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(cause+to+succeed)

  • 61 get

    <got, got or (Am, Can usu) gotten> [get] vt
    1) ( obtain)
    to \get sth etw erhalten;
    we stopped off on the motorway to \get some breakfast wir hielten auf der Autobahn an, um zu frühstücken;
    to \get food Lebensmittel besorgen;
    to \get a glimpse of sb/ sth einen Blick auf jdn/etw erhaschen;
    to \get a moment einen Augenblick Zeit haben;
    to \get a radio station einen Sender reinbekommen ( fam)
    to \get time off frei bekommen;
    to \get sth from sb etw von jdm dat bekommen;
    where did you \get your radio from? woher hast du dein Radio?
    2) ( receive)
    to \get sth news etw bekommen;
    to \get sth from sb letter etw von jdm bekommen;
    what mark did he \get in his exam? welche Note hat er in der Prüfung bekommen?;
    to \get sth for one's birthday etw zum Geburtstag bekommen;
    to \get a [telephone] call from sb von jdm angerufen werden;
    to \get a lot of hassle from sb mit jdm viel Ärger kriegen ( fam)
    to \get sth etw erleben;
    we don't \get much snow in this country in diesem Land schneit es nicht sehr viel;
    I got quite a shock ich habe einen ganz schönen Schock bekommen! ( fam)
    I got quite a surprise ich war ganz schön überrascht;
    to \get the impression that... den Eindruck gewinnen, dass...
    4) ( deliver)
    to \get sth to sb letter jdm etw bringen
    5) (fam: contract)
    to \get sth sich dat etw holen ( fam)
    if you've already had measles, you can't \get it again wenn du schon mal Masern hattest, kannst du sie nicht noch mal bekommen;
    to \get the flu sich dat die Grippe einfangen;
    to \get food poisoning sich dat eine Lebensmittelvergiftung zuziehen
    6) ( fetch)
    to \get [sb] sth [or sth for sb] jdm etw besorgen [o ( fam) holen];
    can I \get you a drink? möchtest du was trinken?;
    ( formal) kann ich Ihnen was zu trinken anbieten?;
    could you \get a newspaper for me, please? könntest du mir bitte eine Zeitung mitbringen?
    to \get sth somewhere irgendwo auf etw akk treffen
    to \get a taxi ein Taxi nehmen;
    to \get one's plane/ train sein Flugzeug/seinen Zug erwischen ( fam)
    9) ( earn)
    to \get sth;
    she \gets about forty thousand pounds a year sie verdient ungefähr 40.000 Pfund im Jahr
    to \get sth for sth etw für etw akk bekommen;
    to \get money for sth Geld für etw akk bekommen
    11) ( buy)
    to \get sth etw kaufen
    sb \gets a lot of pleasure out of [or from] sth etw bereitet jdm viel Freude
    to \get sb/ sth jdn/etw fangen
    14) (fam: punish)
    to \get sb [for sth] jdn [für etw akk] kriegen;
    I'll \get you for this/that! ich kriege dich dafür!
    15) (fam: suffer)
    to \get it es bekommen, bestraft werden
    to \get sb to oneself jdn für sich akk haben
    17) (fam: answer)
    to \get the door die Tür aufmachen;
    to \get the telephone das Telefon abnehmen, ans Telefon gehen
    18) (Am) (fam: pay for)
    to \get sth etw bezahlen;
    to \get a meal/ drinks das Essen/die Getränke bezahlen
    19) + pp ( cause to be)
    to \get sth confused names etw verwechseln;
    to \get sth delivered sich dat etw liefern lassen;
    to \get sth finished etw fertig machen;
    to \get sth typed etw tippen lassen;
    he got his bag caught in the train doors seine Tasche verfing sich in der Zugtür;
    she got the kids ready for school sie machte die Kinder für die Schule fertig
    to \get sb/ sth doing sth jdn/etw zu etw dat bringen;
    haven't you got the photocopier working yet? hast du den Kopierer noch nicht zum Laufen gekriegt?;
    to \get sb/ sth to do sth jdn/etw dazu bringen, etw zu tun;
    to \get one's computer to work seinen Computer zum Laufen kriegen
    to \get sb/ sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin bringen;
    the bed is too wide - we'll never \get it through the door das Bett ist zu breit - wir werden es niemals durch die Tür bekommen
    22) ( hear)
    to \get sth etw verstehen
    to \get sth etw verstehen;
    to \get the meaning die Bedeutung verstehen;
    to \get the message es kapieren ( fam), die Botschaft entschlüsseln;
    to \get the picture ( fam) kapieren;
    \get the picture? kapiert?, kapische? ( fam)
    to \get sb/ sth wrong jdn/etw falsch verstehen
    to \get a meal das Essen zubereiten
    25) (fam: baffle)
    to \get sb jdn drankriegen ( fam)
    to \get sb jdn amüsieren;
    to \get sb greatly jdn sehr amüsieren
    27) (fam: irk)
    to \get sb jdm auf die Nerven gehen
    28) (fam: sadden)
    to \get sb jdm unter die Haut gehen
    29) ( hit)
    to \get sb [in sth] jdn [bei etw dat] erwischen
    \get him/her! sieh dir mal den/die an!
    PHRASES:
    to \get it on (fam: succeed) es schaffen; (fam: fight) es sich dat geben; (fam!: have sex with) es machen ( euph) vi
    1) + n/ adj ( become) werden;
    I'm glad to hear you are \getting better freut mich zu hören, dass es dir besser geht;
    to \get angry/ tired/ worried böse/müde/traurig werden;
    to \get real (sl) am Boden bleiben ( fam)
    to \get upset wütend werden;
    to \get used to sth sich akk an etw akk gewöhnen
    2) + vb ( become)
    to \get to be sth etw werden;
    how did you \get to be a belly dancer? wie bist du zu einer Bauchtänzerin geworden?;
    to \get to like sth etw langsam mögen
    3) + pp (be) werden;
    the dog got drowned der Hund ist ertrunken;
    this window seems to have got broken jemand scheint dieses Fenster zerbrochen zu haben;
    to \get married heiraten
    4) ( reach)
    to \get somewhere irgendwohin kommen;
    to \get home [from somewhere] [von irgendwo] nach Hause kommen
    5) ( progress)
    to get nowhere/somewhere [with sth] es nicht weit/weit [mit etw dat] bringen;
    we're not \getting very far with this conversation, are we? wir kommen nicht weit mit unserer Unterhaltung, nicht wahr?
    to \get to do sth die Möglichkeit haben, etw zu tun;
    to \get to see sb jdn zu Gesicht bekommen
    7) ( succeed)
    to \get to do sth schaffen, etw zu tun
    8) ( must)
    to have got to do sth etw machen müssen
    9) (fam: start)
    to \get doing sth anfangen, etw zu tun;
    to \get going [or moving] gehen;
    we'd better \get going or we'll be late wir sollten besser gehen oder wir verspäten uns
    to \get with it sich akk informieren;
    \get with it, Lara! setz dich damit auseinander, Lara!
    11) (go)
    [go on,] \get! geh [schon] weg! n ( Brit) ( pej) (sl)
    → git

    English-German students dictionary > get

  • 62 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 63 pass

    pass, US [transcription][p_s]
    A n
    1 ( permission document) (to enter, leave) laisser-passer m inv ; ( for journalists) coupe-file m inv ; ( to be absent) permission f also Mil ; ( of safe conduct) sauf-conduit m ;
    2 ( travel document) carte f d'abonnement ; bus/train/monthly pass carte d'abonnement pour le bus/pour le train/mensuelle ;
    3 Sch, Univ ( success) moyenne f (in en) ; I'll be happy with a pass je me contenterais de la moyenne ; to get a pass être reçu ;
    4 Sport ( in ball games) passe f ; ( in fencing) botte f ; a backward/forward pass une passe en arrière/en avant ; to make a pass faire une passe ;
    5 Geog ( in mountains) col m ; mountain pass col m de montagne ;
    6 Aviat he flew a low pass il est passé à basse altitude ; to make a pass over sth survoler qch.
    B vtr
    1 ( go past) ( to far side) passer [checkpoint, customs] ; franchir [lips, finishing line] ; ( alongside and beyond) passer devant [building, area] ; [vehicle] dépasser [vehicle] ; dépasser [level, understanding, expectation] ; to pass sb in the street croiser qn dans la rue ;
    2 ( hand over) ( directly) passer ; ( indirectly) faire passer ; pass me your plate passe-moi ton assiette ; pass the salt along please faites passer le sel s'il vous plaît ; to pass stolen goods/counterfeit notes faire passer des marchandises volées/des faux billets ; to pass sth along the line se passer qch de main en main ; ‘we'll pass you back to the studio now’ TV, Radio ‘maintenant nous repassons l'antenne au studio’ ;
    3 ( move) passer ; pass the rope through/round the ring passez la corde dans/autour de l'anneau ; he passed his hand over his face il s'est passé la main sur le visage ;
    4 Sport passer [ball] ; to pass the ball backwards/forwards passer la balle en arrière/en avant ;
    5 ( spend) passer [time] (doing à faire) ;
    6 ( succeed in) [person] réussir [test, exam] ; [car, machine etc] passer [qch] (avec succès) [test] ;
    7 ( declare satisfactory) admettre [candidate] ; approuver [invoice] ; to pass sth (as being) safe/suitable etc juger qch sans danger/convenable etc ; the censors passed the film as suitable for adults only la censure a jugé que le film ne convenait qu'aux adultes ;
    8 ( vote in) adopter [bill, motion, resolution] ;
    9 ( pronounce) prononcer [judgment, verdict, sentence] ; to pass sentence on Jur prononcer un verdict à l'encontre de [accused] ; to pass a remark about sb/sth faire une remarque sur qn/qch ;
    10 Med to pass water uriner ; to pass blood avoir du sang dans les urines ;
    11 Fin surtout US escamoter [dividend].
    C vi
    1 ( go past) [person, car] passer ; let me pass laissez-moi passer ;
    2 ( move) passer ; to pass along/over sth passer le long de/au-dessus de qch ; to pass through sth traverser qch ; pass down the bus please avancez dans le fond s'il vous plaît ;
    3 fig ( go by) [time, crisis, feeling] passer ; [memory, old order] disparaître ; the evening had passed all too quickly la soirée avait passé beaucoup trop vite ; to pass unnoticed passer inaperçu ; let the remark pass laissez couler ;
    4 ( be transferred) passer (to à) ; [title, property] passer (to à) ; [letter, knowing look] être échangé (between entre) ; his mood passed from joy to despair son humeur est passée de la joie au désespoir ; deeds which have passed into legend exploits qui sont passés dans la légende ;
    5 Sport passer ; to pass to sb faire une passe à qn ;
    6 Games passer ; I'm afraid I must pass on that one fig ( in discussion) je cède mon tour de parole ;
    7 littér ( happen) se passer ; to come to pass arriver ; it came to pass that… Bible il advint que… ; to bring sth to pass accomplir qch ;
    8 ( succeed) réussir ; she passed in both subjects elle a réussi dans les deux matières ;
    9 ( be accepted) [person, rudeness, behaviour] passer ; he'd pass for an Italian il pourrait passer pour un Italien ; she passes for 40 on lui donnerait 40 ans ;
    10 US, Jur se prononcer (on sur) ;
    11 Chem se transformer (into en).
    in passing en passant ; to come to such a pass that… arriver à un tel point que… ; to make a pass at sb faire du plat ○ à qn ; to pass the word passer la consigne ; to sell the pass trahir la cause.
    ▶ pass [sth] along, pass along [sth] faire passer.
    ■ pass around, pass round:
    ▶ pass [sth] around, pass around [sth] faire circuler [document, photos] ; faire passer [food, plates etc].
    ■ pass away euph décéder.
    ■ pass by [procession] défiler ; [person] passer ; life seems to have passed me by j'ai le sentiment d'être passé à côté de la vie.
    ■ pass down:
    ▶ pass [sth] down, pass down [sth] transmettre [secret, knowledge, title] (from de ; to à).
    ■ pass off:
    1 ( take place) [demonstration] se dérouler ; [fête] se passer ;
    2 ( disappear) [headache, effects] se dissiper ;
    ▶ pass [sb/sth] off, pass off [sb/sth] faire passer [person, incident] (as pour).
    ■ pass on:
    ▶ pass on poursuivre ; to pass on to sth passer à qch ; let's pass on to the next question passons à la question suivante ;
    ▶ pass [sth] on, pass on [sth] transmettre [good wishes, condolences, message, title] passer [book, clothes, cold] ; répercuter [costs].
    ■ pass out:
    1 ( faint) gen perdre connaissance ; ( fall drunk) tomber ivre mort ;
    2 Mil ( complete training) sortir avec ses diplômes (of, from de) ;
    ▶ pass [sth] out, pass out [sth] distribuer [leaflets].
    ■ pass over:
    ▶ pass over† = pass away ;
    ▶ pass [sb] over délaisser [employee, candidate] ; he was passed over in favour of another candidate on lui a préféré un autre candidat ;
    ▶ pass over [sth] ne pas tenir compte de [rude remark, behaviour].
    ▶ pass through [sth] traverser [substance, place] ; I'm just passing through je suis de passage.
    ■ pass up ○:
    ▶ pass up [sth] laisser passer [opportunity, offer].

    Big English-French dictionary > pass

  • 64 good

    good [gʊd]
    bon ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (c), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(e), 1E (a)-(d), 2 (a) beau ⇒ 1A (a), 1D (b) gentil ⇒ 1B (a) sage ⇒ 1B (b) favorable ⇒ 1C (b) bien ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 5 pour de bon ⇒ 6
    (compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])
    A.
    (a) (enjoyable, pleasant → book, feeling, holiday) bon, agréable; (→ weather) beau (belle);
    ∎ we're good friends nous sommes très amis;
    ∎ we're just good friends on est des amis, c'est tout;
    ∎ she has a good relationship with her staff elle a un bon contact avec ses employés;
    ∎ they have a good sex life sexuellement, tout va bien entre eux;
    ∎ they had a good time ils se sont bien amusés;
    ∎ we had good weather during the holidays il faisait beau pendant nos vacances;
    ∎ good to eat/to hear bon à manger/à entendre;
    ∎ it's good to be home ça fait du bien ou ça fait plaisir de rentrer chez soi;
    ∎ it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre;
    ∎ wait until he's in a good mood attendez qu'il soit de bonne humeur;
    ∎ to feel good être en forme;
    ∎ he doesn't feel good about leaving her alone (worried) ça l'ennuie de la laisser seule; (ashamed) il a honte de la laisser seule;
    ∎ it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ou pour y croire;
    ∎ the good life la belle vie;
    ∎ she's never had it so good! elle n'a jamais eu la vie si belle!;
    ∎ this is as good as you can get or as it gets c'est ce qui se fait de mieux;
    ∎ have a good day! bonne journée!;
    ∎ it's good to see you je suis/nous sommes content(s) de te voir;
    ∎ American familiar good to see you content de te voir;
    ∎ you can have too much of a good thing on se lasse de tout, même du meilleur
    (b) (high quality → clothing, dishes) bon, de bonne qualité; (→ painting, film) bon; (→ food) bon;
    ∎ it's a good school c'est une bonne école;
    ∎ he speaks good English il parle bien anglais;
    ∎ she put her good shoes on elle a mis ses belles chaussures;
    ∎ I need a good suit j'ai besoin d'un bon costume;
    ∎ this house is good enough for me cette maison me suffit;
    ∎ if it's good enough for you, it's good enough for me si ça vous va, alors ça me va aussi;
    ∎ this isn't good enough ça ne va pas;
    ∎ this work isn't good enough ce travail laisse beaucoup à désirer;
    ∎ nothing is too good for her family rien n'est trop beau pour sa famille;
    ∎ it makes good television ça marche bien à la télévision
    (c) (competent, skilful) bon, compétent;
    ∎ do you know a good lawyer? connaissez-vous un bon avocat?;
    ∎ she's a very good doctor c'est un excellent médecin;
    ∎ he's a good swimmer c'est un bon nageur;
    ∎ she's a good listener c'est quelqu'un qui sait écouter;
    ∎ to be good in bed être bien au lit;
    ∎ he's too good for that job il mérite une meilleure situation;
    ∎ to be good at sth être doué pour ou bon en qch;
    ∎ they're good at everything ils sont bons en tout;
    ∎ he's good with children il sait s'y prendre avec les enfants;
    ∎ to be good with one's hands être habile ou adroit de ses mains;
    ∎ they're not good enough to direct the others ils ne sont pas à la hauteur pour diriger les autres;
    ∎ you're as good as he is tu le vaux bien, tu vaux autant que lui;
    ∎ she's as good an artist as you are elle vous vaut en tant qu'artiste;
    ∎ to be good on French history/contract law (author) être bon en histoire de France/sur le droit des contrats;
    ∎ to be good on sth (book) être complet sur qch;
    ∎ the good gardening guide (title of book) le guide du bon jardinier
    (d) (useful) bon;
    ∎ to be good for nothing être bon à rien;
    ∎ this product is also good for cleaning windows ce produit est bien aussi pour nettoyer les vitres
    ∎ good afternoon! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) bon après-midi!;
    ∎ good day! British or & American old-fashioned (hello) bonjour!; British old-fashioned (goodbye) adieu!;
    ∎ good evening! bonsoir!;
    ∎ good morning! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) au revoir!, bonne journée!
    B.
    (a) (kind) bon, gentil; (loyal, true) bon, véritable; (moral, virtuous) bon;
    ∎ good behaviour or conduct bonne conduite f;
    ∎ she's a good person c'est quelqu'un de bien;
    ∎ he's a good sort c'est un brave type;
    ∎ she proved to be a good friend elle a prouvé qu'elle était une véritable amie;
    ∎ he's been a good husband to her il a été pour elle un bon mari;
    ∎ you're too good for him tu mérites mieux que lui;
    ∎ they took advantage of his good nature ils ont profité de son bon naturel ou caractère;
    ∎ he's a good Christian/communist c'est un bon chrétien/communiste;
    ∎ to lead a good life (comfortable) avoir une belle vie; (moral) mener une vie vertueuse ou exemplaire;
    ∎ they've always been good to me ils ont toujours été gentils avec moi;
    ∎ life has been good to me j'ai eu de la chance dans la vie;
    ∎ that's very good of you c'est très aimable de votre part;
    ∎ he was very good about it il s'est montré très compréhensif;
    ∎ it's good of you to come c'est aimable ou gentil à vous d'être venu;
    ∎ would you be good enough to ask him? auriez-vous la bonté de lui demander?, seriez-vous assez aimable pour lui demander?;
    ∎ would you be good enough to reply by return of post? voudriez-vous avoir l'obligeance de répondre par retour du courrier?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous and how's your good lady? et comment va madame?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous my good man mon brave;
    ∎ literary good men and true des hommes vaillants;
    ∎ literary the good ship Caledonia le Caledonia
    ∎ be good! sois sage!;
    ∎ be a good boy and fetch Mummy's bag sois mignon, va chercher le sac de maman;
    ∎ good dog! (encouraging) oh, le beau chien!; (congratulating) c'est bien, le chien!
    C.
    (a) (desirable, positive) bon, souhaitable; (cause) bon;
    ∎ it's a good thing she's prepared to talk about it c'est une bonne chose qu'elle soit prête à en parler;
    ∎ she had the good fortune to arrive just then elle a eu la chance d'arriver juste à ce moment-là;
    ∎ it's a good job or good thing he decided not to go c'est une chance qu'il ait décidé de ou heureusement qu'il a décidé de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ all good wishes for the New Year tous nos meilleurs vœux pour le nouvel an
    (b) (favourable → contract, deal) avantageux, favorable; (→ opportunity, sign) bon, favorable;
    ∎ to buy sth at a good price acheter qch bon marché ou à un prix avantageux;
    ∎ you've got a good chance tu as toutes tes chances;
    ∎ she's in a good position to help us elle est bien placée pour nous aider;
    ∎ there are good times ahead l'avenir est prometteur;
    ∎ he put in a good word for me with the boss il a glissé un mot en ma faveur au patron;
    ∎ it's looking good (is going well) ça a l'air de bien se passer; (is going to succeed) ça se présente bien;
    ∎ he's looking good (of boxer, athlete, election candidate) il a toutes ses chances
    (c) (convenient, suitable → place, time) bon, propice; (→ choice) bon, convenable;
    ∎ it's a good holiday spot for people with children c'est un lieu de vacances idéal pour ceux qui ont des enfants;
    ∎ is this a good moment to ask him? est-ce un bon moment pour lui demander?;
    ∎ this is as good a time as any autant le faire maintenant;
    ∎ it's as good a way as any to do it c'est une façon comme une autre de le faire
    (d) (beneficial) bon, bienfaisant;
    ∎ protein-rich diets are good for pregnant women les régimes riches en protéines sont bons pour les femmes enceintes;
    ∎ eat your spinach, it's good for you mange tes épinards, c'est bon pour toi;
    ∎ hard work is good for the soul! le travail forme le caractère!;
    ∎ whisky is good for a cold le whisky est bon pour les rhumes;
    ∎ to be good for business être bon pour les affaires;
    ∎ he's not good for her il a une mauvaise influence sur elle;
    ∎ this cold weather isn't good for your health ce froid n'est pas bon pour ta santé ou est mauvais pour toi;
    ∎ it's good for him to spend time outdoors ça lui fait du bien ou c'est bon pour lui de passer du temps dehors;
    ∎ he works more than is good for him il travaille plus qu'il ne faudrait ou devrait;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't know what's good for him il ne sait pas ce qui est bon pour lui;
    ∎ figurative if you know what's good for you, you'll listen si tu as le moindre bon sens, tu m'écouteras
    D.
    (a) (sound, strong) bon, valide;
    ∎ I can do a lot with my good arm je peux faire beaucoup de choses avec mon bras valide;
    ∎ my eyesight/hearing is good j'ai une bonne vue/l'ouïe fine
    (b) (attractive → appearance) bon, beau (belle); (→ features, legs) beau (belle), joli;
    ∎ you're looking good! (healthy) tu as bonne mine!; (well-dressed) tu es très bien!;
    ∎ that colour looks good on him cette couleur lui va bien;
    ∎ she has a good figure elle est bien faite;
    ∎ the vase looks good there le vase rend très bien là
    (c) (valid, well-founded) bon, valable;
    ∎ she had a good excuse/reason for not going elle avait une bonne excuse pour/une bonne raison de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ I wouldn't have come without good reason je ne serais pas venu sans avoir une bonne raison;
    ∎ they made out a good case against drinking tap water ils ont bien expliqué pourquoi il ne fallait pas boire l'eau du robinet
    (d) (reliable, trustworthy → brand, car) bon, sûr; Commerce & Finance (→ cheque) bon; (→ investment, securities) sûr; (→ debt) bon, certain;
    ∎ my passport is good for five years mon passeport est bon ou valable pour cinq ans;
    ∎ this coat is good for another year ce manteau fera encore un an;
    ∎ familiar she's good for another ten years elle en a bien encore pour dix ans;
    ∎ familiar he's always good for a laugh il sait toujours faire rire□ ;
    ∎ how much money are you good for? (do you have) de combien d'argent disposez-vous?;
    ∎ he should be good for a couple of hundred pounds on devrait pouvoir en tirer quelques centaines de livres;
    ∎ they are or their credit is good for £500 on peut leur faire crédit jusqu'à 500 livres
    (e) (honourable, reputable) bon, estimé;
    ∎ they live at a good address ils habitent un quartier chic;
    ∎ to protect their good name pour défendre leur réputation;
    ∎ the firm has a good name la société a (une) bonne réputation;
    ∎ she's from a good family elle est de bonne famille;
    ∎ a family of good standing une famille bien
    E.
    (a) (ample, considerable) bon, considérable;
    ∎ a good amount or deal of money beaucoup d'argent;
    ∎ a good (round) sum une somme rondelette;
    ∎ a good few people pas mal de gens;
    ∎ take good care of your mother prends bien soin de ta mère;
    ∎ to make good money bien gagner sa vie;
    ∎ I make good money je gagne bien ma vie;
    ∎ we still have a good way to go nous avons encore un bon bout de chemin à faire;
    ∎ I was a good way into the book when I realized that… j'avais déjà bien avancé dans ma lecture quand je me suis rendu compte que…;
    ∎ a good thirty years ago il y a bien trente ans;
    ∎ the trip will take you a good two hours il vous faudra deux bonnes heures pour faire le voyage;
    ∎ she's been gone a good while ça fait un bon moment qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ they came in a good second ils ont obtenu une bonne deuxième place;
    ∎ there's a good risk of it happening il y a de grands risques que ça arrive
    (b) (proper, thorough) bon, grand;
    ∎ I gave the house a good cleaning j'ai fait le ménage à fond;
    ∎ have a good cry pleure un bon coup;
    ∎ we had a good laugh on a bien ri;
    ∎ I managed to get a good look at his face j'ai pu bien regarder son visage;
    ∎ take a good look at her regardez-la bien;
    ∎ he got a good spanking il a reçu une bonne fessée;
    ∎ familiar we were good and mad on était carrément furax;
    ∎ she'll call when she's good and ready elle appellera quand elle le voudra bien;
    ∎ I was good and sorry to have invited her j'ai bien regretté de l'avoir invitée
    (c) (acceptable) bon, convenable;
    ∎ we made the trip in good time le voyage n'a pas été trop long;
    ∎ that's all very good or all well and good but→ c'est bien joli ou bien beau tout ça mais…
    (d) (indicating approval) bon, très bien;
    ∎ I'd like a new suit - very good, sir! j'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume - (très) bien, monsieur!;
    ∎ she left him - good! elle l'a quitté - tant mieux!;
    ∎ he's feeling better - good, let him go il va mieux - très bien, laissez-le partir;
    ∎ good, that's settled bon ou bien, voilà une affaire réglée;
    ∎ (that) sounds good! (good idea) bonne idée!;
    ∎ that's a good question c'est une bonne question;
    ∎ familiar that's a good one! (joke) elle est (bien) bonne, celle-là!; ironic (far-fetched story) à d'autres!;
    ∎ familiar good on you or for you! bravo!, très bien!;
    ∎ good old Eric, I knew he wouldn't let us down! ce brave Eric, je savais qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber!;
    ∎ good old London le bon vieux Londres;
    ∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps
    (a) (as intensifier) bien, bon;
    ∎ a good hard bed un lit bien dur;
    ∎ I'd like a good hot bath j'ai envie de prendre un bon bain chaud;
    ∎ he needs a good sound spanking il a besoin d'une bonne fessée;
    ∎ the two friends had a good long chat les deux amis ont longuement bavardé;
    ∎ we took a good long walk nous avons fait une bonne ou une grande promenade
    (b) familiar (well) bien□ ;
    ∎ she writes good elle écrit bien;
    ∎ the boss gave it to them good and proper le patron leur a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ their team beat us good and proper leur équipe nous a battus à plate couture ou à plates coutures;
    ∎ I'll do it when I'm good and ready je le ferai quand ça me chantera;
    ∎ I like my coffee good and strong j'aime le café bien fort;
    ∎ make sure it's stuck on good and hard vérifie que c'est vraiment bien collé;
    ∎ put the paint on good and thick appliquer la peinture en couches bien épaisses
    ∎ to make good (succeed) réussir; (reform) changer de conduite, se refaire une vie;
    ∎ a local boy made good un garçon du pays ou du coin qui a fait son chemin;
    ∎ the prisoner made good his escape le prisonnier est parvenu à s'échapper ou a réussi son évasion;
    ∎ they made good their promise ils ont tenu parole ou ont respecté leur promesse;
    ∎ he made good his position as leader il a assuré sa position de leader;
    ∎ to make sth good (mistake) remédier à qch; (damages, injustice) réparer qch; (losses) compenser qch; (deficit) combler qch; (wall, surface) apporter des finitions à qch;
    ∎ we'll make good any expenses you incur nous vous rembourserons toute dépense;
    ∎ American to make good on sth honorer qch
    3 noun
    (a) (morality, virtue) bien m;
    ∎ they do good ils font le bien;
    ∎ that will do more harm than good ça fera plus de mal que de bien;
    ∎ to return good for evil rendre le bien pour le mal;
    ∎ that organization is a power for good cet organisme exerce une influence salutaire;
    ∎ she recognized the good in him elle a vu ce qu'il y avait de bon en lui;
    ∎ there is good and bad in everyone il y a du bon et du mauvais en chacun de nous;
    ∎ to be up to no good préparer un mauvais coup;
    ∎ their daughter came to no good leur fille a mal tourné;
    ∎ for good or evil, for good or ill pour le bien et pour le mal
    ∎ this book isn't much good to me ce livre ne me sert pas à grand-chose;
    ∎ if it's any good to him si ça peut lui être utile ou lui rendre service;
    ∎ I was never any good at mathematics je n'ai jamais été doué pour les maths, je n'ai jamais été bon ou fort en maths;
    ∎ he's no good il est nul;
    ∎ he'd be no good as a teacher il ne ferait pas un bon professeur;
    ∎ what's the good? à quoi bon?;
    ∎ what good would it do to leave now? à quoi bon partir maintenant?;
    ∎ what good will it do you to see her? ça te servira à quoi ou t'avancera à quoi de la voir?;
    ∎ familiar a fat lot of good that did you! te voilà bien avancé maintenant!;
    ∎ ironic that will do you a lot of good! tu seras bien avancé!, ça te fera une belle jambe!;
    ∎ it's no good, I give up ça ne sert à rien, j'abandonne;
    ∎ it's no good worrying about it ça ne sert à rien de ou ce n'est pas la peine de ou inutile de vous inquiéter;
    ∎ I might as well talk to the wall for all the good it does je ferais aussi bien de parler au mur, pour tout l'effet que ça fait
    (c) (benefit, welfare) bien m;
    ∎ I did it for your own good je l'ai fait pour ton (propre) bien;
    ∎ a holiday will do her good des vacances lui feront du bien;
    ∎ she resigned for the good of her health elle a démissionné pour des raisons de santé;
    ∎ it does my heart good to see you so happy ça me réchauffe le cœur de vous voir si heureux;
    ∎ much good may it do you! grand bien vous fasse!;
    ∎ the common good l'intérêt m commun
    ∎ (people) the good les bons mpl, les gens mpl de bien;
    ∎ the good and the bad les bons et les méchants;
    ∎ only the good die young ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui partent les premiers
    pour ainsi dire, à peu de choses près;
    ∎ I'm as good as blind without my glasses sans lunettes je suis pour ainsi dire aveugle;
    ∎ he's as good as dead c'est comme s'il était mort;
    ∎ the job is as good as finished la tâche est pour ainsi dire ou est pratiquement finie;
    ∎ it's as good as new c'est comme neuf;
    ∎ he as good as admitted he was wrong il a pour ainsi dire reconnu qu'il avait tort;
    ∎ they as good as called us cowards ils n'ont pas dit qu'on était des lâches mais c'était tout comme;
    ∎ are you married? - as good as tu es marié? - non, mais c'est tout comme
    pour de bon;
    ∎ she left for good elle est partie pour de bon;
    ∎ they finally settled down for good ils se sont enfin fixés définitivement;
    ∎ for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes, pour de bon;
    ∎ I'm warning you for good and all! c'est la dernière fois que je te le dis!
    ∎ that's all to the good tant mieux;
    ∎ he finished up the card game £15 to the good il a fait 15 livres de bénéfice ou il a gagné 15 livres aux cartes
    ►► the Good Book la Bible;
    Good Friday le vendredi saint;
    American familiar good old boy or good ole boy or good ol' boy (white male from Southern US) = Blanc originaire du sud des États-Unis, aux valeurs traditionnelles; pejorative (redneck) plouc m;
    Bible the Good Samaritan le bon Samaritain;
    figurative good Samaritan bon Samaritain m;
    ∎ she's a real good Samaritan elle a tout du bon Samaritain;
    American Law the good Samaritan laws = lois qui protègent un sauveteur de toutes poursuites éventuelles engagées par le blessé;
    the Good Shepherd le Bon Pasteur
    ✾ Book 'A Good Enough Parent' Bettelheim 'Pour être des parents acceptables'
    ✾ Book 'Good as Gold' Heller 'Franc comme l'or'
    ✾ Film 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Leone 'Le Bon, la brute et le truand'
    ⓘ GOOD FRIDAY En Grande-Bretagne, il est traditionnel, le jour du vendredi saint, de manger des "hot cross buns" (petits pains ronds aux fruits secs, marqués d'une croix).
    ⓘ THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT Le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord, qui a été amorcé par les cessez-le-feu des groupes paramilitaires républicains et unionistes en 1994, a abouti au "Good Friday Agreement", l'accord de paix signé à Belfast en avril 1998. Cet accord, parrainé par les Premiers ministres britannique et irlandais, et finalement approuvé par le Sinn Féin et par la plupart des partis unionistes, a mis en place la "Northern Ireland Assembly", un parlement quasi autonome avec un partage démocratique du pouvoir entre les communautés protestante et catholique. Cet accord est une étape vers la fin de trente ans de guerre civile en Ulster.
    ⓘ You've never had it so good Ce slogan a été utilisé pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1952 par les Démocrates. Il signifie "vous êtes aujourd'hui plus prospères que jamais". En Grande-Bretagne, ce slogan est associé au Premier ministre conservateur Harold Macmillan qui l'utilisa dans un discours en 1957. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette formule sur le mode ironique lorsqu'une situation n'encourage pas du tout à l'optimisme.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > good

  • 65 Will

    will1 n
    1. voluntad / ganas
    2. testamento
    will2 vb
    1.
    when will they arrive? ¿cuándo llegarán?
    2.
    will you close that door, please? ¿quieres cerrar esa puerta, por favor?
    tr[wɪl]
    ■ it won't rain, will it? no lloverá, ¿verdad?
    ■ what will you do if she's late? ¿qué harás si llega tarde?
    2 (be disposed to, be willing to)
    ■ (no), I won't no quiero
    ■ I won't have it! ¡no lo permito!
    ■ will you stay for dinner? ¿quieres quedarte a cenar?
    ■ won't you take a seat? ¿quiere sentarse?, siéntese, por favor
    3 (requests) querer
    ■ will you do me a favour? ¿quieres hacerme un favor?
    ■ you won't forget to tell him, will you? no se te olvidará de decírselo, ¿verdad?
    ■ make me a cup of tea, will you? hazme una taza de té, ¿quieres?
    4 (general truths, custom)
    5 (orders, commands)
    ■ will you be quiet! ¡quieres callarte!, ¡cállate!
    6 (insistence, persistence) insistir en
    7 (can, possibility) poder
    8 (supposition, must, probability) deber de
    ■ that'll be John será John, debe de ser John
    ■ they'll be home by now ya estarán en casa, ya deben de estar en casa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    if you will si así lo quiere
    I will (in wedding) sí, quiero
    will do muy bien, lo haré
    ————————
    tr[wɪl]
    1 (control, volition) voluntad nombre femenino; (free will) albedrío
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL testamento, últimas nombre femenino plural voluntades
    ■ have you made a will? ¿has hecho (tu) testamento?
    2 formal use (intend, desire) querer, ordenar, mandar
    3 SMALLLAW/SMALL legar, dejar en testamento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    against one's will contra su voluntad, a pesar suyo
    at will a voluntad
    of one's own free will por voluntad propia
    with a will con ilusión, con entusiasmo, con ganas
    will ['wɪl] v, past would ['wʊd] ; pres sing & pl will vi
    wish: querer
    do what you will: haz lo que quieras
    will v aux
    no one would take the job: nadie aceptaría el trabajo
    I won't do it: no lo haré
    he will get angry over nothing: se pone furioso por cualquier cosa
    tomorrow we will go shopping: mañana iremos de compras
    the couch will hold three people: en el sofá cabrán tres personas
    I will go despite them: iré a pesar de ellos
    that will be the mailman: eso ha de ser el cartero
    accidents will happen: los accidentes ocurrirán
    you will do as I say: harás lo que digo
    will vt
    1) ordain: disponer, decretar
    if God wills it: si Dios lo dispone, si Dios quiere
    2) : lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    they were willing him to succeed: estaban deseando que tuviera éxito
    3) bequeath: legar
    will n
    1) desire: deseo m, voluntad f
    2) volition: voluntad f
    free will: libre albedrío
    3) willpower: voluntad f, fuerza f de voluntad
    a will of iron: una voluntad férrea
    4) : testamento m
    to make a will: hacer testamento
    v.
    • legar v.
    • lograr por fuerza v.
    • querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    aux.
    n.
    • gusto s.m.
    • placer s.m.
    • testamento s.m.
    • volición s.f.
    • voluntad s.f.

    I
    1. wɪl
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m
    [wɪl]
    N (familiar form) of William
    * * *

    I
    1. [wɪl]
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    English-spanish dictionary > Will

  • 66 will

    will1 n
    1. voluntad / ganas
    2. testamento
    will2 vb
    1.
    when will they arrive? ¿cuándo llegarán?
    2.
    will you close that door, please? ¿quieres cerrar esa puerta, por favor?
    tr[wɪl]
    ■ it won't rain, will it? no lloverá, ¿verdad?
    ■ what will you do if she's late? ¿qué harás si llega tarde?
    2 (be disposed to, be willing to)
    ■ (no), I won't no quiero
    ■ I won't have it! ¡no lo permito!
    ■ will you stay for dinner? ¿quieres quedarte a cenar?
    ■ won't you take a seat? ¿quiere sentarse?, siéntese, por favor
    3 (requests) querer
    ■ will you do me a favour? ¿quieres hacerme un favor?
    ■ you won't forget to tell him, will you? no se te olvidará de decírselo, ¿verdad?
    ■ make me a cup of tea, will you? hazme una taza de té, ¿quieres?
    4 (general truths, custom)
    5 (orders, commands)
    ■ will you be quiet! ¡quieres callarte!, ¡cállate!
    6 (insistence, persistence) insistir en
    7 (can, possibility) poder
    8 (supposition, must, probability) deber de
    ■ that'll be John será John, debe de ser John
    ■ they'll be home by now ya estarán en casa, ya deben de estar en casa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    if you will si así lo quiere
    I will (in wedding) sí, quiero
    will do muy bien, lo haré
    ————————
    tr[wɪl]
    1 (control, volition) voluntad nombre femenino; (free will) albedrío
    2 SMALLLAW/SMALL testamento, últimas nombre femenino plural voluntades
    ■ have you made a will? ¿has hecho (tu) testamento?
    2 formal use (intend, desire) querer, ordenar, mandar
    3 SMALLLAW/SMALL legar, dejar en testamento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    against one's will contra su voluntad, a pesar suyo
    at will a voluntad
    of one's own free will por voluntad propia
    with a will con ilusión, con entusiasmo, con ganas
    will ['wɪl] v, past would ['wʊd] ; pres sing & pl will vi
    wish: querer
    do what you will: haz lo que quieras
    will v aux
    no one would take the job: nadie aceptaría el trabajo
    I won't do it: no lo haré
    he will get angry over nothing: se pone furioso por cualquier cosa
    tomorrow we will go shopping: mañana iremos de compras
    the couch will hold three people: en el sofá cabrán tres personas
    I will go despite them: iré a pesar de ellos
    that will be the mailman: eso ha de ser el cartero
    accidents will happen: los accidentes ocurrirán
    you will do as I say: harás lo que digo
    will vt
    1) ordain: disponer, decretar
    if God wills it: si Dios lo dispone, si Dios quiere
    2) : lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    they were willing him to succeed: estaban deseando que tuviera éxito
    3) bequeath: legar
    will n
    1) desire: deseo m, voluntad f
    2) volition: voluntad f
    free will: libre albedrío
    3) willpower: voluntad f, fuerza f de voluntad
    a will of iron: una voluntad férrea
    4) : testamento m
    to make a will: hacer testamento
    v.
    • legar v.
    • lograr por fuerza v.
    • querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    aux.
    n.
    • gusto s.m.
    • placer s.m.
    • testamento s.m.
    • volición s.f.
    • voluntad s.f.

    I
    1. wɪl
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    I [wɪl] (pt would)
    1. MODAL VB
    a)

    I will or I'll finish it tomorrow — lo terminaré mañana

    I will or I'll have finished it by tomorrow — lo habré terminado para mañana

    you won't lose it, will you? — no lo perderás ¿verdad?; (stronger) no lo vayas a perder

    you will come to see us, won't you? — vendrás a vernos, ¿no?

    what will you do? — ¿qué vas a hacer?

    I will do it! — ¡sí lo haré!

    no he won't! — ¡no lo hará!

    he will or he'll be there by now — ya debe de haber llegado or ya habrá llegado

    a) (in commands, insistence)

    will you sit down! — ¡siéntate!

    will you be quiet! — ¿te quieres callar?

    "I won't go" - "oh yes you will" — -no voy -¿cómo que no?

    I will not or I won't put up with it! — ¡no lo voy a consentir!

    I will not have it that... — no permito que se diga que... + subjun

    I will — (marriage service) sí quiero

    b) (in offers, requests, invitations, refusals)

    come on, I'll help you — venga, te ayudo

    will you help me? — ¿me ayudas?

    wait a moment, will you? — espera un momento, ¿quieres?

    will you have some tea? — ¿quieres tomar un té?

    will you sit down? — ¿quiere usted sentarse?, tome usted asiento more frm

    won't you come with us? — ¿no quieres venir con nosotros?

    a) soler, acostumbrar a

    she will read for hours on end — suele leer or acostumbra a leer durante horas y horas

    she will smoke, despite what the doctor says — a pesar de lo que dice el médico, se empeña en fumar

    if you will eat so much, you can hardly expect to be slim — si insistes en comer tanto, no pensarás adelgazar

    2.
    VI (=wish) querer

    (just) as you will! — ¡como quieras!

    do as you will — haz lo que quieras, haz lo que te parezca bien

    look where you will, you won't find one — mires donde mires, no vas a encontrar uno


    II [wɪl]
    1. N
    1) (=inclination, wish) voluntad f

    • against sb's will — contra la voluntad de algn

    • at will — a voluntad

    • to do sb's will — hacer la voluntad de algn

    • to do sth of one's own free will — hacer algo por voluntad propia

    • the will of God — la voluntad de Dios

    • iron will, will of iron — voluntad f de hierro

    • to have a will of one's own — tener voluntad propia

    • it is my will that you should do it — frm quiero que lo hagas

    • the will to win/live — el deseo de ganar/vivir

    • to work with a will — trabajar con ahinco

    • with the best will in the world — por mucho que se quiera

    ill 1., 2)
    2) (=testament) testamento m

    • the last will and testament of... — la última voluntad de...

    • to make a will — hacer testamento

    2. VT
    1) (=urge on by willpower) lograr a fuerza de voluntad
    2) (=ordain) ordenar, disponer
    3) (=leave in one's will)

    to will sth to sb — legar algo a algn, dejar algo (en herencia) a algn

    * * *

    I
    1. [wɪl]
    modal verb (past would) [ 'll es la contracción de will, won't de will not y 'll've de will have]
    1)

    he'll come on Friday — vendrá el viernes, va a venir el viernes

    he said he would come on Friday — dijo que vendría or iba a venir el viernes

    he won't ever change his ways — no cambiará nunca, no va a cambiar nunca

    will you be staying at Jack's? — ¿te vas a quedar en casa de Jack?

    at the end of this month, he'll have been working here for a year — este fin de mes hará or va a hacer un año que trabaja aquí

    you won't leave without me, will you? — no te irás sin mí ¿no?

    b) ( expressing resolution) (with first person)

    I won't let you down — no te fallaré, no te voy a fallar

    2)

    will o would you do me a favor? — ¿quieres hacerme un favor?, ¿me haces un favor?

    b) ( in orders)

    be quiet, will you! — cállate, ¿quieres?, quieres callarte!

    will you have a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    you'll stay for dinner, won't you? — te quedas a cenar ¿no?

    won't they be having lunch now? — ¿no estarán comiendo ahora?

    you will have gathered that... — te habrás dado cuenta de que...

    4)
    a) (indicating habit, characteristic)

    he'd get drunk every Saturday — se emborrachaba or solía emborracharse todos los sábados

    he will jump to conclusions — él siempre tiene que precipitarse a sacar conclusiones

    you won't be told, will you? — qué cosa! ¿por qué no haces caso?


    2.
    vt (past & past p willed)
    1)
    a) (urge, try to cause)

    I was willing her to get the answer right — estaba deseando con todas mis fuerzas or con toda mi voluntad que diera la respuesta correcta

    b) (desire, ordain) (frml) \<\<God\>\> disponer*, querer*
    2) ( bequeath) legar*, dejar en testamento

    II
    1) u
    a) ( faculty) voluntad f
    b) (determination, willpower) voluntad f

    to break somebody's will — doblegar* a alguien

    to lose the will to live — perder* las ansias or las ganas de vivir

    where there's a will, there's a way — querer es poder

    c) (desire, intention) voluntad f

    it was God's will — Dios así lo quiso, fue la voluntad divina

    2) c ( testament) testamento m

    English-spanish dictionary > will

  • 67 win

    win
    1. present participle - winning; verb
    1) (to obtain (a victory) in a contest; to succeed in coming first in (a contest), usually by one's own efforts: He won a fine victory in the election; Who won the war/match?; He won the bet; He won (the race) in a fast time / by a clear five metres.) ganar
    2) (to obtain (a prize) in a competition etc, usually by luck: to win first prize; I won $5 in the crossword competition.) ganar
    3) (to obtain by one's own efforts: He won her respect over a number of years.) ganar(se)

    2. noun
    (a victory or success: She's had two wins in four races.) victoria
    - winning
    - winning-post
    - win over
    - win the day
    - win through
    win1 n victoria
    win2 vb
    1. ganar
    2. ganar / llevarse / conseguir
    tr[wɪn]
    1 victoria
    transitive verb (pt & pp won, ger winning)
    1 (gen) ganar; (victory) conseguir, ganar
    ■ who do you think will win the election? ¿quién crees que ganará las elecciones?
    2 (prize, cup, etc) ganar, llevarse
    ■ we've won the pools! ¡hemos sacado una quiniela!
    3 (gain, obtain, achieve - gen) conseguir, obtener, ganar; (- friendship, respect) granjearse; (- sympathy, affection) ganarse, granjearse; (- support) atraer, captar; (- heart, love) conquistar
    1 ganar
    ■ who's winning? ¿quién va ganando?
    ■ OK! you win! ¡vale! ¡tú ganas!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to win hands down ganar fácilmente
    to win the day llevarse la palma
    to win the toss ganar el sorteo
    win or lose tanto si ganamos como si perdemos
    win ['wɪn] v, won ['wʌn] ; winning vi
    : ganar
    win vt
    1) : ganar, conseguir
    2)
    to win over : ganarse a
    3)
    to win someone's heart : conquistar a alguien
    win n
    : triunfo m, victoria f
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: won) = congraciar v.
    • ganar v.
    • lograr v.
    • triunfar v.
    n.
    • victoria s.f.

    I
    1. wɪn
    (pres p winning; past & past p won) transitive verb
    1) ( gain) \<\<prize/title\>\> ganar; \<\<support\>\> conseguir*, ganarse; \<\<fame/recognition\>\> ganarse; \<\<affection\>\> ganarse, granjearse; \<\<scholarship/promotion\>\> conseguir*, obtener* (frml); \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*
    2) ( be victorious in) \<\<war/race/bet/election\>\> ganar

    you can't win them all — (colloq) no se puede pretender ganarlas todas


    2.
    vi ganar

    to win AT something — \<\<at cards/billiards/golf\>\> ganar a algo

    OK, you win! — (colloq) está bien, como tú digas

    you can't win! — (colloq) no hay caso!

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun victoria f, triunfo m
    [wɪn] (vb: pt, pp won)
    1.
    N victoria f, triunfo m

    another win for Castroforte — otra victoria or otro triunfo para el Castroforte

    their fifth win in a row — su quinta victoria consecutiva, su quinto triunfo consecutivo

    last Sunday's win against or over Pakistan — la victoria del domingo frente a or sobre Pakistán

    to back a horse for a win — apostar dinero por un caballo para que gane la/una carrera

    no-win
    2. VT
    1) (=be victorious in) [+ competition, bet, war, election] ganar
    - win the day

    pragmatism will probably win the day — al final triunfará or se impondrá el pragmatismo

    spur 1., 1)
    2) (=be awarded) [+ cup, award, prize, title] ganar; [+ contract, order] obtener, conseguir

    the party won a convincing victory at the polls — el partido consiguió or obtuvo una victoria convincente en las elecciones

    3) (=obtain) [+ pay rise, promotion] conseguir, ganarse; [+ support, friendship, recognition] ganarse; [+ metal, ore] extraer ( from de)

    to win a reputation for honesty — granjearse or ganarse una reputación de persona honrada

    to win sb sth: it won him first prize — le valió or le ganó el primer premio

    to win sb to one's cause — ganar a algn para la causa de uno, atraer a algn a la causa de uno

    4) (=reach) [+ shore] llegar a, alcanzar; [+ goal] conseguir
    5) (Mil) (=capture) tomar
    3.
    VI (in war, sport, competition) ganar

    who's winning? — ¿quién va ganando?

    go in and win! — ¡a ganar!

    OK, you win * — vale, ganas tú

    Evans won 2-6, 6-4, 6-3 — Evans ganó 2-6, 6-4, 6-3

    to win by a head/a length — ganar por una cabeza/un largo

    you can't win —

    whatever you say, you're always wrong, you can't win — digas lo que digas, ellos siempre tienen razón, ¡no hay manera!

    - win hands down
    * * *

    I
    1. [wɪn]
    (pres p winning; past & past p won) transitive verb
    1) ( gain) \<\<prize/title\>\> ganar; \<\<support\>\> conseguir*, ganarse; \<\<fame/recognition\>\> ganarse; \<\<affection\>\> ganarse, granjearse; \<\<scholarship/promotion\>\> conseguir*, obtener* (frml); \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*
    2) ( be victorious in) \<\<war/race/bet/election\>\> ganar

    you can't win them all — (colloq) no se puede pretender ganarlas todas


    2.
    vi ganar

    to win AT something — \<\<at cards/billiards/golf\>\> ganar a algo

    OK, you win! — (colloq) está bien, como tú digas

    you can't win! — (colloq) no hay caso!

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    noun victoria f, triunfo m

    English-spanish dictionary > win

  • 68 win over

    (to succeed in gaining the support and sympathy of: At first he refused to help us but we finally won him over.) convencer, persuadir, atraer, captar, ganarse
    v.
    • cautivar v.
    • congraciar v.
    • conquistar v.
    • encabestrar v.
    • robar v.
    • soliviantar v.
    BrE also win round v + o + adv, v + adv + o conquistarse or ganarse a

    to win somebody over o round to something: she succeeded in winning them over to the cause/her side — logró conquistarlos para la causa/ponerlos de su lado

    VT + ADV convencer
    * * *
    BrE also win round v + o + adv, v + adv + o conquistarse or ganarse a

    to win somebody over o round to something: she succeeded in winning them over to the cause/her side — logró conquistarlos para la causa/ponerlos de su lado

    English-spanish dictionary > win over

  • 69 carry off

    transitive verb
    1) (from place) davontragen; (as owner or possessor) mit sich nehmen; (cause to die) dahinraffen (geh.)
    2) (abduct) entführen [Person]
    3) (win) gewinnen [Preis, Medaille]; erringen [Sieg]
    4)

    carry it/something off [well] — es/etwas [gut] zustande bringen

    * * *
    (to take away by carrying: She carried off the screaming child.) forttragen
    * * *
    vt
    1. (take away)
    ▪ to \carry off sb ⇆ off jdn wegtragen; (in football) jdn vom Spielfeld tragen
    ▪ to \carry off sth ⇆ off etw wegtragen; thieves etw erbeuten
    2. (succeed)
    ▪ to \carry off sth off etw hinbekommen fam
    ▪ to \carry off off ⇆ sth etw gewinnen
    to \carry off off a prize einen Preis mit nach Hause nehmen
    * * *
    vt sep
    1) (= seize, carry away) wegtragen
    2) (= win) prizes, medals gewinnen, mit nach Hause nehmen (inf)
    3)

    to carry it off — es hinkriegen (inf)

    4) (= kill) (hin)wegraffen (geh)
    * * *
    1. forttragen, -schaffen
    2. jemanden abführen ( to prison ins Gefängnis)
    3. jemanden entführen
    4. jemanden hinwegraffen (Krankheit)
    5. einen Preis etc gewinnen, erringen
    6. carry it off well die Sache gut durchstehen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (from place) davontragen; (as owner or possessor) mit sich nehmen; (cause to die) dahinraffen (geh.)
    2) (abduct) entführen [Person]
    3) (win) gewinnen [Preis, Medaille]; erringen [Sieg]
    4)

    carry it/something off [well] — es/etwas [gut] zustande bringen

    * * *
    v.
    abtragen v.
    verschleppen v.

    English-german dictionary > carry off

  • 70 START

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) dra av gårde, komme av sted, starte
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) begynne, starte
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) starte (opp), sette i gang
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) starte, begynne med
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) start(strek), begynnelse
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) forsprang
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) fare opp/sammen
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) støkk, rykk
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) sjokk
    begynne
    --------
    rykke
    --------
    start
    --------
    starte
    ( historisk) forkortelse for Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

    English-Norwegian dictionary > START

  • 71 start

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) dra av gårde, komme av sted, starte
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) begynne, starte
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) starte (opp), sette i gang
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) starte, begynne med
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) start(strek), begynnelse
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) forsprang
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) fare opp/sammen
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) støkk, rykk
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) sjokk
    begynne
    --------
    rykke
    --------
    start
    --------
    starte
    I
    subst. \/stɑːt\/
    1) begynnelse, start
    2) forsprang
    3) startplass, start
    4) rykk
    at the start i begynnelsen
    by fits and starts rykkvis, støtvis
    for a start ( hverdagslig) for det første
    from start to finish fra begynnelse til slutt, fra start til mål
    get\/have the start of ( gammeldags) ha et forsprang på, ha en fordel fremfor
    give a start rykke til, fare sammen
    give somebody a start gi noen et forsprang
    gi noen en støkk, få noen til å rykke til
    give somebody a start in life gi noen en god start i livet, hjelpe noen frem
    make a fresh start begynne på nytt
    make an early start starte tidlig, bryte opp tidlig, gi seg i vei tidlig
    a queer start eller a rum start en overraskende hendelse
    II
    verb \/stɑːt\/
    1) begynne (på\/med), starte (på\/med)
    2) dra av sted, gi seg i vei, sette i gang, (begynne) å bevege seg, reise av gårde
    3) rykke til, fare opp, fare sammen
    4) (poetisk, litterært) plutselig komme til syne
    5) ( teknikk) løsne, gå opp, gi seg
    6) ( jakt) drive opp, jage opp
    start afresh begynne på nytt, begynne forfra
    start in ( hverdagslig) begynne å skravle, begynne å prate
    start in on (amer.) begynne å gjøre, begynne å ta seg av
    (begynne å) kritisere
    start off begynne, starte, innlede
    sette i gang, bevege seg
    få (noen) til å begynne, få (noen) til å ta fatt
    start out ( om øyne) stikke ut, bule ut
    ( hverdagslig) begynne, sette i gang, ta fatt
    start somebody\/something doing something få noen til å gjøre noe
    det fikk oss til å tenke \/ det gav oss noe å tenke på
    start something stelle i stand bråk
    start up rykke til, fare opp starte
    to start with for det første til å begynne med

    English-Norwegian dictionary > start

  • 72 start

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) leggja af stað
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) byrja
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) starta, fara í gang
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) koma af stað/á fót
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) byrjun; rásmark
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) forskot
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) hrökkva við
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) kippur, rykkur
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) áfall

    English-Icelandic dictionary > start

  • 73 start

    start, indulás pont, rajtvonal, startvonal, kezdet to start: elugrik, megijed, beindít, elkezd, megindít, indul
    * * *
    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) (el)indul
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) (el)kezd
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) beindít
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) elindít
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) (el)indulás; rajt
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) előny
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) felriad
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) összerezzenés
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) megriadás

    English-Hungarian dictionary > start

  • 74 start

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) partir
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) começar
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) (pôr a) andar
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) lançar
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) começo
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) avanço
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) sobressaltar-se
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) sobressalto
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) susto
    * * *
    [sta:t] n 1 partida, começo (de um movimento, de viagem, de corrida, etc.). 2 começo, início, princípio. 3 arranco, impulso, ímpeto. 4 sobressalto, susto. 5 vantagem, dianteira. 6 lugar de partida. 7 arranque (motor). • vt+vi 1 partir, pôr-se em movimento, levantar vôo, zarpar, embarcar, sair de viagem. 2 começar, iniciar. 3 dar partida (de motor), fazer começar. 4 encaminhar, auxiliar no início. 5 sobressaltar-se, espantar-se, assustar-se, fazer um movimento brusco, estancar. 6 vir, sair, brotar repentinamente, pegar. 7 levantar, assustar (caça). 8 soltar, ceder. 9 provocar, originar. 10 fundar (negócio). by fits and starts aos poucos, aos trancos. for a start primeiro, em primeiro lugar. from start to finish do princípio ao fim. to get off to a good/ a bad start começar bem. to get ou have the start of someone tomar a dianteira de alguém. to give someone a start a) dar vantagens para alguém no começo de um negócio, de uma competição, etc. b) surpreender ou assustar alguém. c) dar um emprego a alguém. he gave me a start / ele me assustou. to have a false start ter um mau começo. to make a new start começar de novo. to start a family ter o primeiro filho. to start after sair à procura de. to start back assustar-se, retroceder bruscamente. to start doing começar a fazer (alguma coisa). to start forward pular para a frente. to start from scratch começar do nada, começar do zero. to start in business começar um negócio. to start out (ou off) partir, levantar-se, pôr-se em marcha. to start over Amer começar de novo. to start up a) levantar-se bruscamente. b) dar partida (motor). c) fundar, abrir (um negócio). to start with para começar, primeiro, em primeiro lugar.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > start

  • 75 start

    n. başlama, start, başlangıç, çıkış, yola çıkma, harekete geçme, avantaj, sıçrama, fırlama, ürkme
    ————————
    v. başlamak, koyulmak, yola çıkmak, kalkmak, hareket etmek, kaynaklanmak, fırlamak, çalışmak (motor), ürkmek, irkilmek, başlatmak, çalıştırmak, çıkarmak, kurmak, desteklemek, yöneltmek, tartışmaya açmak, ürkütmek, korkutup kaçırmak, gevşetmek
    * * *
    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) yola çıkmak
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) başlamak
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) çalış(tır)mak, işle(t)mek
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) başlatmak, kurmak
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) başlama, start
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) üstünlük, avantaj
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good, bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) irkilmek, ürküp sıçramak
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) irkilme
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) şok

    English-Turkish dictionary > start

  • 76 start

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) oditi
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) začeti
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) pognati v tek
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) osnovati
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) start, začetek
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) prednost
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) zdrzniti se
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) trzaj
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) presenečenje
    * * *
    I [sta:t]
    noun
    start, odhod; aeronautics vzlet; startna točka; možnost za start; znak za start; začetek; sport prednost; trzaj, zdrznjenje, planitev kvišku; izbruh; presenečenje; začasen napor; naključje, slučaj
    at the start — v začetku, skraja, sprva
    start of fancy figuratively muha, domislek
    false start sport figuratively napačen start
    a rum start colloquially veliko presenečenje
    to appear at the start sport pojaviti se na startu, iti na start
    to give s.o. a start (in life) — pomagati komu pri startu v življenje
    to give s.o. a start — prestrašiti koga
    to work by fits and starts — delati s pogostnimi presledki (neredno, neenakomerno)
    II [sta:t]
    1.
    intransitive verb
    iti (kreniti) na pot, odpotovati ( for v); oditi, odpeljati (vlak); sport startati; izhajati ( from iz); trzniti, zdrzniti se, predramiti se, (po)skočiti, planiti; ostrmeti, osupniti (at ob); izbuljiti se (oči), izskočiti; zrahljati se, popustiti (žebelj); zviti se, skočiti iz svojega položaja (les); American slang iskati, začeti prepir;
    2.
    transitive verb
    začeti (kaj), povzročiti, pognati ali spustiti v tek; osnovati; preplašiti (divjad); izpahniti; pretočiti (tekočino) iz soda, izprazniti; sport dati (tekaču) znak za start; aeronautics dati (letalu) znak za vzlet; oživiti, poklicati (kaj) v življenje; zrahljati, omajati (žebelj); odpreti (trgovino); pomagati komu, da kaj začne, nagnati (koga) k čemu; figuratively širiti (novice), sprožiti (vprašanje)
    to start with — za začetek, najprej, predvsem
    to start agitation American colloquially povzročiti nemire
    to start after s.o. — oditi za kom, zasledovati koga
    to start back — umakniti se nazaj, ustrašiti se
    it was not your business, to start with — predvsem se vas to ni tikalo
    to start s.o. in business — uvesti koga v (neki) posel
    to start to one's feet — skočiti, planiti na noge
    to start an engine — pognati, spraviti v tek stroj
    to start a hare — prepoditi, preplašiti zajca
    to start for school — odpraviti se, iti v šolo
    to start on a thing — začeti neko stvar, lotiti se česa
    when do you start? — kdaj odrinete (odpotujete)?

    English-Slovenian dictionary > start

  • 77 start

    • orastaa
    • panna alulle
    • panna käyntiin
    • panna
    • ryhtyä
    • ruveta
    • saada
    • nousta
    • nostaa
    • hätkähtää
    • hytkähtää
    • hölletä
    • hätkähdys
    • irtaantua
    technology
    • irrottaa
    • herjetä
    • vavahdus
    • vireillä
    • auttaa alkuun
    • etumatka
    • alkaa
    • alkuunpano
    • alkuunlähtö
    • alkuperä
    • alkaminen
    • alku
    • aloittaa
    • aloitus
    • antaa lähtömerkki
    • kavahtaa
    • liikkeellelähtö
    • perustaa
    • startata
    • startti
    • syöksyä
    • säpsähtää
    • yltyä
    • äityä
    • käynnistää
    • käydä
    • käynnistys-
    • käynnistyä
    • käynnistys
    • käyntiinlähtö
    • pistää
    • lähtöviiva
    • lähteä
    • lähtö
    • lähteä käyntiin
    * * *
    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) lähteä liikkeelle
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) alkaa, aloittaa
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) käynnistyä, käynnistää
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) panna alulle, perustaa
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.)
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.)
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) säpsähtää
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.)
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!)

    English-Finnish dictionary > start

  • 78 walk

    1. intransitive verb
    1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehen

    you can walk there in five minutes — es sind nur 5 Minuten zu Fuß bis dorthin

    ‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"

    walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen

    walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)

    2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]

    walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/(aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)

    2) (cause to walk; lead) führen; ausführen [Hund]

    walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)

    3) (accompany) bringen

    he walked his girlfriend home — er brachte seine Freundin nach Hause

    3. noun
    1) Spaziergang, der

    go [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen

    take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen

    a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)

    2) (gait) Gang, der; (characteristic) normale Gangart
    3) (Sport): (race) Wettbewerb im Gehen

    the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen

    4) (path, route) [Spazier]weg, der
    5)

    people from all walks of life — Leute aus den verschiedensten gesellschaftlichen Gruppierungen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/80894/walk_about">walk about
    - walk away
    - walk in
    - walk into
    - walk off
    - walk on
    - walk out
    - walk out of
    - walk out on
    - walk over
    - walk up
    * * *
    (to walk, stand etc on the toes: He stood on tiptoe(s) to reach the shelf.) (sich) auf Zehenspitzen gehen (stellen)
    * * *
    [wɔ:k, AM wɑ:k]
    I. n
    1. (going on foot) Gehen nt; (as recreation) Spaziergang m
    it's only a five minute \walk away es sind nur fünf Minuten [zu Fuß] von hier
    to go for [or take] a \walk einen Spaziergang machen
    to take sb out for a \walk mit jdm einen Spaziergang machen
    2. (gait) Gang m
    3. (walking speed) of horse Schritt m
    to drop into [or slow to] a \walk in Schritttempo verfallen
    she slowed the horses to a \walk sie ließ die Pferde im Schritt gehen
    4. (promenade) Spazierweg m; (path in rural area) Wanderweg m
    5. (spiritual journey) [spirituelle] Suche
    6.
    ▶ \walk of life soziale Schicht, Gesellschaftsschicht f
    people from all \walks of life Leute aus allen Gesellschaftsschichten
    II. vt
    1. (go on foot)
    ▪ to \walk sth etw zu Fuß gehen
    to \walk a distance eine Strecke zu Fuß zurücklegen
    to \walk the streets (wander) durch die Straßen gehen; (be a prostitute) auf den Strich gehen sl
    ▪ to \walk sb somewhere jdn irgendwohin begleiten
    to \walk sb off his/her feet ( fig) ein so zügiges Tempo vorlegen, dass jd kaum mithalten kann
    he \walked me off my feet ich konnte kaum mit ihm mithalten
    ▪ to \walk sb through sth etw mit jdm durchgehen
    to \walk sb home jdn nach Hause bringen
    3. (take for a walk)
    to \walk the dog den Hund ausführen, mit dem Hund Gassi gehen fam
    ▪ to \walk sth etw spielend meistern geh
    III. vi
    1. (go on foot)
    ▪ to \walk [somewhere] zu Fuß [irgendwohin] gehen
    it takes half an hour to \walk to the office man braucht zu Fuß eine halbe Stunde ins Büro
    can your toddler \walk yet? kann dein Kleiner schon laufen?
    to \walk on one's hands auf den Händen laufen
    to begin to \walk laufen lernen
    ▪ to \walk [somewhere] [irgendwo] spazieren gehen
    to \walk [all] over sb jdn ausnutzen [ o bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ ausnützen
    to \walk [right [or straight]] into sth [mitten] in etw akk geraten
    to \walk into a trap in eine Falle gehen [o fam tappen
    5. (easily get)
    to \walk [right [or straight]] into a job [leicht] eine Stelle bekommen
    ▪ to \walk through sth etw [ein]üben
    7. ( fig fam: go missing) Beine bekommen [o kriegen] fam
    8.
    ▶ to \walk on air selig sein, sich akk wie im siebten Himmel fühlen, auf Wolken schweben
    ▶ to \walk the beat seine Runde gehen [o machen]
    ▶ to \walk on eggs [or eggshells] einen Eiertanz aufführen
    ▶ to \walk before one can run laufen lernen, bevor man springt
    * * *
    [wɔːk]
    1. n
    1) (= stroll) Spaziergang m; (= hike) Wanderung f; (SPORT) Gehen nt; (= competition) Geher-Wettkampf m; (= charity walk) Marsch m (für Wohltätigkeitszwecke)

    it's a long/short walk to the shops — zu den Läden ist es weit/nicht weit zu Fuß or zu gehen or zu laufen

    it's a long walk but a short drive — zu Fuß ist es weit, aber mit dem Auto ganz nah

    that's quite a walk — das ist eine ganz schöne Strecke, das ist ganz schön weit zu laufen (inf)

    to go for a walk, to have or take a walk — einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen

    to take sb/the dog for a walk — mit jdm/dem Hund spazieren gehen or einen Spaziergang machen, den Hund ausführen or spazieren führen

    2) (= gait) Gang m; (of horse) Gangart f

    he ran for a bit, then slowed to a walk — er rannte ein Stück und ging dann im Schritttempo weiter

    3) (= path) (in garden etc) (Park)weg m; (in hills etc) Weg m
    4) (= route) Weg m; (signposted etc) Wander-/Spazierweg m

    he knows some good walks in the Lake District — er kennt ein paar gute Wandermöglichkeiten or Wanderungen im Lake District

    5)
    6) (US BASEBALL) Walk m, Freibase nt
    2. vt
    1) (= lead) person, horse (spazieren) führen; dog ausführen; (= ride at a walk) im Schritt gehen lassen

    to walk sb home/to the bus —

    if we go hiking, I'll walk the legs off you (inf) — wenn wir zusammen wandern gehen, dann wirst du (bald) nicht mehr mithalten können

    2) distance laufen, gehen

    I've walked this road many times — ich bin diese Straße oft gegangen

    3)

    to walk the streets (prostitute) — auf den Strich gehen (inf); (in search of sth) durch die Straßen irren; (aimlessly) durch die Straßen streichen

    he learned his trade by walking the boards before turning to films — er hat sein Handwerk auf den Brettern gelernt, bevor er zum Film ging

    3. vi
    1) gehen, laufen

    you must learn to walk before you can run (prov) — man sollte den ersten Schritt vor dem zweiten tun

    to walk with a stick — am Stock gehen

    2) (= not ride) zu Fuß gehen, laufen (inf); (= stroll) spazieren gehen; (= hike) wandern

    you can walk there in 5 minutes — da ist man in or bis dahin sind es 5 Minuten zu Fuß

    to walk home — nach Hause laufen (inf), zu Fuß nach Hause gehen

    we were out walking when the telegram arrived — wir waren gerade spazieren or auf einem Spaziergang, als das Telegramm kam

    3) (ghost) umgehen, spuken
    4) (inf: disappear) Beine bekommen (inf)
    5) (US inf) (= quit one's job) kündigen; (= go on strike) in den Ausstand treten
    * * *
    walk [wɔːk]
    A s
    1. Gehen n:
    go at a walk im Schritt gehen
    2. Gang(art) m(f), Schritt m
    3. Spaziergang m:
    go for ( oder take, have) a walk einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen;
    take sb for a walk jemanden spazieren führen, mit jemandem spazieren gehen
    4. (Spazier)Weg m:
    a) Promenade f
    b) Strecke f:
    the station is just a 10-minute walk from here bis zum Bahnhof sind es nur 10 Gehminuten;
    quite a walk ein gutes Stück zu gehen
    5. Wanderung f
    6. Route f (eines Hausierers etc), Runde f (eines Polizisten etc)
    7. Allee f
    8. Wandelgang m
    9. a) (Geflügel)Auslauf m
    b) → sheepwalk
    10. fig Arbeitsgebiet n, (Betätigungs)Feld n:
    a) (soziale) Schicht oder Stellung, Lebensbereich m,
    b) Beruf m
    B v/i
    1. a) gehen (auch Leichtathletik), zu Fuß gehen, laufen:
    “Walk” „Gehen“;
    “Don’t Walk” „Warten“
    b) (Basketball) einen Schrittfehler machen
    2. im Schritt gehen (auch Pferd)
    3. wandern
    4. spazieren gehen: → air1 A 1
    5. umgehen, spuken (Geist):
    walk in one’s sleep nacht-, schlafwandeln
    C v/t
    1. eine Strecke (zu Fuß) zurücklegen oder gehen
    2. einen Bezirk etc durchwandern, einen Raum durchschreiten, gehen durch oder über (akk)
    3. auf und ab gehen in oder auf (dat): → chalk line, plank A 1, street A 1
    4. abschreiten, entlanggehen
    5. ein Pferd führen, im Schritt gehen lassen
    6. jemanden führen: → walk off B 1
    7. spazieren führen
    8. jemanden begleiten:
    9. Br um die Wette gehen mit:
    I’ll walk you 10 miles
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehen

    ‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"

    walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen

    walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)

    2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)
    2. transitive verb
    1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]

    walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/ (aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)

    2) (cause to walk; lead) führen; ausführen [Hund]

    walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)

    3) (accompany) bringen
    3. noun
    1) Spaziergang, der

    go [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen

    take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen

    a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)

    2) (gait) Gang, der; (characteristic) normale Gangart
    3) (Sport): (race) Wettbewerb im Gehen

    the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen

    4) (path, route) [Spazier]weg, der
    5)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    gehen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: ging, ist gegangen)
    laufen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)
    spuken durch ausdr.
    wandeln (gehen) v. n.
    Gang ¨-e m.
    Marsch -¨e m.
    Spaziergang m.

    English-german dictionary > walk

  • 79 start

    ( MIL) n abbr
    = Strategic Arms Reduction Talks rokowania pl START
    * * *
    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) wyruszać
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) zaczynać
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) uruchomić, zacząć działać
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) założyć
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) początek, start
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) przewaga
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) wzdrygnąć się
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) zryw, drgnięcie
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) zaskoczenie

    English-Polish dictionary > start

  • 80 start

    I 1. verb
    1) (to leave or begin a journey: We shall have to start at 5.30 a.m. in order to get to the boat in time.) doties ceļā
    2) (to begin: He starts working at six o'clock every morning; She started to cry; She starts her new job next week; Haven't you started (on) your meal yet?; What time does the play start?) []sākt; sākties
    3) (to (cause an engine etc to) begin to work: I can't start the car; The car won't start; The clock stopped but I started it again.) iedarbināt; uzvilkt (pulksteni)
    4) (to cause something to begin or begin happening etc: One of the students decided to start a college magazine.) uzsākt; nodibināt; izveidot
    2. noun
    1) (the beginning of an activity, journey, race etc: I told him at the start that his idea would not succeed; The runners lined up at the start; He stayed in the lead after a good start; I shall have to make a start on that work.) starts; sākums
    2) (in a race etc, the advantage of beginning before or further forward than others, or the amount of time, distance etc gained through this: The youngest child in the race got a start of five metres; The driver of the stolen car already had twenty minutes' start before the police began the pursuit.) handikaps; priekšrocība
    •
    - starting-point
    - for a start
    - get off to a good
    - bad start
    - start off
    - start out
    - start up
    - to start with     II 1. verb
    (to jump or jerk suddenly because of fright, surprise etc: The sudden noise made me start.) satrūkties; salēkties
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden movement of the body: He gave a start of surprise.) satrūkšanās
    2) (a shock: What a start the news gave me!) šoks; pārsteigums
    * * *
    sākums; satrūkšanās; starts; handikaps, priekšrocība; iedarbināšana; pacelšanās; doties ceļā; sākt; sākties; satrūkties; pietrūkties kājās; pietrūkties; iedarbināt; dibināt; iztramdīt; sarobīties, samesties; atirt; dot starta signālu; startēt; pacelties

    English-Latvian dictionary > start

Страницы

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