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1 De Long, George Washington
(1844-1881) Де Лонг, Джордж ВашингтонПолярный исследователь. В 1879 проплыл через Берингов пролив [Bering Strait] на паруснике "Жаннетта" [Jeannette], надеясь, что течение вынесет судно к Северному полюсу. После того, как корабль затерли льды, Де Лонг с частью экипажа достиг Сибири, но погиб там от голода. Экспедиция внесла большой вклад в изучение Арктики. Горный хребет на северо-западе Аляски назван в его честь.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > De Long, George Washington
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2 Queen's Bench Reports
1) Общая лексика: (Adolphus and Ellis, New Series) сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, новая серия, составители Адольфус и Эллис (1841-1852) [год] Q.B. Law Reports, Queen's Bench Division правовой сборник, решения отделения (за указанный год)2) Юридический термин: сборник канадских решений Суда королевской скамьи (1844-1881), сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи (новая серия, составители Адольфус и Эллис, 1841-1852) -
3 Queen's Bench Reports, Upper Canada
Юридический термин: сборник канадских решений Суда королевской скамьи (1844-1881)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Queen's Bench Reports, Upper Canada
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4 Upper Canada Queen's Bench Reports
Юридический термин: сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи по Верхней Канаде (1844-1881)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Upper Canada Queen's Bench Reports
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5 Q.B.U.C.
сокр. от Queen's Bench Reports, Upper Canada -
6 U.C.Q.B.
сокр. от Upper Canada Queen's Bench Reports -
7 Greely, Adolphus Washington
(1844-1935) Грили, Эдолфус ВашингтонВоенный деятель, исследователь. В 1881, находясь на военной службе, возглавил экспедицию в Арктику. В мае 1882 его экспедиция в составе 25 человек достигла широты 83 градуса 24 минуты. В августе 1883 она была вынуждена повернуть на юг, так как пополнение в базовый лагерь не прибыло. В июне 1884 группа спасателей нашла Грили и 6 человек команды. В 1887 в звании бригадного генерала - начальник службы связи [ Signal Corps]. В последующие 20 лет руководил прокладкой телеграфных линий и подводных кабелей в Пуэрто-Рико, на Кубе, на Филиппинах и на Аляске. Возглавлял Службу погоды США. В 1935 награжден Почетной медалью Конгресса [ Congressional Medal of Honor]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Greely, Adolphus Washington
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8 Fargo, William George
(1818-1881) Фарго, Уильям ДжорджБизнесмен. Один из организаторов и совладелец фирм почтовых перевозок дилижансами [ stagecoach]: "Уэллс энд Ко." [Wells and Co.] (1844), которая возила почту между Буффало и Цинциннати, Чикаго и Сент-Луисом; "Американ экспресс" [American Express] (1850); "Уэллс, Фарго энд Ко." [ Wells Fargo and Co.] (1852) - между восточными штатами и Калифорнией. Последняя с 1855 стала ведущей компанией почтовых перевозок и перевозок золота, а к 1866 фактически обладала монополией на почтовые перевозки в районах к западу от р. Миссисипи [ Mississippi River]. С 1868 Фарго - президент "Американ экспресс", в 1870-72 одновременно президент "Уэллс энд Фарго"English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Fargo, William George
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9 Greathead, James Henry
[br]b. 6 August 1844 Grahamstown, Cape Colony (now South Africa)d. 21 October 1896 Streatham, London, England[br]British civil engineer, inventor of the Greathead tunnelling shield.[br]Greathead came to England in 1859 to complete his education. In 1864 he began a three-year pupillage with the civil engineer Peter W. Barlow, after which he was engaged as an assistant engineer on the extension of the Midland Railway from Bedford to London. In 1869 he was entrusted with the construction of the Tower Subway under the River Thames; this was carried out using a cylindrical wrought-iron shield which was forced forward by six large screws as material was excavated in front of it. This work was completed the same year. In 1870 he set himself up as a consulting engineer, and from 1873 he was Resident Engineer on the Hammersmith and Richmond extensions of the Metropolitan District Railway. He assisted in the preparation of several other railway projects including the Regent's Canal Railway in 1880, the Dagenham Dock and the Metropolitan Outer Circle Railways in 1881, a new line from London to Eastbourne and a number of Irish light railways. He worked on a bill for the City and South London Railway, which was built between 1886 and 1890; here compressed air was used to prevent the inrush of water, a method for tunnelling which was generally adopted from then on. He invented apparatus for the application of water to excavate in front of the shield as well as for injecting cement-grout behind the lining of the tunnel.He was joint engineer with Sir Douglas Fox for the construction of the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and held the same post with W.R.Galbraith on the Waterloo and City Railway; he was also associated with Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker in the construction of the Central London Railway. He died, aged 52, before the completion of some of these projects.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1896, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.O.Green, 1987, The London Underground: An Illustrated History', London: Ian Allan (in association with the London Transport Museum).P.P.Holman, 1990, The Amazing Electric Tube: A History of the City and South LondonRailway, London: London Transport Museum.IMcN -
10 Pasley, General Sir Charles William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 8 September 1780 Eskdalemuir, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 19 April 1861 London, England[br]Scottish Colonel-Commandant, Royal Engineers.[br]At first he was educated by Andrew Little of Lan-gholm. At the age of 14 he was sent to school at Selkirk, where he stayed for two years until joining the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in August 1796. He was commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery and transferred to the Royal Engineers on 1 April 1798. He served at Minorca, Malta, Naples, Sicily, Calabria and in the siege of Copenhagen and in other campaigns. He was promoted First Captain in 1807, and was on the staff of Sir John Moore at the battle of Coruna. He was wounded at the siege of Flushing in 1809 and was invalided for a year, employing his time in learning German.In November 1810 he published his Essay on Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire, which ran through four editions. In 1811 he was in command of a company of Royal Military Artificers at Plymouth and there he devised a method of education by which the NCOs and troops could teach themselves without "mathematical masters". His system was a great success and was adopted at Chatham and throughout the corps. In 1812 he was appointed Director of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham. He remained at Chatham until 1841, when he was appointed Inspector-General of Railways. During this period he organized improved systems of sapping, mining, telegraphing, pontooning and exploding gunpowder on land or under water, and prepared pamphlets and courses of instruction in these and other subjects. In May 1836 he started what is probably the most important work for which he is remembered. This, was a book on Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortar, Stuccos and Concretes. The general adoption of Joseph Aspdin's Portland Cement was largely due to Pasley's recommendation of the material.He was married twice: first in 1814 at Chatham to Harriet Cooper; and then on 30 March 1819 at Rochester to Martha Matilda Roberts, with whom he had six children— she died in 1881.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKGB 1846. FRS 1816. Honorary DCL, Oxford University 1844.Bibliography1810, Essay on Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire. Limes, Calcareous Cements, Mortar, Stuccos and Concretes.Further ReadingPorter, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. DNB. Proceedings of the Royal Society.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Pasley, General Sir Charles William
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11 Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
[br]b. 13 December 1816 Lenthe, near Hanover, Germanyd. 6 December 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German pioneer of the dynamo, builder of the first electric railway.[br]Werner von Siemens was the eldest of a large family and after the early death of his parents took his place at its head. He served in the Prussian artillery, being commissioned in 1839, after which he devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. In 1847 Siemens and J.G. Halske formed a company, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens und Halske, to manufacture a dial telegraph which they had developed from an earlier instrument produced by Charles Wheatstone. In 1848 Siemens obtained his discharge from the army and he and Halske constructed the first long-distance telegraph line on the European continent, between Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.Werner von Siemens's younger brother, William Siemens, had settled in Britain in 1844 and was appointed agent for the Siemens \& Halske company in 1851. Later, an English subsidiary company was formed, known from 1865 as Siemens Brothers. It specialized in manufacturing and laying submarine telegraph cables: the specialist cable-laying ship Faraday, launched for the purpose in 1874, was the prototype of later cable ships and in 1874–5 laid the first cable to run direct from the British Isles to the USA. In charge of Siemens Brothers was another brother, Carl, who had earlier established a telegraph network in Russia.In 1866 Werner von Siemens demonstrated the principle of the dynamo in Germany, but it took until 1878 to develop dynamos and electric motors to the point at which they could be produced commercially. The following year, 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric railway, and operated it at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. It comprised an oval line, 300 m (985 it) long, with a track gauge of 1 m (3 ft 3 1/2 in.); upon this a small locomotive hauled three small passenger coaches. The locomotive drew current at 150 volts from a third rail between the running rails, through which it was returned. In four months, more than 80,000 passengers were carried. The railway was subsequently demonstrated in Brussels, and in London, in 1881. That same year Siemens built a permanent electric tramway, 1 1/2 miles (2 1/2 km) long, on the outskirts of Berlin. In 1882 in Berlin he tried out a railless electric vehicle which drew electricity from a two-wire overhead line: this was the ancestor of the trolleybus.In the British Isles, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1880 for the Giant's Causeway Railway in Ireland with powers to work it by "animal, mechanical or electrical power"; although Siemens Brothers were electrical engineers to the company, of which William Siemens was a director, delays in construction were to mean that the first railway in the British Isles to operate regular services by electricity was that of Magnus Volk.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, Berlin University 1860. Ennobled by Kaiser Friedrich III 1880, after which he became known as von Siemens.Further ReadingS.von Weiher, 1972, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (describes the Siemens's careers). C.E.Lee, 1979, The birth of electric traction', Railway Magazine (May) (describes Werner Siemens's introduction of the electric railway).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1979) 50: 82–3 (describes Siemens's and Halske's early electric telegraph instruments).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1961) 33: 93 (describes the railless electric vehicle).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
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12 Turner, Richard
[br]b. 1798 probably Dublin, Ireland d. 1881[br]Irish engineer offerrovitreous structures such as glasshouses and roofs of railway terminus buildings. Lime Street Station, Liverpool, erected 1849–50, was a notable example of the latter.[br]Turner's first glasshouse commission was for the Palm House at the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, begun in 1839; this structure was designed by Charles Lanyon, Turner being responsible for the ironwork construction. The Belfast Palm House was followed in 1843 by the Palm House for the Royal Dublin Society, but the structure for which Turner is best known is the famous Palm House in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew Gardens in London. This was originally designed in 1844 by the architect Decimus Burton, but his concept was rejected and Turner was asked to design a new one. Burton tried again, basing his new design upon that of Turner but also incorporating features that made it more similar to the famous Great Conservatory by Paxton at Chatsworth. Finally, Turner was contracted to build the Palm Stove in collaboration with Burton. Completed in 1848, the Kew Palm House is the finest example of the glasshouses of that era. This remarkable structure is simple but impressive: it is 362 ft (110 m) long and is covered by 45,000 ft2 (4,180 m2) of greenish glass. Inside, in the central taller part, a decorative, cast-iron, spiral staircase gives access to an upper gallery, from where tall plants may be clearly viewed; the roof rises to 62 ft (19 m). The curving, glazed panels, set in ribs of wrought iron, rise from a low masonry wall. The ingenious method of construction of these ribs was patented by Turner in 1846. It consists of wrought-iron tie rods inserted into hollow cast-iron tubes; these can be tightened after the erection of the building is complete, so producing a stable, balanced structure not unlike the concept of a timber-trussed roof. The Palm Stove has only recently undergone extensive adaptation to modern needs.[br]Further ReadingJ.Hix, 1974, The Glass House, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 122–7 (the Palm House at Kew).U.Kulturmann, 1979, Architecture and Urbanism, Tokyo, pp. 76–81 (the Palm House at Kew).DY
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