(1734-1736)

сокр. от Cunningham's King's Bench Reports

сокр. от Cunningham's King's Bench Reports

SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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In 1722, employed as an apothecary's assistant, he studied surgery and especially diseases of the eye under Cheselden at St Thomas's Hospital, London. He returned to Norwich to practise, but in 1727 he assumed the role of itinerant surgeon oculist, with a particular reputation for putting eyes straight; at first he covered the major part of the British Isles and then he extended his activities to Europe.

He obtained MDs from Basle in 1733, and from Liège and Cologne in 1734. In 1736 he was appointed Oculist to George II. It is likely that he was responsible for Johann Sebastian Bach's blindness, and Gibbon was one of his patients. The subject of considerable obloquy on account of his self-advertisement in the crudest and most bombastic terms, it is none the less certain that he had developed a technique, probably related to couching, which was considerably in advance of that of other practitioners and at least offered a prospect of assistance where none had been available.

Dr Johnson declared him "an instance of how far impudence will carry ignorance". Without justification, he styled himself "Chevalier". He is said, not improbably having regard to his age, to have become blind himself later in life. His son carried on his practice.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Textiles

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John Wyatt was the eldest son of John and Jane Wyatt, who lived in the small village of Thickbroom in the parish of Weeford, near Lichfield. John the younger was educated at Lichfield school and then worked as a carpenter at Thickbroom till 1730. In 1732 he was in Birmingham, engaged by a man named Heely, a gunbarrel forger, who became bankrupt in 1734. Wyatt had invented a machine for making files and sought the help of Lewis Paul to manufacture this commercially.

The surviving papers of Paul and Wyatt in Birmingham are mostly undated and show a variety of machines with which they were involved. There was a machine for "making lead hard" which had rollers, and "a Gymcrak of some consequence" probably refers to a machine for boring barrels or the file-making machine. Wyatt is said to have been one of the unsuccessful competitors for the erection of London Bridge in 1736. He invented and perfected the compound-lever weighing machine. He had more success with this: after 1744, machines for weighing up to five tons were set up at Birmingham, Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield and Liverpool. Road construction, bridge building, hydrostatics, canals, water-powered engines and many other schemes received his attention and it is said that he was employed for a time after 1744 by Matthew Boulton.

It is certain that in April 1735 Paul and Wyatt were working on their spinning machine and Wyatt was making a model of it in London in 1736, giving up his work in Birmingham. The first patent, in 1738, was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul. It is impossible to know which of these two invented what. This first patent covers a wide variety of descriptions of the vital roller drafting to draw out the fibres, and it is unknown which system was actually used. Paul's carding patent of 1748 and his second spinning patent of 1758 show that he moved away from the system and principles upon which Arkwright built his success. Wyatt and Paul's spinning machines were sufficiently promising for a mill to be set up in 1741 at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, that was powered by two asses. Wyatt was the person responsible for constructing the machinery. Edward Cave established another at Northampton powered by water while later Daniel Bourn built yet another at Leominster. Many others were interested too. The Birmingham mill did not work for long and seems to have been given up in 1743. Wyatt was imprisoned for debt in The Fleet in 1742, and when released in 1743 he tried for a time to run the Birmingham mill and possibly the Northampton one. The one at Leominster burned down in 1754, while the Northampton mill was advertised for sale in 1756. This last mill may have been used again in conjunction with the 1758 patent. It was Wyatt whom Daniel Bourn contacted about a grant for spindles for his Leominster mill in 1748, but this seems to have been Wyatt's last association with the spinning venture.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Medical technology

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After attending Corpus Christi, Cambridge, he was admitted as a Fellow in 1702. During the ensuing years he was engaged in botanical, astronomical and chemical activities and research. He was appointed Minister at Teddington, Middlesex, in 1708 and remained in that post until his death. During these years, he continued to engage in a wide range of botanical and physiological activities involving studies of the nutrition of plants, blood pressure and the flow of blood in animals. He was also the inventor of improved ventilation by systems of partition and ducting, and the production of fresh water by distillation for ships at sea. The wide range of his interests did not preclude his care for his pastoral duties, and he was involved in the education of the Prince of Wales's children, although he declined a canonry of Windsor. In his writings he set a standard for the scientific method as related to principles based on facts and observation.

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отклонение формы
Отклонение формы реального элемента от номинальной формы, оцениваемое наибольшим расстоянием от точек реального элемента по нормали к прилегающему элементу.
Примечания
1. Шероховатость поверхности не включается в отклонение формы. В обоснованных случаях допускается нормировать отклонение формы, включая шероховатость поверхности.
2. Волнистость включается в отклонение формы. В обоснованных случаях допускается нормировать отдельно волнистость поверхности или часть отклонения формы без учета волнистости.
3. Особым случаем оценки отклонения формы является отклонение от прямолинейности оси.

Вместо прилегающего элемента для оценки отклонений формы допускается использовать в качестве базового элемента средний элемент.
Вместо прилегающего цилиндра и прилегающей окружности для оценки отклонений формы допускается также использовать цилиндр минимальной зоны и окружность минимальной зоны:
1) средний элемент - поверхность (профиль), имеющая номинальную форму и такие размеры и/или расположение, чтобы сумма квадратов расстояний между реальным и средним элементами в пределах нормируемого участка имела минимальное значение;
2) при отсчете от среднего элемента отклонение формы равно сумме абсолютных значений наибольших отклонений точек реальной поверхности (профиля) по обе стороны от среднего элемента;

3) цилиндр минимальной зоны - цилиндр, соприкасающийся с реальной поверхностью и расположенный вне материала детали так, чтобы наибольшее расстояние   между реальной поверхностью и цилиндром минимальной зоны в пределах нормируемого участка имело минимальное значение;   
4) окружность минимальной зоны - окружность, соприкасающаяся с реальным профилем и расположенная вне материала детали так, чтобы наибольшее расстояние   между реальным профилем и окружностью минимальной зоны имело минимальное значение.


1 - реальный профиль; 2 - окружность минимальной зоны


[ ГОСТ 24642-81]

Тематики

• нормы взаимозаменяемости

EN

• form deviation

DE

• Formabweichung

FR

• ecart de forme