatro, cuartear3) (to give (especially a soldier) somewhere to stay: The soldiers were quartered all over the town.) acuartelar, alojar•
3. adverb(once every three months: We pay our electricity bill quarterly.) trimestralmente
4. noun(a magazine etc which is published once every three months.) publicación trimestral- quarters- quarter-deck
- quarter-final
- quarter-finalist
- quartermaster
- at close quarters
quarter n1. cuarta parte / cuarto2. cuarto5:15 is the same as a quarter past five 5:15 es lo mismo que las cinco y cuarto3. barriotr['kwɔːtəSMALLr/SMALL]1 cuarto2 (area) barrio3 (time) cuarto4 (weight) cuarto de libra5 (of moon) cuarto6 (three months) trimestre nombre masculino1 dividir en cuatro2 (reduce) reducir a la cuarta parte3 SMALLHISTORY/SMALL descuartizar4 (lodge) alojar1 alojamiento m sing\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat close quarters desde muy cercafrom all quarters de todas partesto give no quarter no dar cuartelfirst quarter cuarto crecientelast quarter cuarto menguanteofficer's quarters residencia f sing de oficialesquarter ['kwɔrt̬ər] vt1) : dividir en cuatro partes2) lodge: alojar, acuartelar (tropas)quarter n1) : cuarto m, cuarta parte fa foot and a quarter: un pie y cuartoa quarter after three: las tres y cuarto2) : moneda f de 25 centavos, cuarto m de dólar3) district: barrio mbusiness quarter: barrio comercial4) place: parte ffrom all quarters: de todas partesat close quarters: de muy cerca5) mercy: clemencia f, cuartel mto give no quarter: no dar cuartel6) quarters npllodging: alojamiento m, cuartel m (militar)n.• moneda de veinticinco centavos de dólar s.f. (Ship)n.• camarote s.m.adj.• cuarto, -a adj.n.• barrio s.m.• cuadra s.f.• cuarta s.f.• cuartel s.m.• cuarterón s.m.• cuarto s.m.• cuarto de luna s.m.• moneda de 25 centavos s.f.• trimestre (Académico) s.m.v.• acantonar v.• acuartelar v.• alojar v.• cuartear v.• cuartelar v.• descuartizar v.
I 'kwɔːrtər, 'kwɔːtə(r)1) ca) ( fourth part) cuarta parte f, cuarto ma quarter of a mile/century — un cuarto de milla/siglo
four and a o one quarter gallons — cuatro galones y cuarto
b) (as adv)2) ca) (US, Canadian coin) moneda f de 25 centavosb) ( of moon) cuarto m3) ca) ( in telling time) cuarto mit's a quarter of o (BrE) to one — es la una menos cuarto or (AmL exc RPl) un cuarto para la una
a quarter after o (BrE) past one — la una y cuarto
at (a) quarter after o (BrE) past — a las y cuarto
b) ( three months) trimestre mto pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or por trimestres
4) ca) ( district of town) barrio mb) ( area) parte f5) quarters pl ( accommodations)married quarters — ( Mil) viviendas fpl para familias
6) u ( mercy) (liter)he showed o gave them no quarter — no tuvo clemencia para con ellos
II
transitive verb (often pass) ( divide) \<\<carcass/body\>\> descuartizar*; \<\<apple\>\> dividir en cuatro partesto be hung, drawn and quartered — ser* ahorcado, destripado y descuartizado
III
adjective cuarto['kwɔːtǝ(r)]1. N1) (=fourth part) [of kilo, kilometre, second] cuarto m ; [of price, population] cuarta parte fto divide sth into quarters — dividir algo en cuartos or en cuatro
•
it's a quarter gone already — ya se ha gastado la cuarta parte2) (in time) cuarto ma quarter of an hour/century — un cuarto de hora/siglo
•
it's a quarter to or (US) of seven — son las siete menos cuarto, es un cuarto para las siete (LAm)a) (US, Canada) (=25 cents) (moneda f de) cuarto m de dólarb) [of year] trimestre m•
to pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or al trimestre or cada tres mesesc) [of moon] cuarto m•
when the moon is in its first/ last quarter — cuando la luna está en cuarto creciente/menguante4) (=part of town) barrio m•
the business quarter — el barrio comercial•
the old quarter — el casco viejo or antiguo5) (=direction, area)•
from all quarters — de todas partes•
at close quarters — de cerca•
they are spread over the four quarters of the globe — se extienden por todos los rincones or por todas partes del mundo•
help came from an unexpected quarter — la ayuda nos llegó de un lugar inesperado6) (Naut, Geog) [of compass] cuarta f7) (Heraldry) cuartel m•
they knew they could expect no quarter — sabían que no podían esperar clemencia9) quarters (=accommodation)living 4.married 2.the crew's/officers' quarters — (on ship) las dependencias de la tripulación/de los oficiales
2.ADJ cuartoa quarter pound/century — un cuarto de libra/siglo
3. VT1) (=divide into four) [+ apple, potato] cortar en cuatro (trozos); [+ carcass, body] descuartizar; hang 1., 3), a)2) (Mil) acuartelar, alojar3) (=range over) [person] recorrer4.CPDquarter day N — (gen) primer día del trimestre ; (Econ) el día del vencimiento de un pago trimestral
quarter light N — (Brit) (Aut) ventanilla f direccional
quarter note N — (US) (Mus) negra f
quarter pound N — cuarto m de libra
quarter tone N — cuarto m de tono
quarter turn N — cuarto m de vuelta
* * *
I ['kwɔːrtər, 'kwɔːtə(r)]1) ca) ( fourth part) cuarta parte f, cuarto ma quarter of a mile/century — un cuarto de milla/siglo
four and a o one quarter gallons — cuatro galones y cuarto
b) (as adv)2) ca) (US, Canadian coin) moneda f de 25 centavosb) ( of moon) cuarto m3) ca) ( in telling time) cuarto mit's a quarter of o (BrE) to one — es la una menos cuarto or (AmL exc RPl) un cuarto para la una
a quarter after o (BrE) past one — la una y cuarto
at (a) quarter after o (BrE) past — a las y cuarto
b) ( three months) trimestre mto pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or por trimestres
4) ca) ( district of town) barrio mb) ( area) parte f5) quarters pl ( accommodations)married quarters — ( Mil) viviendas fpl para familias
6) u ( mercy) (liter)he showed o gave them no quarter — no tuvo clemencia para con ellos
II
transitive verb (often pass) ( divide) \<\<carcass/body\>\> descuartizar*; \<\<apple\>\> dividir en cuatro partesto be hung, drawn and quartered — ser* ahorcado, destripado y descuartizado
III
adjective cuarto -
63 front
I [frʌnt]1) (forward facing area) (of house, shop) facciata f.; (of cupboard, box, car) davanti m., parte f. anteriore; (of sweater) davanti m.; (of book) copertina f.; (of card) faccia f.; (of coin, banknote) recto m.; (of fabric) diritto m.2) (furthest forward part) (of train, queue) testa f.; (of building) davanti m.; (of auditorium) prima fila f.at the front of — in testa a [ line]; sul davanti di [ house]
3) mil. pol. fronte m.4) (stomach)to spill sth. down one's front — rovesciarsi qcs. addosso
5) BE (promenade) passeggiata f.6) meteor. fronte m.7) (area of activity) fronte m.changes on the domestic o home front — pol. cambiamenti di politica interna
8) fig. (outer appearance) facciata f.11) in front of (before) davanti aII [frʌnt]aggettivo attrib.1) (facing street) [entrance, garden, window] davanti; [ bedroom] sul davanti della casa2) (furthest from rear) [wheel, paw, leg] anteriore, davanti; [ seat] (in cinema) in prima fila; (in vehicle) davanti; [ tooth] davanti; [ carriage] di testafront panel — (in car radio) frontalino
3) (first) [ page] primo; [ racing car] in testaIII 1. [frʌnt]2) colloq. (lead) essere a capo di, capeggiare [band, party]3) telev. presentare [ TV show]2.1) (face)to front onto — BE o
* * *1) (the part of anything (intended to be) nearest the person who sees it; usually the most important part of anything: the front of the house; the front of the picture; ( also adjective) the front page.) davanti, parte anteriore, facciata2) (the foremost part of anything in the direction in which it moves: the front of the ship; ( also adjective) the front seat of the bus.) davanti, parte anteriore3) (the part of a city or town that faces the sea: We walked along the (sea) front.) lungomare4) ((in war) the line of soliers nearest the enemy: They are sending more soldiers to the front.) fronte5) (a boundary separating two masses of air of different temperatures: A cold front is approaching from the Atlantic.) fronte6) (an outward appearance: He put on a brave front.) facciata7) (a name sometimes given to a political movement: the Popular Front for Liberation.) fronte•- frontage- frontal
- at the front of
- in front of
- in front* * *I [frʌnt]1) (forward facing area) (of house, shop) facciata f.; (of cupboard, box, car) davanti m., parte f. anteriore; (of sweater) davanti m.; (of book) copertina f.; (of card) faccia f.; (of coin, banknote) recto m.; (of fabric) diritto m.2) (furthest forward part) (of train, queue) testa f.; (of building) davanti m.; (of auditorium) prima fila f.at the front of — in testa a [ line]; sul davanti di [ house]
3) mil. pol. fronte m.4) (stomach)to spill sth. down one's front — rovesciarsi qcs. addosso
5) BE (promenade) passeggiata f.6) meteor. fronte m.7) (area of activity) fronte m.changes on the domestic o home front — pol. cambiamenti di politica interna
8) fig. (outer appearance) facciata f.11) in front of (before) davanti aII [frʌnt]aggettivo attrib.1) (facing street) [entrance, garden, window] davanti; [ bedroom] sul davanti della casa2) (furthest from rear) [wheel, paw, leg] anteriore, davanti; [ seat] (in cinema) in prima fila; (in vehicle) davanti; [ tooth] davanti; [ carriage] di testafront panel — (in car radio) frontalino
3) (first) [ page] primo; [ racing car] in testaIII 1. [frʌnt]2) colloq. (lead) essere a capo di, capeggiare [band, party]3) telev. presentare [ TV show]2.1) (face)to front onto — BE o
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64 MAP
1) Общая лексика: белки, а (группа белков, обеспечивающих поступательное движение за счёт толкательного усилия (динеин, кинезин, синколин), а также связывание и стабильность комплексов микротрубочек (белки -МАР, МАР2), - например, в составе веретена деления)2) Медицина: microtubules associated proteins, mean airway pressure (среднее давление в дыхательных путях), среднее артериальное давление, (method of activated particles) МАЧ (метод активированных частиц), mitral annuloplasty, malignant atrophic papulosis3) Военный термин: Master Attack Plan, Materiel Acquisition Process, Ministry of Aircraft Production, management analysis program, management assessment program, manpower allocation procedure, mechanical ambush patrol, medical aid post, military aid program, military aptitude predictor, military audit project, military automatic pistol, missile and package tester, modular avionics packaging, multiple aim point, munitions acquisition plan, mutual aid program, mutual assistance pact, mutual assistance plan, mutual assistance program, Ministry of Aviation Industry (USSR)4) Техника: Military Assistance Program, maintenance action plan, maintenance assessment package, maximum posteriori, memory allocation and protection, memory allocation and protection unit, message administration procedures, methodology assessment program, mitigation action plan, multiassociative processor, multiple-access processing, упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (modified atmosphere packaging)5) Сельское хозяйство: Monoammonium Phosphate, mean aortic pressure6) Химия: моноаммонийфосфат9) Страхование: market assistance plan10) Автомобильный термин: manifold absolute pressure - датчик давления во впускном коллекторе, manifold absolute pressure sensor, maniford absolute pressure (Krokodil), manifold absolute pressure (Krokodil)11) Оптика: measurement assurance program12) Телекоммуникации: Maintenance Administration Panel, Management Application Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (GM)13) Сокращение: MILSTAR Advanced Processor (USA), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Military Aid Program (USA), Military Assistance Program (USA), Ministry of Aviation Technology (Russia), Missed Approach Point, Mission Area Plan, Modular Acoustic Processor, Multiple Aim Point (USAF), Mutual Assistance Programme, Macroassembly Program, NATO Membership Action Plan, Linker Map (File Name Extension), MSN, Accessories, & PSP (Performance Service Plans) (Best Buy), Machinist Apprentice Program, Macro Arithmetic Processor, Macro Assembly Program, Macroeconomic Analysis and Policy, Madagascar Action Plan, Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, Magnetic-Acoustic-Pressure, Magnetically Accelerated Projectile (Star Wars), Main Audio Program, Mainframe Acquisition Project, Maintenance Activation Plan, Maintenance Activity Pirmasens, Maintenance Analysis Procedures, Maintenance and Administrative Position (Nortel), Major Accounts Processing, Major Sync Point (ITU-T), Making Action Plans, Management Achievement Plan, Management Action Plan, Management Assistance Program, Management Process, Maneuverable Atmosphere Probe(s), Manifold Absolute Pressure, Manpower Analysis Paper, Manufacturing Application Protocol, Manufacturing Assembly Procedure, Manufacturing Automated Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Profile, Mapei - Quick Step (Tour de France cycling sponsor), Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Marine Advisory Program, Marine Animal Productions, Maritime Airborne Patrol, Market Access Program, Market Analysis Portfolio, Market Analysis and Planning (Sprint - ISMF), Market Area Planning, Marketing Association of Pakistan, Markovian Arrival Process (concept in probability theory), Mass Air Pressure (sensor), Master Action Plan, Master Amino Acid Pattern, Master of Applied Politics, Materiel Acquisition Plan, Maximum A Posteriori Probability, Maximum A Posteriori estimate, Mazda Advancement Plan, Mean Airway Pressure, Mean Annual Precipitation, Measure of Academic Progress, Measurement Adoption Process, Media Accelerated Processor, Media Access Procedure, Media Access Project, Media Awareness Project, Medical Advantage Plan (AARP), Medical Aid for Palestinians, Medical Assessment Process, Medical Assistance Plan, Medical Assistance Program, Medical Assistance Program International, Medicare Advocacy Project, Medication Access Program (Georgia), Melanesian Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Membrane Associated Protein, Memory Address Print, Memory Algorithm Processor, Memory Alliance Program, Memory Allocation Map, Merchant Account Provider, Merit Award Program (education), Mesh Access Point, Message Access Protocol, Message Application Part (Sprint), Message Application Programming, Messaging Application Protocol, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Metropolitan Area Program, Mian Azmat Professionals (cricket), Michigan Adventure Park (Muskegon, Michigan), Michigan Advocacy Project, Michigan Airglow Payload, Microprocessor Applications Project, Microtubule-Associated Protein, Microwave Anisotropy Probe (NASA), Microwave Assisted Process (for detection of pollutants), Midrange Alliance Program, Military Advisory Panel, Military Aeronautical Pentathlon, Military Assistance Program (US), Milstar Advanced Processor, Miniature Array Package, Minimum Acceptable Performance (Hekimian), Minimum Advertised Price, Minimum-Advertised Pricing, Mining Automation Program (MMS Canada), Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy (Russian Federation), Minnesota AIDS Project, Mission Area Plan/Planning, Mission Assurance Plan, Mission Automation Plan, Missouri Assessment Program, Mitigation Action Plans, Mitogen-Activated Protein, Mitsubishi Assistance Package, Mixed Activation Products, Mobile Access Platform, Mobile Access Protocol, Mobile Agp Packet, Mobile Anchor Point, Mobile Antenna Platform, Mobile Application Part (GSM), Mobile Assistance Patrol, Mobility Anchor Point, Modern Aids to Planning, Modernization of Administrative Processes, Modified American Plan (hospitality industry), Modified Atmosphere Packaging, Modular Architecture Platform, Modular Avionics Package, Moisture, Ash and Protein, Mold Array Package, Monitored Asynchronous Protocol, Monitoring Attitudes of the Public (ACLI Survey), Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (Pande'mie Mondiale de VIH/SIDA), Monoammonium Phosphate (agrochemistry), Monophasic Action Potential (cardiac electrophysiology), Montana Advocacy Program, Montreal Action Plan, Morbidity and Performance Assessment, Morning After Pill, Mortgagor Assistance Program (mortgage industry CRM), Mortier Adhe'sif Pla^tre (French: Skim Coat Plaster; a construction material), Morton Area Players, Motivation for Academic Performance (Duke University), Motorist Assistance Patrol, Motorist Assurance Program, Mouse Antibody Production, Mouse Atlas Project, Move Assistance Program, Movement And Position (tracking system), Multi Access Portal, Multi Agent Planning, Multi-Agency Profiler, Multi-Agency Project, Multi-Country AIDS Program (World Bank), Multicultural Achievers Program, Multidimensional Assignment Problem, Multimodal Application Platform (LiteScape), Multiple Access Protocol, Multiple Aim Point System, Multiplexed Access Point, Multiplexer Access Point, Multiservice Access Platform, Municipal Airport, Mural Arts Program (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania public art project), Mutualized Access Point, Mutually Agreed Positions, Mycobacterium Avium-subspecies Paratuberculosis, missed approach procedure (US DoD)14) Вычислительная техника: Manageability, Availability, Performance, Microprocessor Analysis Package, Mobile Application Part, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (General Motors), Maintenance Analysis Procedure (IBM), Mobile Application Part (MSC, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модульный акустический процессор15) Нефть: maximum allowable pressure16) Генетика: microtubule-associated proteins17) Космонавтика: Mediterranean Action Plan, Middle Atmosphere Program (SCOSTEP)18) Воздухоплавание: Minimum Audible Pressure19) Упаковка: (modified atmosphere packaging) упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (МГС)20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Master Approvals Plan22) Сетевые технологии: мэйнфрейм, протокол автоматизации производства, центральная ЭВМ23) Полимеры: manifold air pressure24) Авиационная медицина: mean arterial pressure25) Расширение файла: Manufacturing Automation Protocol, Message Acceptance Pulse, Map file (usually created by compilers)26) Логистика: ПДЧ (Membership Action Plan - NATO)27) Карачаганак: Management Action Plan (План управленческих мероприятий) (отчёт по аудиту, мероприятия которые нужно провести по его результатам) -
65 Map
1) Общая лексика: белки, а (группа белков, обеспечивающих поступательное движение за счёт толкательного усилия (динеин, кинезин, синколин), а также связывание и стабильность комплексов микротрубочек (белки -МАР, МАР2), - например, в составе веретена деления)2) Медицина: microtubules associated proteins, mean airway pressure (среднее давление в дыхательных путях), среднее артериальное давление, (method of activated particles) МАЧ (метод активированных частиц), mitral annuloplasty, malignant atrophic papulosis3) Военный термин: Master Attack Plan, Materiel Acquisition Process, Ministry of Aircraft Production, management analysis program, management assessment program, manpower allocation procedure, mechanical ambush patrol, medical aid post, military aid program, military aptitude predictor, military audit project, military automatic pistol, missile and package tester, modular avionics packaging, multiple aim point, munitions acquisition plan, mutual aid program, mutual assistance pact, mutual assistance plan, mutual assistance program, Ministry of Aviation Industry (USSR)4) Техника: Military Assistance Program, maintenance action plan, maintenance assessment package, maximum posteriori, memory allocation and protection, memory allocation and protection unit, message administration procedures, methodology assessment program, mitigation action plan, multiassociative processor, multiple-access processing, упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (modified atmosphere packaging)5) Сельское хозяйство: Monoammonium Phosphate, mean aortic pressure6) Химия: моноаммонийфосфат9) Страхование: market assistance plan10) Автомобильный термин: manifold absolute pressure - датчик давления во впускном коллекторе, manifold absolute pressure sensor, maniford absolute pressure (Krokodil), manifold absolute pressure (Krokodil)11) Оптика: measurement assurance program12) Телекоммуникации: Maintenance Administration Panel, Management Application Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (GM)13) Сокращение: MILSTAR Advanced Processor (USA), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Military Aid Program (USA), Military Assistance Program (USA), Ministry of Aviation Technology (Russia), Missed Approach Point, Mission Area Plan, Modular Acoustic Processor, Multiple Aim Point (USAF), Mutual Assistance Programme, Macroassembly Program, NATO Membership Action Plan, Linker Map (File Name Extension), MSN, Accessories, & PSP (Performance Service Plans) (Best Buy), Machinist Apprentice Program, Macro Arithmetic Processor, Macro Assembly Program, Macroeconomic Analysis and Policy, Madagascar Action Plan, Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, Magnetic-Acoustic-Pressure, Magnetically Accelerated Projectile (Star Wars), Main Audio Program, Mainframe Acquisition Project, Maintenance Activation Plan, Maintenance Activity Pirmasens, Maintenance Analysis Procedures, Maintenance and Administrative Position (Nortel), Major Accounts Processing, Major Sync Point (ITU-T), Making Action Plans, Management Achievement Plan, Management Action Plan, Management Assistance Program, Management Process, Maneuverable Atmosphere Probe(s), Manifold Absolute Pressure, Manpower Analysis Paper, Manufacturing Application Protocol, Manufacturing Assembly Procedure, Manufacturing Automated Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Profile, Mapei - Quick Step (Tour de France cycling sponsor), Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Marine Advisory Program, Marine Animal Productions, Maritime Airborne Patrol, Market Access Program, Market Analysis Portfolio, Market Analysis and Planning (Sprint - ISMF), Market Area Planning, Marketing Association of Pakistan, Markovian Arrival Process (concept in probability theory), Mass Air Pressure (sensor), Master Action Plan, Master Amino Acid Pattern, Master of Applied Politics, Materiel Acquisition Plan, Maximum A Posteriori Probability, Maximum A Posteriori estimate, Mazda Advancement Plan, Mean Airway Pressure, Mean Annual Precipitation, Measure of Academic Progress, Measurement Adoption Process, Media Accelerated Processor, Media Access Procedure, Media Access Project, Media Awareness Project, Medical Advantage Plan (AARP), Medical Aid for Palestinians, Medical Assessment Process, Medical Assistance Plan, Medical Assistance Program, Medical Assistance Program International, Medicare Advocacy Project, Medication Access Program (Georgia), Melanesian Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Membrane Associated Protein, Memory Address Print, Memory Algorithm Processor, Memory Alliance Program, Memory Allocation Map, Merchant Account Provider, Merit Award Program (education), Mesh Access Point, Message Access Protocol, Message Application Part (Sprint), Message Application Programming, Messaging Application Protocol, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Metropolitan Area Program, Mian Azmat Professionals (cricket), Michigan Adventure Park (Muskegon, Michigan), Michigan Advocacy Project, Michigan Airglow Payload, Microprocessor Applications Project, Microtubule-Associated Protein, Microwave Anisotropy Probe (NASA), Microwave Assisted Process (for detection of pollutants), Midrange Alliance Program, Military Advisory Panel, Military Aeronautical Pentathlon, Military Assistance Program (US), Milstar Advanced Processor, Miniature Array Package, Minimum Acceptable Performance (Hekimian), Minimum Advertised Price, Minimum-Advertised Pricing, Mining Automation Program (MMS Canada), Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy (Russian Federation), Minnesota AIDS Project, Mission Area Plan/Planning, Mission Assurance Plan, Mission Automation Plan, Missouri Assessment Program, Mitigation Action Plans, Mitogen-Activated Protein, Mitsubishi Assistance Package, Mixed Activation Products, Mobile Access Platform, Mobile Access Protocol, Mobile Agp Packet, Mobile Anchor Point, Mobile Antenna Platform, Mobile Application Part (GSM), Mobile Assistance Patrol, Mobility Anchor Point, Modern Aids to Planning, Modernization of Administrative Processes, Modified American Plan (hospitality industry), Modified Atmosphere Packaging, Modular Architecture Platform, Modular Avionics Package, Moisture, Ash and Protein, Mold Array Package, Monitored Asynchronous Protocol, Monitoring Attitudes of the Public (ACLI Survey), Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (Pande'mie Mondiale de VIH/SIDA), Monoammonium Phosphate (agrochemistry), Monophasic Action Potential (cardiac electrophysiology), Montana Advocacy Program, Montreal Action Plan, Morbidity and Performance Assessment, Morning After Pill, Mortgagor Assistance Program (mortgage industry CRM), Mortier Adhe'sif Pla^tre (French: Skim Coat Plaster; a construction material), Morton Area Players, Motivation for Academic Performance (Duke University), Motorist Assistance Patrol, Motorist Assurance Program, Mouse Antibody Production, Mouse Atlas Project, Move Assistance Program, Movement And Position (tracking system), Multi Access Portal, Multi Agent Planning, Multi-Agency Profiler, Multi-Agency Project, Multi-Country AIDS Program (World Bank), Multicultural Achievers Program, Multidimensional Assignment Problem, Multimodal Application Platform (LiteScape), Multiple Access Protocol, Multiple Aim Point System, Multiplexed Access Point, Multiplexer Access Point, Multiservice Access Platform, Municipal Airport, Mural Arts Program (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania public art project), Mutualized Access Point, Mutually Agreed Positions, Mycobacterium Avium-subspecies Paratuberculosis, missed approach procedure (US DoD)14) Вычислительная техника: Manageability, Availability, Performance, Microprocessor Analysis Package, Mobile Application Part, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (General Motors), Maintenance Analysis Procedure (IBM), Mobile Application Part (MSC, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модульный акустический процессор15) Нефть: maximum allowable pressure16) Генетика: microtubule-associated proteins17) Космонавтика: Mediterranean Action Plan, Middle Atmosphere Program (SCOSTEP)18) Воздухоплавание: Minimum Audible Pressure19) Упаковка: (modified atmosphere packaging) упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (МГС)20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Master Approvals Plan22) Сетевые технологии: мэйнфрейм, протокол автоматизации производства, центральная ЭВМ23) Полимеры: manifold air pressure24) Авиационная медицина: mean arterial pressure25) Расширение файла: Manufacturing Automation Protocol, Message Acceptance Pulse, Map file (usually created by compilers)26) Логистика: ПДЧ (Membership Action Plan - NATO)27) Карачаганак: Management Action Plan (План управленческих мероприятий) (отчёт по аудиту, мероприятия которые нужно провести по его результатам) -
66 map
1) Общая лексика: белки, а (группа белков, обеспечивающих поступательное движение за счёт толкательного усилия (динеин, кинезин, синколин), а также связывание и стабильность комплексов микротрубочек (белки -МАР, МАР2), - например, в составе веретена деления)2) Медицина: microtubules associated proteins, mean airway pressure (среднее давление в дыхательных путях), среднее артериальное давление, (method of activated particles) МАЧ (метод активированных частиц), mitral annuloplasty, malignant atrophic papulosis3) Военный термин: Master Attack Plan, Materiel Acquisition Process, Ministry of Aircraft Production, management analysis program, management assessment program, manpower allocation procedure, mechanical ambush patrol, medical aid post, military aid program, military aptitude predictor, military audit project, military automatic pistol, missile and package tester, modular avionics packaging, multiple aim point, munitions acquisition plan, mutual aid program, mutual assistance pact, mutual assistance plan, mutual assistance program, Ministry of Aviation Industry (USSR)4) Техника: Military Assistance Program, maintenance action plan, maintenance assessment package, maximum posteriori, memory allocation and protection, memory allocation and protection unit, message administration procedures, methodology assessment program, mitigation action plan, multiassociative processor, multiple-access processing, упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (modified atmosphere packaging)5) Сельское хозяйство: Monoammonium Phosphate, mean aortic pressure6) Химия: моноаммонийфосфат9) Страхование: market assistance plan10) Автомобильный термин: manifold absolute pressure - датчик давления во впускном коллекторе, manifold absolute pressure sensor, maniford absolute pressure (Krokodil), manifold absolute pressure (Krokodil)11) Оптика: measurement assurance program12) Телекоммуникации: Maintenance Administration Panel, Management Application Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (GM)13) Сокращение: MILSTAR Advanced Processor (USA), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Military Aid Program (USA), Military Assistance Program (USA), Ministry of Aviation Technology (Russia), Missed Approach Point, Mission Area Plan, Modular Acoustic Processor, Multiple Aim Point (USAF), Mutual Assistance Programme, Macroassembly Program, NATO Membership Action Plan, Linker Map (File Name Extension), MSN, Accessories, & PSP (Performance Service Plans) (Best Buy), Machinist Apprentice Program, Macro Arithmetic Processor, Macro Assembly Program, Macroeconomic Analysis and Policy, Madagascar Action Plan, Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, Magnetic-Acoustic-Pressure, Magnetically Accelerated Projectile (Star Wars), Main Audio Program, Mainframe Acquisition Project, Maintenance Activation Plan, Maintenance Activity Pirmasens, Maintenance Analysis Procedures, Maintenance and Administrative Position (Nortel), Major Accounts Processing, Major Sync Point (ITU-T), Making Action Plans, Management Achievement Plan, Management Action Plan, Management Assistance Program, Management Process, Maneuverable Atmosphere Probe(s), Manifold Absolute Pressure, Manpower Analysis Paper, Manufacturing Application Protocol, Manufacturing Assembly Procedure, Manufacturing Automated Protocol, Manufacturing Automation Profile, Mapei - Quick Step (Tour de France cycling sponsor), Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, Marine Advisory Program, Marine Animal Productions, Maritime Airborne Patrol, Market Access Program, Market Analysis Portfolio, Market Analysis and Planning (Sprint - ISMF), Market Area Planning, Marketing Association of Pakistan, Markovian Arrival Process (concept in probability theory), Mass Air Pressure (sensor), Master Action Plan, Master Amino Acid Pattern, Master of Applied Politics, Materiel Acquisition Plan, Maximum A Posteriori Probability, Maximum A Posteriori estimate, Mazda Advancement Plan, Mean Airway Pressure, Mean Annual Precipitation, Measure of Academic Progress, Measurement Adoption Process, Media Accelerated Processor, Media Access Procedure, Media Access Project, Media Awareness Project, Medical Advantage Plan (AARP), Medical Aid for Palestinians, Medical Assessment Process, Medical Assistance Plan, Medical Assistance Program, Medical Assistance Program International, Medicare Advocacy Project, Medication Access Program (Georgia), Melanesian Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea), Membership Action Plan (NATO), Membrane Associated Protein, Memory Address Print, Memory Algorithm Processor, Memory Alliance Program, Memory Allocation Map, Merchant Account Provider, Merit Award Program (education), Mesh Access Point, Message Access Protocol, Message Application Part (Sprint), Message Application Programming, Messaging Application Protocol, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Metropolitan Area Program, Mian Azmat Professionals (cricket), Michigan Adventure Park (Muskegon, Michigan), Michigan Advocacy Project, Michigan Airglow Payload, Microprocessor Applications Project, Microtubule-Associated Protein, Microwave Anisotropy Probe (NASA), Microwave Assisted Process (for detection of pollutants), Midrange Alliance Program, Military Advisory Panel, Military Aeronautical Pentathlon, Military Assistance Program (US), Milstar Advanced Processor, Miniature Array Package, Minimum Acceptable Performance (Hekimian), Minimum Advertised Price, Minimum-Advertised Pricing, Mining Automation Program (MMS Canada), Ministry for Antimonopoly Policy (Russian Federation), Minnesota AIDS Project, Mission Area Plan/Planning, Mission Assurance Plan, Mission Automation Plan, Missouri Assessment Program, Mitigation Action Plans, Mitogen-Activated Protein, Mitsubishi Assistance Package, Mixed Activation Products, Mobile Access Platform, Mobile Access Protocol, Mobile Agp Packet, Mobile Anchor Point, Mobile Antenna Platform, Mobile Application Part (GSM), Mobile Assistance Patrol, Mobility Anchor Point, Modern Aids to Planning, Modernization of Administrative Processes, Modified American Plan (hospitality industry), Modified Atmosphere Packaging, Modular Architecture Platform, Modular Avionics Package, Moisture, Ash and Protein, Mold Array Package, Monitored Asynchronous Protocol, Monitoring Attitudes of the Public (ACLI Survey), Monitoring the AIDS Pandemic (Pande'mie Mondiale de VIH/SIDA), Monoammonium Phosphate (agrochemistry), Monophasic Action Potential (cardiac electrophysiology), Montana Advocacy Program, Montreal Action Plan, Morbidity and Performance Assessment, Morning After Pill, Mortgagor Assistance Program (mortgage industry CRM), Mortier Adhe'sif Pla^tre (French: Skim Coat Plaster; a construction material), Morton Area Players, Motivation for Academic Performance (Duke University), Motorist Assistance Patrol, Motorist Assurance Program, Mouse Antibody Production, Mouse Atlas Project, Move Assistance Program, Movement And Position (tracking system), Multi Access Portal, Multi Agent Planning, Multi-Agency Profiler, Multi-Agency Project, Multi-Country AIDS Program (World Bank), Multicultural Achievers Program, Multidimensional Assignment Problem, Multimodal Application Platform (LiteScape), Multiple Access Protocol, Multiple Aim Point System, Multiplexed Access Point, Multiplexer Access Point, Multiservice Access Platform, Municipal Airport, Mural Arts Program (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania public art project), Mutualized Access Point, Mutually Agreed Positions, Mycobacterium Avium-subspecies Paratuberculosis, missed approach procedure (US DoD)14) Вычислительная техника: Manageability, Availability, Performance, Microprocessor Analysis Package, Mobile Application Part, Manufacturing Automation Protocol (General Motors), Maintenance Analysis Procedure (IBM), Mobile Application Part (MSC, GSM, Mobile-Systems), модульный акустический процессор15) Нефть: maximum allowable pressure16) Генетика: microtubule-associated proteins17) Космонавтика: Mediterranean Action Plan, Middle Atmosphere Program (SCOSTEP)18) Воздухоплавание: Minimum Audible Pressure19) Упаковка: (modified atmosphere packaging) упаковывание в модифицированной газовой среде (МГС)20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Master Approvals Plan22) Сетевые технологии: мэйнфрейм, протокол автоматизации производства, центральная ЭВМ23) Полимеры: manifold air pressure24) Авиационная медицина: mean arterial pressure25) Расширение файла: Manufacturing Automation Protocol, Message Acceptance Pulse, Map file (usually created by compilers)26) Логистика: ПДЧ (Membership Action Plan - NATO)27) Карачаганак: Management Action Plan (План управленческих мероприятий) (отчёт по аудиту, мероприятия которые нужно провести по его результатам) -
67 side
1. noun1) ((the ground beside) an edge, border or boundary line: He walked round the side of the field; He lives on the same side of the street as me.) lado2) (a surface of something: A cube has six sides.) cara3) (one of the two of such surfaces which are not the top, bottom, front, or back: There is a label on the side of the box.) lado4) (either surface of a piece of paper, cloth etc: Don't waste paper - write on both sides!) cara, lado, plana5) (the right or left part of the body: I've got a pain in my side.) costado, lado6) (a part or division of a town etc: He lives on the north side of the town.) parte, lado7) (a slope (of a hill): a mountain-side.) ladera, falda8) (a point of view; an aspect: We must look at all sides of the problem.) aspecto, punto de vista9) (a party, team etc which is opposing another: Whose side are you on?; Which side is winning?) lado, parte, bando
2. adjective(additional, but less important: a side issue.) secundario- - side- - sided
- sidelong
- sideways
- sideburns
- side effect
- sidelight
- sideline
- sidelines
- side road
- sidestep
- side-street
- sidetrack
- sidewalk
- from all sides
- on all sides
- side by side
- side with
- take sides
side n1. lado2. carahave you listened to the other side of the record? ¿has escuchado la otra cara del disco?3. lado / costadomy right side hurts, doctor doctor, me duele el costado derecho4. mano5. equipowhich side do you want to win? ¿qué equipo quieres que gane?6. parte / ladotr[saɪd]■ the right/wrong side of the material el derecho/revés de la tela2 (of hill, mountain) ladera, falda4 (edge - gen) borde nombre masculino; (- of lake, river, etc) orilla; (- of page) margen nombre masculino5 (aspect) aspecto, faceta, lado; (position, opinion, point of view) lado, parte nombre femenino, punto de vista■ whose side are you on? ¿de qué parte estás?, ¿de parte de quién estás?■ I'm on your side estoy de tu parte, estoy de tu lado7 SMALLSPORT/SMALL equipo8 (line of descent) parte nombre femenino, lado1 lateral\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby the side of junto aon/from all sides por los cuatro costadoson/from every side por los cuatro costadoson the side (in addition to main job) como trabajo extra■ he makes a bit of money on the side by giving private classes gana algún dinero extra dando clases particularesside by side juntos,-as, uno,-a al lado del/de la otro,-ato be on the right/wrong side of fifty tener menos/más de cincuenta añosto be on the big/small side ser más bien grande/pequeño,-ato come down on somebody's side (gen) ponerse de parte de alguien 2 (in judgement) fallar a favor de alguiento get on the wrong side of somebody ganarse la antipatía de alguiento have something on one's side tener ventaja en algoto keep on the right side of somebody tratar de llevarse bien con alguiento let the side down fallar a alguien, hacer quedar mal a alguiento put something on/to one side guardar algo, reservar algo, dejar algo a un ladoto take somebody on(to) one side llamar a alguien aparteto take sides with somebody ponerse de parte de alguienside dish guarnición nombre femenino, acompañamientoside drum tambor nombre masculinoside effect efecto secundarioside issue tema secundarioside street calle nombre femenino lateralside view vista de perfilside ['saɪd] n1) : lado m, costado m (de una persona), ijada f (de un animal)2) : lado m, cara f (de una moneda, etc.)3) : lado m, parte fhe's on my side: está de mi parteto take sides: tomar partidoadj.• indirecto, -a adj.• ladero, -a adj.• lateral adj.• secundario, -a adj.n.• cara s.f.• costado s.m.• equipo s.m.• falda s.f.• flanco s.m.• lado s.m.• orilla s.f.v.• tomar partido v.
I saɪd1) (surface - of cube, record, coin, piece of paper) lado m, cara f; (- of building, cupboard) lado m, costado m; (- of mountain, hill) ladera f, falda f1,000 words is about three sides — 1.000 palabras son más o menos tres carillas
the right/wrong side of the fabric — el derecho/revés de la tela; coin I
2) (boundary, edge)he left it on the side of his plate — lo dejó en el plato, a un lado or (RPl) a un costado
they were playing by the side of the pool — estaban jugando junto a or al lado de la piscina
he flew in from Washington to be at her side — voló desde Washington para estar con ella or para acompañarla
they sat side by side — estaban sentados uno junto al otro or uno al lado del otro
to stay o keep on the right side of somebody — no predisponer* a algn en contra de uno
4) (contrasted area, part, half) lado mthe driver's/passenger's side — el lado del conductor/pasajero
on both sides/either side of something — a ambos lados/a cada lado de algo
to move to one side — hacerse* a un lado
to put something on o to one side: I'll put it to one side until I have more time lo voy a dejar hasta que tenga más tiempo; he swam to the other side of the river nadó hasta la otra orilla or hasta el otro lado del río; she walked past on the other side of the street pasó por la acera de enfrente; he's the right/wrong side of 40 tiene menos/más de 40 años; she received support from all sides recibió apoyo de todos los sectores; on the side: he repairs cars on the side — arregla coches como trabajo extra; track I 6) a)
5)a) ( faction)to take sides — tomar partido
to take somebody's side — ponerse* de parte or del lado de algn
whose side are you on? — ¿tú de parte de quién estás?
b) ( Sport) equipo m6) (area, aspect) lado m, aspecto myou must listen to both sides of the story — hay que oír las dos versiones or las dos campanas
it's a little on the short/expensive side — es un poco corto/caro
7) ( line of descent)on her father's side — por parte de su padre or por el lado paterno
•Phrasal Verbs:
II
adjective (before n, no comp)a) <door/entrance/wall> laterala side street — una calle lateral, una lateral
b) (incidental, secondary) < issue> secundarioc) ( Culin)[saɪd]side dish — acompañamiento m, guarnición f
1. N1) [of person] lado m, costado m•
at or by sb's side — (lit) al lado de algn; (fig) en apoyo a algnthe assistant was at or by his side — el ayudante estaba a su lado
•
to sleep on one's side — dormir de costado•
to split one's sides — desternillarse de risa2) [of animal] ijar m, ijada f3) (=edge) [of box, square, building etc] lado m ; [of boat, vehicle] costado m ; [of hill] ladera f, falda f ; [of lake] orilla f ; [of road, pond] borde m•
on the other side of the road — al otro lado de la calle•
he was driving on the wrong side of the road — iba por el lado contrario de la carretera4) (=face, surface) [of box, solid figure, paper, record etc] cara fwhat's on the other side? — [of record] ¿qué hay a la vuelta?
•
right side up — boca arriba•
wrong side up — boca abajo5) (=aspect) lado m, aspecto mto see only one side of the question — ver solo un lado or aspecto de la cuestión
on one side..., on the other... — por una parte..., por otra...
6) (=part) lado m•
from all sides — de todas partes, de todos ladoson all sides — por todas partes, por todos lados
•
on both sides — por ambos lados•
to look on the bright side — ser optimista•
from every side — de todas partes, de todos lados•
the left-hand side — el lado izquierdo•
on the mother's side — por parte de la madre•
to make a bit (of money) on the side * — ganar algún dinero extra, hacer chapuzas (Sp)•
to move to one side — apartarse, ponerse de ladoto take sb on or to one side — apartar a algn
to put sth to or on one side (for sb) — guardar algo (para algn)
leaving that to one side for the moment,... — dejando eso a un lado por ahora,...
•
it's the other side of Illescas — está más allá de Illescas•
to be on the right side of 30 — no haber cumplido los 30 añosto keep on the right side of sb — congraciarse or quedar bien con algn
•
the right-hand side — el lado derecho•
to be on the safe side... — para estar seguro..., por si acaso...•
it's this side of Segovia — está más acá de Segovia•
from side to side — de un lado a otro•
to be on the wrong side of 30 — haber cumplido los 30 años- be on the wrong side of sb- get out of bed on the wrong side7) (fig)•
the weather's on the cold side — el tiempo es algo frío•
it's a bit on the large side — es algo or (LAm) tantito grande•
the results are on the poor side — los resultados son más bien mediocres8) (=team) (Sport) equipo m•
to choose sides — seleccionar el equipo•
to let the side down — (Sport) dejar caer a los suyos; (fig) decepcionar•
he's on our side — (fig) es de los nuestroswhose side are you on? — ¿a quiénes apoyas?
to be on the side of sth/sb — ser partidario de algo/algn
to have age/justice on one's side — tener la juventud/la justicia de su lado
•
our side won — ganaron los nuestros•
to pick sides — seleccionar el equipo•
to take sides (with sb) — tomar partido (con algn)9) (Pol) (=party) partido m10) (Brit) * (=conceit, superiority) tono m, postín * mthere's no side about or to him, he's got no side — no presume, no se da aires de superioridad
2.•
to side against sb — tomar el partido contrario a algn, alinearse con los que se oponen a algn•
to side with sb — ponerse de parte de algn3.CPDside effect N — efecto m secundario
side entrance N — entrada f lateral
side glance N — mirada f de soslayo
side issue N — cuestión f secundaria
side order N — plato m de acompañamiento
•
served with a side order of sth — servido con acompañamiento or guarnición de algoserved with a side order of potato salad — servido con acompañamiento or guarnición de ensaladilla de patatas
side plate N — platito m (para el pan, ensalada etc)
side-saddleside saddle N — silla f de amazona
side street N — calle f lateral
side table N — trinchero m
side whiskers NPL — patillas fpl
* * *
I [saɪd]1) (surface - of cube, record, coin, piece of paper) lado m, cara f; (- of building, cupboard) lado m, costado m; (- of mountain, hill) ladera f, falda f1,000 words is about three sides — 1.000 palabras son más o menos tres carillas
the right/wrong side of the fabric — el derecho/revés de la tela; coin I
2) (boundary, edge)he left it on the side of his plate — lo dejó en el plato, a un lado or (RPl) a un costado
they were playing by the side of the pool — estaban jugando junto a or al lado de la piscina
he flew in from Washington to be at her side — voló desde Washington para estar con ella or para acompañarla
they sat side by side — estaban sentados uno junto al otro or uno al lado del otro
to stay o keep on the right side of somebody — no predisponer* a algn en contra de uno
4) (contrasted area, part, half) lado mthe driver's/passenger's side — el lado del conductor/pasajero
on both sides/either side of something — a ambos lados/a cada lado de algo
to move to one side — hacerse* a un lado
to put something on o to one side: I'll put it to one side until I have more time lo voy a dejar hasta que tenga más tiempo; he swam to the other side of the river nadó hasta la otra orilla or hasta el otro lado del río; she walked past on the other side of the street pasó por la acera de enfrente; he's the right/wrong side of 40 tiene menos/más de 40 años; she received support from all sides recibió apoyo de todos los sectores; on the side: he repairs cars on the side — arregla coches como trabajo extra; track I 6) a)
5)a) ( faction)to take sides — tomar partido
to take somebody's side — ponerse* de parte or del lado de algn
whose side are you on? — ¿tú de parte de quién estás?
b) ( Sport) equipo m6) (area, aspect) lado m, aspecto myou must listen to both sides of the story — hay que oír las dos versiones or las dos campanas
it's a little on the short/expensive side — es un poco corto/caro
7) ( line of descent)on her father's side — por parte de su padre or por el lado paterno
•Phrasal Verbs:
II
adjective (before n, no comp)a) <door/entrance/wall> laterala side street — una calle lateral, una lateral
b) (incidental, secondary) < issue> secundarioc) ( Culin)side dish — acompañamiento m, guarnición f
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68 Mombasa
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] inhabitant of Mombasa[Swahili Word] Mmvita[Swahili Plural] wamvita[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] Mvita N, Kimvita N------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] Mombasa[Swahili Word] Falada[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] Mombasa[Swahili Word] Mombasa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 17[Terminology] names------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] person from the Swahili-speaking area around Mombasa[English Plural] people from the Swahili-speaking area around Mombasa[Swahili Word] Mjomba[Swahili Plural] Wajomba[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 1/2[Related Words] Kijomba, Ujomba------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] ports on the coast north of Mombasa, especially Baraawe, Merca, and Mogadishu[Swahili Word] Banada[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9[Dialect] archaic[Derived Language] Farsi[Terminology] geography------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] sing.Mombasa (city and island)[Swahili Word] Mvita[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] Swahili dialect of Mombasa[Swahili Word] Kimvita[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7[Derived Word] Mvita N------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] Swahili-speaking area around Mombasa[Swahili Word] Ujomba[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------ -
69 back
I [bæk]1) schiena f., dorso m.; zool. dorso m., groppa f.to be (flat) on one's back — essere, stare (coricato) sulla schiena, supino; fig. essere a letto
to turn one's back on sb., sth. — voltare le spalle, la schiena a qcn., qcs. (anche fig.)
to do sth. behind sb.'s back — fare qcs. alle spalle di qcn. (anche fig.)
2) (reverse side) (of page, cheque, envelope) retro m.; (of fabric, medal, coin) rovescio m.; (of hand) dorso m.3) (rear-facing part) (of vehicle, electrical appliance) parte f. posteriore; (of shirt, coat) dietro m.to be out back to be in the back AE (in the garden) essere in giardino; (in the yard) essere in cortile; there's a small garden out back o round the back c'è un piccolo giardino sul retro; the steps at the back of the building — la scala sul retro dell'edificio
5) aut.to sit at the back of the plane, at the back of the bus — sedersi in fondo all'aereo, all'autobus
6) (furthest away area) (of cupboard, drawer) fondo m.; (of stage) sfondo m.at o in the back of the drawer in fondo al cassetto; those at the back couldn't see — quelli in fondo non riuscivano a vedere
7) (of chair, sofa) schienale m.8) sport difensore m., terzino m.9) (end) fine f., fondo m.••to put one's back into it — colloq. darci dentro o mettercela tutta
he's always on my back — colloq. mi sta sempre addosso
to be at the back of — essere dietro a [conspiracy, proposal]
II [bæk]to break the back of a journey, task — fare il grosso di un viaggio, di un lavoro
1) (at the rear) [wheel, paw, leg, edge] posteriore, di dietro colloq.; [bedroom, garden, gate] sul retro; [ page] ultimo2) (isolated) [ road] secondarioback alley, lane — vicolo, viuzza
3) econ. comm. [rent, interest, tax] arretratoIII [bæk]to be back — essere di ritorno, tornare
to arrive o come back tornare (indietro); he's back at work è tornato al lavoro o ha ripreso a lavorare; she's back in (the) hospital è di nuovo in ospedale o è tornata in ospedale; when is he due back? quando deve tornare? the mini-skirt is back — la minigonna è di nuovo di moda
2) (in return)to call, phone back — richiamare, ritelefonare
to punch sb. back — restituire un pugno a qcn.
to smile back at sb. — ricambiare un sorriso a qcn
3) (backwards) [glance, step, lean] indietro; [ jump] (all')indietro4) (away)5) (ago)a week, five minutes back — una settimana, cinque minuti prima o fa
back in 1964, April — nel 1964, ad aprile
7) (once again)8) (to sb.'s possession)to give, send sth. back — rendere, rispedire qcs.
to put sth. back — rimettere a posto qcs.
meanwhile, back in Italy, he... — nel frattempo, in Italia, lui...
11) back and forth avanti e indietroto swing back and forth — [ pendulum] oscillare (avanti e indietro)
IV 1. [bæk]the film cuts o moves back and forth between New York and Rome — il film si svolge tra New York e Roma
1) (support) sostenere, appoggiare [party, person, bid, strike, enterprise, project]; appoggiare [ application]2) (finance) finanziare [project, undertaking]to back a bill — comm. econ. avallare una cambiale
4) (substantiate) suffragare, convalidare [argument, claim]5) (reverse)to back sb. into sth. — fare indietreggiare qcn. fino dentro qcs
6) (bet on) puntare, scommettere su [horse, favourite, winner]7) (stiffen, line) rinforzare [ structure]; foderare [ book]; rinforzare, rintelare [ painting]; intelare, foderare [ fabric]2.1) (reverse) fare marcia indietro2) mar. [ wind] cambiare direzione•- back off- back out- back up* * *[bæk] 1. noun1) (in man, the part of the body from the neck to the bottom of the spine: She lay on her back.) schiena2) (in animals, the upper part of the body: She put the saddle on the horse's back.) dorso3) (that part of anything opposite to or furthest from the front: the back of the house; She sat at the back of the hall.) fondo, parte posteriore4) (in football, hockey etc a player who plays behind the forwards.) difensore, terzino2. adjective(of or at the back: the back door.) posteriore3. adverb1) (to, or at, the place or person from which a person or thing came: I went back to the shop; He gave the car back to its owner.) indietro2) (away (from something); not near (something): Move back! Let the ambulance get to the injured man; Keep back from me or I'll hit you!) indietro3) (towards the back (of something): Sit back in your chair.) indietro4) (in return; in response to: When the teacher is scolding you, don't answer back.) indietro; (rispondere)5) (to, or in, the past: Think back to your childhood.) indietro4. verb1) (to (cause to) move backwards: He backed (his car) out of the garage.) fare marcia indietro2) (to help or support: Will you back me against the others?) sostenere3) (to bet or gamble on: I backed your horse to win.) puntare•- backer- backbite
- backbiting
- backbone
- backbreaking
- backdate
- backfire
- background
- backhand 5. adverb(using backhand: She played the stroke backhand; She writes backhand.) di rovescio; obliquamente- backlog- back-number
- backpack
- backpacking: go backpacking
- backpacker
- backside
- backslash
- backstroke
- backup
- backwash
- backwater
- backyard
- back down
- back of
- back on to
- back out
- back up
- have one's back to the wall
- put someone's back up
- take a back seat* * *I [bæk]1) schiena f., dorso m.; zool. dorso m., groppa f.to be (flat) on one's back — essere, stare (coricato) sulla schiena, supino; fig. essere a letto
to turn one's back on sb., sth. — voltare le spalle, la schiena a qcn., qcs. (anche fig.)
to do sth. behind sb.'s back — fare qcs. alle spalle di qcn. (anche fig.)
2) (reverse side) (of page, cheque, envelope) retro m.; (of fabric, medal, coin) rovescio m.; (of hand) dorso m.3) (rear-facing part) (of vehicle, electrical appliance) parte f. posteriore; (of shirt, coat) dietro m.to be out back to be in the back AE (in the garden) essere in giardino; (in the yard) essere in cortile; there's a small garden out back o round the back c'è un piccolo giardino sul retro; the steps at the back of the building — la scala sul retro dell'edificio
5) aut.to sit at the back of the plane, at the back of the bus — sedersi in fondo all'aereo, all'autobus
6) (furthest away area) (of cupboard, drawer) fondo m.; (of stage) sfondo m.at o in the back of the drawer in fondo al cassetto; those at the back couldn't see — quelli in fondo non riuscivano a vedere
7) (of chair, sofa) schienale m.8) sport difensore m., terzino m.9) (end) fine f., fondo m.••to put one's back into it — colloq. darci dentro o mettercela tutta
he's always on my back — colloq. mi sta sempre addosso
to be at the back of — essere dietro a [conspiracy, proposal]
II [bæk]to break the back of a journey, task — fare il grosso di un viaggio, di un lavoro
1) (at the rear) [wheel, paw, leg, edge] posteriore, di dietro colloq.; [bedroom, garden, gate] sul retro; [ page] ultimo2) (isolated) [ road] secondarioback alley, lane — vicolo, viuzza
3) econ. comm. [rent, interest, tax] arretratoIII [bæk]to be back — essere di ritorno, tornare
to arrive o come back tornare (indietro); he's back at work è tornato al lavoro o ha ripreso a lavorare; she's back in (the) hospital è di nuovo in ospedale o è tornata in ospedale; when is he due back? quando deve tornare? the mini-skirt is back — la minigonna è di nuovo di moda
2) (in return)to call, phone back — richiamare, ritelefonare
to punch sb. back — restituire un pugno a qcn.
to smile back at sb. — ricambiare un sorriso a qcn
3) (backwards) [glance, step, lean] indietro; [ jump] (all')indietro4) (away)5) (ago)a week, five minutes back — una settimana, cinque minuti prima o fa
back in 1964, April — nel 1964, ad aprile
7) (once again)8) (to sb.'s possession)to give, send sth. back — rendere, rispedire qcs.
to put sth. back — rimettere a posto qcs.
meanwhile, back in Italy, he... — nel frattempo, in Italia, lui...
11) back and forth avanti e indietroto swing back and forth — [ pendulum] oscillare (avanti e indietro)
IV 1. [bæk]the film cuts o moves back and forth between New York and Rome — il film si svolge tra New York e Roma
1) (support) sostenere, appoggiare [party, person, bid, strike, enterprise, project]; appoggiare [ application]2) (finance) finanziare [project, undertaking]to back a bill — comm. econ. avallare una cambiale
4) (substantiate) suffragare, convalidare [argument, claim]5) (reverse)to back sb. into sth. — fare indietreggiare qcn. fino dentro qcs
6) (bet on) puntare, scommettere su [horse, favourite, winner]7) (stiffen, line) rinforzare [ structure]; foderare [ book]; rinforzare, rintelare [ painting]; intelare, foderare [ fabric]2.1) (reverse) fare marcia indietro2) mar. [ wind] cambiare direzione•- back off- back out- back up -
70 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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71 settlement
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] final settlement[Swahili Word] mkataa[Swahili Plural] mikataa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] kata V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] make a settlement[Swahili Word] -katibiana[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Word] kitabu, ukatibu------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] afikiano[Swahili Plural] maafikiano[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] afiki v[Note] usually plural 'maafikiano'------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] agano[Swahili Plural] maagano[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] -hesabu[Swahili Plural] hesabu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] kiambo[Swahili Plural] viambo[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] maafikano[Swahili Plural] maafikano[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] maafikiano[Swahili Plural] maafikiano[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] makani[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] makao[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6[Derived Word] kaa V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] makataa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] kataa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] makazi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6[Derived Word] kaa V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] mapatano[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] pata------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] masikani[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] maskani[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] mji[Swahili Plural] miji[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Related Words] kijiji[English Definition] an area where a group of families live together------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] mkataba[Swahili Plural] mikataba[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] katiba V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] patano[Swahili Plural] mapatano[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] pata[English Example] arrange a settlement.[Swahili Example] fanya mapatano------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[Swahili Word] upatano[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement[English Plural] settlements[Swahili Word] kituo[Swahili Plural] vituo[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] tua------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement (of accounts)[Swahili Word] ukadiri[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement (of accounts)[Swahili Word] ukadirifu[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] settlement area for Africans (during colonialism)[Swahili Word] lokeshen[Swahili Plural] malokeshen[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] Eng------------------------------------------------------------ -
72 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
73 district
noun1) (administrative area) Bezirk, der4) (tract of country, area) Gegend, die* * *['distrikt](an area of a country, town etc: He lives in a poor district of London; Public transport is often infrequent in country districts.) der Distrikt* * *dis·trict[ˈdɪstrɪkt]n2. AM* * *['dIstrɪkt]n(of country) Gebiet nt; (of town) Stadtteil m, Viertel nt; (= geographical area) Gegend f; (= administrative area) (Verwaltungs)bezirk mshopping/business district — Geschäftsviertel nt
* * *district [ˈdıstrıkt] s1. Distrikt m, (Verwaltungs) Bezirk m, Kreis m3. Gegend f, Gebiet n, Landstrich mdist. abk1. distance2. distant3. distinguish (distinguished)4. district* * *noun1) (administrative area) Bezirk, der4) (tract of country, area) Gegend, die* * *n.Bezirk -e m.Kreis -e m.Landstrich m.Ortsteil -e m.Revier -e n.Stadtteil m. -
74 square
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] (town) square[Swahili Word] wanda[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] carpenter's square[Swahili Word] filifili[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] carpenters' square[English Plural] carpenters' squares[Swahili Word] guni[Swahili Plural] maguni[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] divided into squares[Swahili Word] -a madirisha[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Farsi------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] public square[Swahili Word] uwanda[Swahili Plural] nyanda[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11/10[Derived Word] wanda V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square[English Plural] squares[Swahili Word] dirisha[Swahili Plural] madirisha[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Language] Farsi------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square[Swahili Word] maraba[Swahili Plural] miraba[Part of Speech] noun[English Example] perpendicular lines[Swahili Example] mistari ya mraba------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square[Swahili Word] maraba[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square[Swahili Word] mraba[Swahili Plural] miraba[Part of Speech] noun[English Example] perpendicular lines[Swahili Example] mistari ya mraba------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square[English Plural] squares[Swahili Word] uga[Swahili Plural] nyuga[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square (as a measure of area)[Swahili Word] eneo a eneo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] four square inches[Swahili Example] inchi za eneo nne------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square (as a measure of area)[Swahili Word] -a eneo[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] enea[English Example] four square inches[Swahili Example] inchi za eneo nne[Terminology] general / mathematics------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] square (carpenter's tool)[Swahili Word] skweya[Swahili Plural] skweya[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] Eng.------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] town square[Swahili Word] uwanda[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------ -
75 move
1. nounit's your move — du bist am Zug
4)be on the move — (moving about) [Person:] unterwegs sein
5)make a move — (initiate action) etwas tun od. unternehmen; (coll.): (leave, depart) losziehen (ugs.)
make the first move — den Anfang machen
make no move — sich nicht rühren
make no move to help somebody — keine Anstalten machen, jemandem zu helfen
6)get a move on — (coll.) einen Zahn zulegen (ugs.)
2. transitive verbget a move on! — (coll.) [mach] Tempo! (ugs.)
move the chair over here — rück den Stuhl hier herüber!
move something to a new position — etwas an einen neuen Platz bringen
move the luggage into the building — das Gepäck ins Gebäude hineinbringen
please move your head [to one side] — bitte tun Sie Ihren Kopf zur Seite
move it! — (coll.)
move yourself! — (coll.) Beeilung! (ugs.)
move somebody to another department/job — jemanden in eine andere Abteilung/Position versetzen
move police/troops into an area — Polizeikräfte/Truppen in ein Gebiet schicken
2) (in game) ziehen3) (affect) bewegen; berührenmove somebody to laughter/anger — jemanden zum Lachen bringen/jemandes Ärger erregen
be moved by something — über etwas (Akk.) gerührt sein
4) (prompt)move somebody to do something — jemanden dazu bewegen, etwas zu tun
5) (propose) beantragen [Beendigung, Danksagung]; stellen [Antrag]6) (Commerc.): (sell) absetzen3. intransitive verb1) (go from place to place) sich bewegen; (by car, bus, train) fahren; (on foot) gehen; (coll.): (start, leave) gehen; [Wolken:] ziehen ( across über + Akk.)move with the times — (fig.) mit der Zeit gehen
start to move — [Fahrzeug:] sich in Bewegung setzen
he has moved to another department — er ist jetzt in einer anderen Abteilung
Don't move. I'll be back soon — Bleib hier od. Geh nicht weg. Ich bin gleich zurück
3) (fig.): (initiate action) handeln; aktiv werden5) (change residence or accommodation) umziehen (to nach); (into flat etc.) einziehen ( into in + Akk.); (out of town) wegziehen ( out of aus); (out of flat etc.) ausziehen ( out of aus)I want to move to London — ich will nach London ziehen
6) (change posture or state) sich bewegen; (in order to make oneself comfortable etc.) eine andere Haltung einnehmendon't move or I'll shoot — keine Bewegung, oder ich schieße
things are moving now — jetzt geht es voran
move towards — näherkommen (+ Dat.) [Einigung, Höhepunkt, Kompromiss]
8) (Commerc.): (be sold) [Waren:] Absatz finden, sich absetzen lassen9) (coll.): (go fast)Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/105921/move_about">move about- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up* * *[mu:v] 1. verb1) (to (cause to) change position or go from one place to another: He moved his arm; Don't move!; Please move your car.) (fort-)bewegen2) (to change houses: We're moving on Saturday.) umziehen3) (to affect the feelings or emotions of: I was deeply moved by the film.) ergreifen2. noun2) (an act of changing homes: How did your move go?) der Umzug•- movable- moveable
- movement
- movie
- moving
- movingly
- get a move on
- make a move
- move along
- move heaven and earth
- move house
- move in
- move off
- move out
- move up
- on the move* * *[mu:v]I. nshe made a sudden \move towards me plötzlich bewegte sie sich auf mich zuI hate the way my boss watches my every \move ich hasse es, wie meine Chefin jede meiner Bewegungen beobachtetone \move and you are dead [or and I'll shoot]! keine Bewegung oder ich schieße!she's on the \move sie verändert gerade viele Dinge in ihrem Lebento make a \move ( fam: leave) sich akk auf den Weg machen; (act) etwas unternehmen; (start) loslegen famnobody was making a \move [to go] niemand machte Anstalten zu gehena \move to democracy/peace ein Schritt m hin zur Demokratie/zum Friedento make the first \move den ersten Schritt tunit's your \move du bist dranto make a \move CHESS ziehenwe've had four \moves in three years wir sind in drei Jahren viermal umgezogenI don't feel like another [job] \move yet ich möchte nicht schon wieder meine Stelle wechselnto be on the \move gerade am Umziehen sein6.get a \move on! ( fam) Beeilung!II. vi1. (change position) sich akk bewegen; (go) gehen; (drive) fahren; (walk further on) weitergehen; (run further on) weiterlaufen; (drive further on) weiterfahren; (budge up) rückenyou couldn't \move in the bar last night man konnte sich gestern Abend in der Bar vor lauter Leuten kaum rührenno one \moved keiner rührte sichhe told his children not to \move er sagte seinen Kindern, sie sollten sich nicht von der Stelle rührendon't \move or I'll shoot! keine Bewegung oder ich schieße!don't \move, I'll be back in a second rühr dich nicht von der Stelle, ich bin gleich zurückplease \move back! bitte zurücktreten!keep moving! bitte gehen Sie weiter!to \move [out of the way] aus dem Weg gehen, Platz machento begin to \move sich akk in Bewegung setzenSophie has \moved into a higher class Sophie geht nun in die nächsthöhere Klassethat's my final decision, and I am not going to \move [on it] das ist mein letztes Wort und dabei bleibt esto \move off a subject das Thema wechselnto \move into new markets neue Märkte erschließento \move with the times mit der Zeit gehento \move forward Fortschritte machenhe's moving from the publicity department to the sales department er wechselt von der Werbeabteilung in die Verkaufsabteilungto \move to Berlin/the city/the country nach Berlin/in die Stadt/auf's Land ziehento \move into a flat/a house/an office in eine Wohnung/ein Haus/ein Büro einziehen5. (in games) ziehenwhose turn is it to \move next? wer ist am Zug?to get moving sich akk auf den Weg machenwe have to get moving wir müssen los famto get moving loslegen famNigel's new car can really \move Nigels neuer Wagen ist sehr schnell10. (sell) sich gut verkaufen lassenthis new shampoo is moving really fast das neue Shampoo findet reißenden Absatz famshe \moves in a small circle of friends sie hat einen kleinen Freundeskreistime \moves so quickly! wie die Zeit vergeht!14. MEDhave your bowels \moved? hatten Sie Stuhlgang?III. vt1.▪ to \move sth (change position of) etw bewegen; (in a text) etw verschieben; (place somewhere else) etw woanders hinstellen; (push somewhere else) etw verrücken; (clear) etw wegräumen; (rearrange) furniture etw umstellen; (transport) etw befördernI asked you not to \move my shoes/books ich habe dich doch gebeten, meine Schuhe stehen/meine Bücher liegen zu lassenthe defendant stood without moving a muscle as the judge passed sentence der Angeklagte nahm das Urteil regungslos entgegendon't \move a muscle! ( fam) keine Bewegung!please \move your legs away! bitte nehmen Sie Ihre Beine da weg!we finally \moved the crockery into the cupboards endlich haben wir das Geschirr in die Schränke [ein]geräumtdon't \move anything! bitte lassen Sie alles so, wie es ist!could you please \move your car? könnten Sie bitte [ihren Wagen] wegfahren?the bus stop was \moved 100 metres down the road die Bushaltestelle wurde 100 Meter die Straße hinunter verlegt\move your chair closer to the table rück deinen Stuhl näher an den Tisch [heran]please \move your head to the left drehen Sie Ihren Kopf bitte nach linksto \move a wall eine Wand versetzento \move sth [aside] etw beiseiteräumen2. (reschedule)▪ to \move sth etw verlegen [o verschieben]can we \move our meeting to another day? können wir unseren Termin vertagen?3.the government \moved troops into the crisis area die Regierung schickte Truppen ins Krisengebietto \move sb to another hospital/prison jdn in ein anderes Krankenhaus/Gefängnis verlegento \move sb to marketing/to a higher class jdn in die Marketingabteilung/in eine höhere Klasse versetzen4. (change)to \move house umziehento \move office in ein anderes Büro ziehento \move sb to laughter jdn zum Lachen bringento \move sb to tears jdn zu Tränen rührento \move sb deeply [or sincerely] jdn zutiefst bewegento be [deeply] \moved by sth von etw dat [zutiefst] bewegt sein; (stronger) von etw dat [zutiefst] ergriffen sein6. (drive)▪ to \move sth mechanism, wheel etw antreiben7. (cause change of mind)▪ to \move sb jdn umstimmenshe won't be \moved sie lässt sich nicht umstimmen▪ to \move sth etw vorschlagento \move an amendment eine Ergänzung einbringen▪ to \move that... vorschlagen, dass...I should like to \move that the proposal [should] be accepted ich plädiere dafür, den Vorschlag anzunehmen9. MEDto \move one's bowels Stuhlgang haben10. (in games)to \move a knight/rook einen Läufer/Turm ziehen11. COMM▪ to \move sth etw absetzen12.* * *move [muːv]A v/t1. a) (von der Stelle) bewegen, rückenb) einen Körperteil bewegen, rührenc) transportierend) COMPUT eine Textstelle etc verschieben:2. a) entfernen, fortbringen, -schaffen:b) seinen Wohnsitz, eine Militäreinheit etc verlegen (to nach):move house Br umziehen;move sb umg jemandes Umzug durchführenc) einen Angestellten etc versetzen (to nach)a) vorwärtstreiben,b) jemanden auffordern, weiterzugehen4. fig bewegen, rühren, ergreifen:be moved to tears zu Tränen gerührt seinto zu;to do zu tun):move sb from an opinion jemanden von einer Ansicht abbringen;move sb to anger jemanden erzürnen;feel moved to say sth sich veranlasst fühlen, etwas zu sagen8. jemanden erregen, aufregenmove that … beantragen, dass …;he moved that the meeting (should) be adjourned er beantragte, die Sitzung zu vertagen;move an amendment PARL einen Abänderungsantrag stellen10. einen Antrag stellen, einbringen11. WIRTSCH absetzen, verkaufenB v/i1. a) sich bewegen, sich rühren, sich regen:don’t move! keine Bewegung!b) fig sich ändern (Ansichten etc)2. sich fortbewegen, gehen, fahren:move on weitergehen;move along, please bitte weitergehen!;a) anrücken (Polizei etc),b) vorgehen (on gegen Demonstranten etc),c) fig ins Haus stehen (Veränderungen etc) (on dat);move forward fig Fortschritte machen, vorankommen;move up SPORT aufsteigen;move with the times mit der Zeit gehen;move to the top of the table SPORT sich an die Tabellenspitze setzen;be really moving umg einen ganz schönen Zahn draufhaben3. umziehen (to nach):move (away) aus-, fort-, wegziehen;move to ziehen nach;move in einziehen;move into einziehen in (akk), beziehen;move out ausziehen (of aus);if moved falls verzogen4. fig voran-, fortschreiten:things began to move die Sache kam in Gang, es tat sich etwas5. laufen, in Gang sein (Maschine etc)6. verkehren ( with mit), sich bewegen:move in rarefied circles sich in exklusiven Kreisen bewegenin sth in einer Sache;against gegen):he moved quickly er handelte rasch9. Schach etc: einen Zug machen, ziehenhis bowels have moved er hat Stuhlgang gehabt11. WIRTSCH12. BIBEL leben:C sa) in Bewegung,b) auf den Beinen,c) auf Achse;get a move on umg sich beeilen;get a move on umg Tempo!, mach(t) schon!, los!;a) aufbrechen,b) sich (von der Stelle) rühren,c) fig handeln;make no move keine Anstalten machen ( to do zu tun)3. a) Schach etc: Zug m:it’s your move Sie sind am Zugb) fig Schritt m, Maßnahme f:a clever move ein kluger Schachzug oder Schritt;make the first move den ersten Schritt tun;make one’s move handeln4. SPORTa) Kombination fb) Spielzug m* * *1. noun4)be on the move — (moving about) [Person:] unterwegs sein
5)make a move — (initiate action) etwas tun od. unternehmen; (coll.): (leave, depart) losziehen (ugs.)
make no move to help somebody — keine Anstalten machen, jemandem zu helfen
6)get a move on — (coll.) einen Zahn zulegen (ugs.)
2. transitive verbget a move on! — (coll.) [mach] Tempo! (ugs.)
1) (change position of) bewegen; wegräumen [Hindernis, Schutt]; (transport) befördernplease move your head [to one side] — bitte tun Sie Ihren Kopf zur Seite
move it! — (coll.)
move yourself! — (coll.) Beeilung! (ugs.)
move somebody to another department/job — jemanden in eine andere Abteilung/Position versetzen
move police/troops into an area — Polizeikräfte/Truppen in ein Gebiet schicken
2) (in game) ziehen3) (affect) bewegen; berührenmove somebody to laughter/anger — jemanden zum Lachen bringen/jemandes Ärger erregen
be moved by something — über etwas (Akk.) gerührt sein
4) (prompt)move somebody to do something — jemanden dazu bewegen, etwas zu tun
5) (propose) beantragen [Beendigung, Danksagung]; stellen [Antrag]6) (Commerc.): (sell) absetzen3. intransitive verb1) (go from place to place) sich bewegen; (by car, bus, train) fahren; (on foot) gehen; (coll.): (start, leave) gehen; [Wolken:] ziehen ( across über + Akk.)move with the times — (fig.) mit der Zeit gehen
start to move — [Fahrzeug:] sich in Bewegung setzen
Don't move. I'll be back soon — Bleib hier od. Geh nicht weg. Ich bin gleich zurück
2) (in games) ziehen3) (fig.): (initiate action) handeln; aktiv werden4) (in certain circles, part of society, part of town) verkehren5) (change residence or accommodation) umziehen (to nach); (into flat etc.) einziehen ( into in + Akk.); (out of town) wegziehen ( out of aus); (out of flat etc.) ausziehen ( out of aus)6) (change posture or state) sich bewegen; (in order to make oneself comfortable etc.) eine andere Haltung einnehmendon't move or I'll shoot — keine Bewegung, oder ich schieße
7) (make progress) vorankommenmove towards — näherkommen (+ Dat.) [Einigung, Höhepunkt, Kompromiss]
8) (Commerc.): (be sold) [Waren:] Absatz finden, sich absetzen lassen9) (coll.): (go fast)Phrasal Verbs:- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up* * *n.Bewegung -en f. (change lodgings) expr.Wohnung wechseln ausdr. v.antreiben v.bewegen v.(§ p.,pp.: bewog, bewogen)erregen v.umziehen v.übersiedeln v. -
76 MSB
- сигнальная единица синхронизации группового блока
- наиболее значимый бит или байт
- модель расширенного канала
- главный распределительный щит
- байпасный паропровод свежего пара
байпасный паропровод свежего пара
(ТЭС, АЭС)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ)
Распределительный щит, через который снабжается электроэнергией все здание или его обособленная часть. Роль ГРЩ может выполнять ВРУ или щит низкого напряжения подстанции.
[ПУЭ]
главный распределительный щит
Электрощит в здании, обеспечивающий распределение энергии между подключенными к нему нагрузками и включение аварийных систем при падении напряжения.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 3-99 ( МЭК 60439-3-90)]
[ ГОСТ Р 50571.28-2006]EN
main distribution board
board in the building which fulfils all the functions of a main electrical distribution for the supply building area assigned to it and where the voltage drop is measured for operating the safety services
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]FR
tableau général de distribution
tableau de distribution dans le bâtiment remplissant toutes les fonctions d’un tableau général de distribution pour l’alimentation de la zone qui lui est dédiée et où la chute de tension est mesurée pour le fonctionnement des services de sécurité
[IEC 60364-7-710, ed. 1.0 (2002-11)]
Главный распределительный щит (ГРЩ) на ток 6300 А
[http://www.uzoelectro.ru/catalogue/group-383/product-36465/ ]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
- электроустановки
Синонимы
EN
- feeder switchboard
- m.s.b.
- main distributing frame
- main distribution board
- main distribution switchboard
- Main Low Voltage Switchboard
- main low-voltage distribution switchboard
- main switchboard
- MLVS
- MSB
- power center
FR
наиболее значимый бит или байт
Часть числа, адреса или поля, обычно записываемая слева в стандартной нотации. Эта часть числа имеет наибольшее значение.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
сигнальная единица синхронизации группового блока
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
01.05.24 модель расширенного канала [ extended channel model]: Система кодирования и передачи как байтов с данными сообщения, так и управляющей информации о сообщении, в пределах которой декодер работает в режиме расширенного канала.
Примечание - Управляющая информация передается с использованием управляющих последовательностей интерпретации в расширенном канале (ECI).
<2>4 Сокращения1)
1)Следует учитывать, что в соответствии с оригиналом ИСО/МЭК 19762-1 в данном разделе присутствует сокращение CSMA/CD, которое в тексте стандарта не используется.
Кроме того, сокращения отсортированы в алфавитном порядке.
Al
Идентификатор применения [application identifier]
ANS
Американский национальный стандарт [American National Standard]
ANSI
Американский национальный институт стандартов [American National Standards Institute]
ASC
Аккредитованный комитет по стандартам [Accredited Standards Committee]
вес
Контрольный знак блока [block check character]
BCD
Двоично-десятичный код (ДДК) [binary coded decimal]
BER
Коэффициент ошибок по битам [bit error rate]
CRC
Контроль циклическим избыточным кодом [cyclic redundancy check]
CSMA/CD
Коллективный доступ с контролем несущей и обнаружением конфликтов [carrier sense multiple access with collision detection network]
CSUM
Контрольная сумма [check sum]
Dl
Идентификатор данных [data identifier]
ECI
Интерпретация в расширенном канале [extended channel interpretation]
EDI
Электронный обмен данными (ЭОД) [electronic data interchange]
EEPROM
Электрически стираемое программируемое постоянное запоминающее устройство [electrically erasable programmable read only memory]
HEX
Шестнадцатеричная система счисления [hexadecimal]
INCITS
Международный комитет по стандартам информационных технологий [International Committee for Information Technology Standards]
LAN
Локальная вычислительная сеть [local area network]
Laser
Усиление света с помощью вынужденного излучения [light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation]
LED
Светоизлучающий диод [light emitting diode]
LLC
Управление логической связью [logical link control]
LSB
Младший значащий бит [least significant bit]
МНЮ
Аккредитованный комитет по отраслевым стандартам в сфере обработки грузов [Accredited Standards Committee for the Material Handling Industry]
MSB
Старший значащий бит [most significant bit]
MTBF
Средняя наработка на отказ [mean time between failures]
MTTR
Среднее время ремонта [mean time to repair]
NRZ
Без возвращения к нулю [non-return to zero code]
NRZ Space
Кодирование без возвращения к нулю с перепадом на нулях [non-return to zero-space]
NRZ-1
Кодирование без возвращения к нулю с перепадом на единицах [non-return to zero invert on ones]
NRZ-M
Запись без возвращения к нулю (метка) [non-return to zero (mark) recording]
RTI
Возвратное транспортное упаковочное средство [returnable transport item]
RZ
Кодирование с возвратом к нулю [return to zero]
VLD
Светоизлучающий лазерный диод [visible laser diode]
<2>Библиография
[1]
ИСО/МЭК Руководство 2
Стандартизация и связанная с ней деятельность. Общий словарь
(ISO/IECGuide2)
(Standardization and related activities - General vocabulary)
[2]
ИСО/МЭК 2382-1
Информационные технологии. Словарь - Часть 1. Основные термины
(ISO/IEC 2382-1)
(Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 1: Fundamental terms)
[3]
ИСО/МЭК 2382-4
Информационные технологии. Словарь - Часть 4. Организация данных
(ISO/IEC 2382-4)
(Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 4: Organization of data)
[4]
ИСО/МЭК 2382-9
Информационные технологии. Словарь. Часть 9. Передача данных
(ISO/IEC 2382-9)
(Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 9: Data communication)
[5]
ИСО/МЭК 2382-16
Информационные технологии. Словарь. Часть 16. Теория информации
(ISO/IEC 2382-16)
(Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 16: Information theory)
[6]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-2
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 2. Оптические носители данных (ОНД)
(ISO/IEC 19762-2)
(Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM))
[7]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-3
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 3. Радиочастотная идентификация (РЧИ)
(ISO/IEC 19762-3)
(Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
[8]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-4
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 4. Основные термины в области радиосвязи
(ISO/IEC 19762-4)
(Information technology-Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 4: General terms relating to radio communications)
[9]
ИСО/МЭК 19762-5
Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 5. Системы определения места нахождения
(ISO/IEC 19762-5)
(Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques - Harmonized vocabulary - Part 5: Locating systems)
[10]
МЭК 60050-191
Международный Электротехнический Словарь. Глава 191. Надежность и качество услуг
(IEC 60050-191)
(International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 191: Dependability and quality of Service)
[11]
МЭК 60050-702
Международный Электротехнический Словарь. Глава 702. Колебания, сигналы и соответствующие устройства
(IEC 60050-702)
(International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 702: Oscillations, signals and related devices)
[12]
МЭК 60050-704
Международный Электротехнический словарь. Глава 704. Техника передачи
(IEC 60050-704)
(International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 704: Transmission)
[13]
МЭК 60050-845
Международный электротехнический словарь. Глава 845. Освещение
(IEC 60050-845)
(International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 845: Lighting)
<2>
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 19762-1-2011: Информационные технологии. Технологии автоматической идентификации и сбора данных (АИСД). Гармонизированный словарь. Часть 1. Общие термины в области АИСД оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MSB
-
77 front
1) (the part of anything (intended to be) nearest the person who sees it; usually the most important part of anything: the front of the house; the front of the picture; (also adjective) the front page.) parte delantera, primera2) (the foremost part of anything in the direction in which it moves: the front of the ship; (also adjective) the front seat of the bus.) parte delantera3) (the part of a city or town that faces the sea: We walked along the (sea) front.) paseo marítimo4) ((in war) the line of soliers nearest the enemy: They are sending more soldiers to the front.) frente5) (a boundary separating two masses of air of different temperatures: A cold front is approaching from the Atlantic.) frente6) (an outward appearance: He put on a brave front.) apariencia7) (a name sometimes given to a political movement: the Popular Front for Liberation.) frente•- frontage- frontal
- at the front of
- in front of
- in front
front1 adj1. de delante / delantero2. primerofront2 n1. parte delanterathe front of the car was crushed in the accident la parte delantera del coche quedó aplastada en el accidente2. frente3. principio4. fachada principaltr[frʌnt]2 (of shirt etc) pechera3 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL frente nombre masculino4 (facade) fachada5 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL frente nombre masculino6 (promenade) paseo marítimo7 figurative use (illegal business etc) tapadera9 (specific field of activity) asunto, terreno■ what's happening on the domestic front? ¿qué pasa en el terreno nacional?1 delantero,-a, de delante1 (face) dar (on/onto, a)1 (lead, head) encabezar2 (present) presentar■ Tom Jenkins is going to front "News Today' Tom Jenkins presentará "News Today"\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat the front delante, por delantein front (of) delante (de)out front (in theatre) entre el públicoto put on a bold front hacer de tripas corazónup front (in advance) por adelantadofront door puerta principalfront garden jardín nombre masculino pequeño en la parte de delantefront man hombre nombre masculino al frentefront page primera plana, portadafront room salón nombre masculinofront tooth incisivofront wheel rueda delantera, rueda de delantethe front bench SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL las dos primeras filas de escaños ocupadas por miembros del gobierno y de la oposiciónfront ['frʌnt] vi1) face: dar, estar orientadothe house fronts north: la casa da al norte2) : servir de pantallahe fronts for his boss: sirve de pantalla para su jefefront adj: delantero, de adelante, primerothe front row: la primera filafront n1) : frente m, parte f de adelante, delantera fthe front of the class: el frente de la claseat the front of the train: en la parte delantera del tren2) area, zone: frente m, zona fthe Eastern front: el frente orientalon the educational front: en el frente de la enseñanza3) facade: fachada f (de un edificio o una persona)4) : frente m (en meteorología)adj.• anterior adj.• delantero, -a adj.• primero, -a adj.adv.• frente adv.n.• cabeza s.f.• cara s.f.• delantera s.f.• fachada s.f.• frente s.f.• parte delantera s.f.• pechera s.f.• portada s.f.• principio s.m.• testa s.f.v.• afrontar v.
I frʌnt1)a) ( of building) frente m, fachada f; ( of dress) delantera fthe skirt fastens at the front — la falda se abrocha por delante or (esp AmL) por adelante
b) ( forward part) frente m, parte f delantera or de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante2) (in phrases)Midnight Orchid is out in front — Midnight Orchid va en cabeza or lleva la delantera
in front of somebody/something — delante or (esp AmL) adelante de alguien/algo; ( facing) enfrente de alguien/algo
3) (Meteo, Mil, Pol) frente m4)a) ( outward show) fachada fb) ( for illegal activity) pantalla fc) (of organization, party) (AmE) cabeza f visible5) ( overlooking sea) paseo m marítimo, malecón m (AmL), rambla f (RPl)
II
the front yard o (BrE) garden — el jardín del frente
a seat in the front row a front-row seat — un asiento en primera fila; see also front bench, front page
III
transitive verb (present, head) \<\<campaign\>\> dirigir*; \<\<group\>\> liderar; \<\<show\>\> presentar[frʌnt]1. N1) (=exterior) [of house, building] fachada f ; [of shirt, dress] pechera f ; [of book] (=cover) portada f•
it fastens at the front — se abrocha por delante•
back to front — al revés•
her dress had ripped down the front — el vestido se le había roto por delante2) (=forepart) [of stage, desk, building] parte f de delante, parte f delantera; [of train, bus] parte f delantera; [of queue] principio m•
there's a dedication at the front of the book — hay una dedicatoria al principio del libroat the front of the line or queue — al principio de la cola
•
I want to sit in the front — quiero sentarme delante•
he laid the baby on its front — puso al bebé boca abajo3)• in front — delante
•
to be in front — (gen) ir primero, ir delante; (in race) ir a la cabeza, llevar la delantera; (in scoring) llevar (la) ventaja•
in front of — delante deshe sat down in front of her mirror — se sentó delante del espejo, se sentó frente al espejo
4) (Met) frente m5) (Mil, Pol) frente m•
we must present a united front — debemos parecer un frente unido6) (Brit) (=promenade) paseo m marítimo; (=beach) playa f7) (=area of activity) materia fis there any news on the wages front? — ¿se sabe algo nuevo en materia de salarios?
we have made progress on a variety of fronts — hemos avanzado en varios campos or varias esferas
•
on all fronts — en todos los frentes•
the government's failings on the home or domestic front — las deficiencias del gobierno a nivel nacional8) (=show)it's all just a front with him — lo suyo no es más que una fachada or no son más que apariencias
•
he kept up a brave front to the world — delante de todos ponía buena cara9) * (=cover-up) fachada f, tapadera f•
to be a front for sth — servir de fachada or tapadera para algo2. ADJ1) (=foremost) [wheel, leg] delantero, de delante, de adelante (LAm)I was in the front seat — yo estaba en el asiento delantero or de delante or (LAm) de adelante
if we run, we can get a front seat — si corremos, podemos pillar un asiento en la parte delantera or la parte de delante or (LAm) la parte de adelante
2) (Phon) [vowel] frontal3. VI1)• to front onto sth — [house, window] dar a algo
2)• to front for sth — servir de fachada or tapadera para algo
4. VT1) (=head) [+ organization] estar al frente de, liderar2) [+ TV show] presentar3) [+ band, group] estar al frente de, ser el cantante de4) frm (=face) dar a5.CPDfront benches NPL (Brit) —
the front benches — (=seats) la primera fila de escaños de cada lado del parlamento ocupada por miembros del gobierno y de la oposición ; (=people) miembros del gobierno o de la oposición
front crawl N — (Swimming) crol m
front desk N — (US) recepción f (de un hotel)
front door N — puerta f principal
front end N — [of vehicle] parte f delantera
front line N — (Mil) primera línea f
front man N — (for activity) testaferro m ; [of band, group] líder m ; (TV) presentador m
front organization N — organización f fachada
front page N — (Press) primera plana f
front room N — (Brit) (=living room) salón m
front row N — primera fila f
front runner N — (in race) corredor(a) m / f que va en cabeza; (in election) favorito(-a) m / f
front tooth N — incisivo m, paleta * f
front view N —
FRONT BENCH El término genérico front bench se usa para referirse a los escaños situados en primera fila a ambos lados del Presidente ( Speaker) de la Cámara de los Comunes del Parlamento británico. Dichos escaños son ocupados por los parlamentarios que son miembros del gobierno a un lado y por los del gobierno en la sombra ( shadow cabinet) al otro y, por esta razón, se les conoce como frontbenchers.the front view of the hotel is very impressive — el frente del hotel or la parte de delante del hotel es impresionante
See:see cultural note BACKBENCHER in backbencher* * *
I [frʌnt]1)a) ( of building) frente m, fachada f; ( of dress) delantera fthe skirt fastens at the front — la falda se abrocha por delante or (esp AmL) por adelante
b) ( forward part) frente m, parte f delantera or de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante2) (in phrases)Midnight Orchid is out in front — Midnight Orchid va en cabeza or lleva la delantera
in front of somebody/something — delante or (esp AmL) adelante de alguien/algo; ( facing) enfrente de alguien/algo
3) (Meteo, Mil, Pol) frente m4)a) ( outward show) fachada fb) ( for illegal activity) pantalla fc) (of organization, party) (AmE) cabeza f visible5) ( overlooking sea) paseo m marítimo, malecón m (AmL), rambla f (RPl)
II
the front yard o (BrE) garden — el jardín del frente
a seat in the front row a front-row seat — un asiento en primera fila; see also front bench, front page
III
transitive verb (present, head) \<\<campaign\>\> dirigir*; \<\<group\>\> liderar; \<\<show\>\> presentar -
78 region
область имя существительное: -
79 division
1) ((an) act of dividing.) división2) (something that separates; a dividing line: a ditch marks the division between their two fields.) separación3) (a part or section (of an army etc): He belongs to B division of the local police force.) división4) ((a) separation of thought; disagreement.) desacuerdo, diferencia5) (the finding of how many times one number is contained in another.) divisióndivision n división
división sustantivo femenino ( en general) division;◊ hacer una división (Mat) to do a division
división sustantivo femenino division: la división acorazada está en camino, the armoured division is on the way ' división' also found in these entries: Spanish: casta - interfase - partición - tercera - cabeza - compás - condado - decir - distribución - intendencia - ocupar - repartición - sección - separación - separar English: border - bracket - counterpart - division - into - part - relegate - severance - split - act - partition - season - state - trackingtr[dɪ'vɪʒən]2 (section, part, group) sección nombre femenino3 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL división nombre femenino5 (dividing line, boundary) división nombre femenino7 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL división nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe division of labour la distribución nombre femenino del trabajodivision sign signo de división, signo de dividirdivision [dɪ'vɪʒən] n1) distribution: división f, reparto mdivision of labor: distribución del trabajo2) part: división f, sección f3) : división f (en matemáticas)n.• compartimiento s.m.• departamento s.m.• discordia s.f.• distribución s.f.• división s.f.• fracción s.f.• negociado s.m.• partición s.f.• partija s.f.• repartición s.f.• reparto s.m.• sección s.f.• taja s.f.də'vɪʒən, dɪ'vɪʒən1)a) u c ( distribution) reparto m, división fthe division of labor — ( Econ) la división del trabajo
b) c ( boundary) división flinguistic/class divisions — divisiones lingüísticas/de clase
c) c ( part) división f2) u ( disagreement) desacuerdo m3) c ( department) división f, sección f4) c ( Mil) división f5) c ( Sport)a) ( in boxing) categoría fb) (in US: area) zona fc) (in UK: by standard) división f6) u c ( Math) división flong division — división larga or desarrollada
7) c (BrE Govt) votación f[dɪ'vɪʒǝn]1. N1) (gen, Math) división f ; (=sharing) reparto m, distribución fdivision of labour — división f del trabajo
2) (Comm) (=department) sección f3) (Mil, Brit Police) división f4) (=partition) separación f, división f ; (=line) línea f divisoria; (Ftbl etc) división f5) (=conflict, discord) discordia f6) (Brit) (Parl) votación f2.CPDdivision sign N — (Math) signo m de división
* * *[də'vɪʒən, dɪ'vɪʒən]1)a) u c ( distribution) reparto m, división fthe division of labor — ( Econ) la división del trabajo
b) c ( boundary) división flinguistic/class divisions — divisiones lingüísticas/de clase
c) c ( part) división f2) u ( disagreement) desacuerdo m3) c ( department) división f, sección f4) c ( Mil) división f5) c ( Sport)a) ( in boxing) categoría fb) (in US: area) zona fc) (in UK: by standard) división f6) u c ( Math) división flong division — división larga or desarrollada
7) c (BrE Govt) votación f -
80 extension
- ʃən1) (an added part: He built an extension to his house; a two-day extension to the holiday; He has telephone extensions (= telephones) in every bedroom.) extensión, ampliación2) ((a program by which) part of a university located somewhere else offers courses to people who are not fulltime students.) subsede, sucursal3) (the process of extending.) extensión4) (a telephone that operates on the same line as another: They have a phone in the living-room and an extension in the bedroom.) extensión1. anexo / ampliación2. extensión
extensión sustantivo femenino 1a) ( superficie):◊ una gran extensión de terreno a large expanse o stretch of land;una extensión de 20 hectáreas an area of 20 hectares por extensión by extension 2 (grado, importancia) extent; 3 ( línea telefónica) extension
extensión sustantivo femenino
1 extension (de un escrito, de tiempo) length (de un territorio, superficie) area
2 (ampliación) extension (difusión) spreading
3 (de una línea telefónica, un edificio) extension ' extensión' also found in these entries: Spanish: ampliación - extensor - extensora - prolongación - prórroga - superficie - supletoria - supletorio - terrena - terreno - vasta - vasto - zona - alargador - anexo - césped - interno - llano - pasto - playa - por - vida English: area - cover - expanse - expansive - extended - extension - extension cable - extension cord - extent - from - long - sheet - sprawl - spread - stretch - sweep - tract - further - lengthtr[ɪk'stenʃən]2 (of line, road, etc) prolongación nombre femenino3 (of time) prórroga, prolongación nombre femenino■ the house is too small, we need an extension la casa es demasiado pequeña, nos hace falta un anexo■ extension 241, please con la extensión 241 por favor\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby extension por extensiónextension ladder escalera extensibleextension [ɪk'stɛnʧən, ɛk-] n1) extending: extensión f, ampliación f, prórroga f, prolongación f2) annex: ampliación f, anexo m3) : extensión f (de teléfono)n.• alargadera s.f.• alargamiento s.m.• ampliación s.f.• ceja s.f.• ensanchamiento s.m.• ensanche s.m.• extensión (Teléfono) s.f.• línea telefónica sf s.m.• prolongación s.f.• prórroga s.f.ɪk'stentʃən, ɪk'stenʃən1)a) u (of power, meaning) extensión f, ampliación f2) c ( to building) ampliación f3) c ( Telec)a) ( line) extensión f, interno m (RPl), anexo m (Chi)b) ( telephone) supletorio m[ɪks'tenʃǝn]1.N (=act, part added) extensión f ; [of powers] ampliación f ; [of building] ampliación f ; [of road, stay, visit] prolongación f ; [of term, contract, credit] prórroga f ; (Telec) extensión, interno m (S. Cone), anexo m (S. Cone)extension three one three seven, please — con la extensión tres uno tres siete, por favor
2.CPDextension cable N, extension cord (US) N — alargador m, alargadera f
extension courses NPL — cursos externos organizados por una universidad
extension ladder N — escalera f extensible
extension lead N — (Elec) alargador m, alargadera f
extension number N — (número m de) extensión f or (Arg, Uru) interno m or (Chile, Peru) anexo m
* * *[ɪk'stentʃən, ɪk'stenʃən]1)a) u (of power, meaning) extensión f, ampliación f2) c ( to building) ampliación f3) c ( Telec)a) ( line) extensión f, interno m (RPl), anexo m (Chi)b) ( telephone) supletorio m
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