-
1 -stë
you, 2nd person dual pronominal ending VT49:51, 53, e.g. caristë *the two of you do VT49:16. Tolkien first wrote carindë, but changed the ending VT49:33. The ending -stë is derived from earlier -dde VT49:46, 51. An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual, *the two of them but see -ttë \#1. -
2 -illo
you two, abandoned promoninal ending for the polite 2nd person dual; in later sources the relevant ending is rather -stë VT49:48. This -illo was changed from -llo. Compare -ilco. -
3 -ntyë
you, abandonded pronominal ending for 2nd person pl. familiar VT49:49 -
4 lye
pron. thou/thee, you, 2nd person sg. formal/polite corresponding to familiar/intimatetye, q.v. VT49:36 It seems the original stem-form was le VT49:50, distinct from de as a plural you, but when initial d became l and the forms threatened to fall together, le was apparently altered to lye by analogy with the ending -lyë and the emphatic pronoun elyë. Stressed lyé VT49:51. For lye as object, cf. nai Eru lye mánata God bless you VT49:39. Allative lyenna *to you, upon you VT49:40-41. Compare the reflexive pronoun imlë *"yourself, thyself", q.v. it did not have to be *imlyë, for the corresponding pl. pronoun indë yourselves is distinct anyhow. -
5 le
pronominal element "you", originally the "reverential 2nd person sing" RGEO:73, VT49:56. However, singular le was apparently altered to lye q.v., and le took on a plural significance le for pl. you is apparently derived from de, the ancient 2nd person pl. stem, VT49:50-51. Stressed lé VT49:51, dual let *the two of you ibid.. At certain points in Tolkiens conception, le was still sg. thou rather than pl. you. It is attested as an ending in the imperative form antalë *"give thou" VT43:17; see anta-. The form ólë in VT43:29 apparently means *"with thee"; according to Tolkiens later system, it would rather mean with you pl. Compare aselyë with thee sg. in a later source see as. -
6 -l
or -lyë VT49:48, 51, pronominal endings for 2nd person sg. polite/formal you, thou: caril or carilyë *you do VT49:16, hamil you judge VT42:33, anel you were see ná \#1; see -lyë for further examples. These endings may also be added to pronouns etel/etelyë or mil, milyë; see et, mi. In one source, -l is rather used as a reduced affix denoting plural you; see heca! WJ:364 -
7 Tintallë
noun "Kindler", a title of Varda who kindled the stars TIN, Nam, RGEO:67. From tinta- "kindle, make to sparkle" MR:388. According to PE17:69, the form should be Tintalde, apparently because -llë was at the time the ending for plural you and Tintallë could be taken as meaning *you kindle rather than as a noun Kindler. However, Tolkien later changed the pronominal suffix, eliminating the clash of forms while leaving Tintallë correct after the revision, it was *tintaldë itself that would be the verb you kindle. -
8 ara
prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë he is out, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *beside me, astyë *beside you informal, allë *besides you formal, arsë *beside him/her, plural anwë armë *beside us exclusive, arwë *beside us inclusive, astë ardë *beside you plural, astë artë *beside them; dual anwet armet *beside us two. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *beside the VT49:24-25 -
9 -lyë
pronominal ending thou, you VT49:48, 2nd person sg. formal/polite:hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" Nam, RGEO:67, carilyë *you do VT49:16. Long form of -l, q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix VT43:17; see a \#3. The intimate/familiar ending corresponding to polite/formal -lyë is -tyë, q.v cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë thou shalt find from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë you are; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya. -
10 -ldë
1 pronominal suffix you, 2nd person pl. VT49:51; carildë *you do, VT49:16. This ending Tolkien revised from -llë in earlier sources VT49:48, cf. PE17:69. 2 feminine agental suffix. Tolkien at one point commented that Vardas title Tintallë Kindler should be Tintaldë because the ending -llë was rather the suffix for plural you PE17:69. Since this pronominal suffix -llë was later revised to -ldë, it is now the ending of Tintaldë itself that would be potentially problematic. -
11 nai
1 imperative verb "be it that", used with a verb usually in the future tense to express a wish. The translation "maybe" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear translation in RGEO:67. Apparently this is na as the imperative "be!" with a suffix -i "that", cf. i \#3. It can be used with the future tense as an expression of wish VT49:39. Nai hiruvalyë Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! *"May thou find Valimar. May even thou find it!" Nam, VT49:39. Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" "may they guard it" CO. Nai elen siluva parma-restalyanna *may a star shine upon your book-fair VT49:38, nai elen siluva lyenna *may a star shine upon you VT49:40, nai elen atta siluvat aurenna veryanwesto *may two stars shine upon the day of your wedding VT49:42-45, nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto may a golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading VT49:47. Nai may also be used with a present continuative verb if an ongoing situation is wished for: Nai Eru lye mánata God bless you VT49:39 or literally *be it that God is already blessing you. The phrase nai amanya onnalya *be it that your child will be blessed omits any copula; Tolkien noted that imperative of wishes precedes adj. VT49:41. VT49:28 has the form nái for let it be that; Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is actually an etymological form underlying nai VT49:36 2 prefix ill, grievously, abominably PE17:151, cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also lists aninterjection nai "alas" NAY; this may be obsoleted by \# 1 above; Namárië uses ai! in a similar sense -
12 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
13 mi
prep. "in, within" MI, VT27:20, VT44:18, 34, VT43:30; the latter source also mentions the variant imi; mí "in the" Nam, RGEO:66; CO gives mi; the correct forms should evidently be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in the"; VT49:35 also has mí with a long vowel, though the gloss is simply in. Used in PE17:71 cf. 70 of people clad in various colours, e.g. mi mísë in grey. Allative minna "to the inside, into" MI, also mina VT43:30. The forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead see -mmë. Second person forms are also given: mil or milyë *"in you" sg., millë "in you" pl. VT43:36. A special use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" VT44:18; here mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired meaning, but this combination of singular noun + mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed idiom expressing that the initial noun represents the most prominent member of a class. -
14 tye
pron. you, thou, thee, 2nd person intimate/familar LR:61, 70, Arct, VT49:36, 55, corresponding to formal/politelye. According to VT49:51, tye was used as an endearment especially between lovers, and grandparents and children also used it to address one another to use the adult lye was more stern. Tyenya my tye, used = dear kinsman VT49:51. The pronoun tye is derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an added -e VT49:50. Stressed tyé; dual tyet *the two of you VT49:51 another note reproduced on the same page however states that tye has no dual form, and VT49:52 likewise states that the 2nd person familiar never deleloped dual or plural forms. Compare the reflexive pronoun intyë *"yourself". Possibly related to the pronominal stem KE 2nd person sg., if tye represents earlier *kye. -
15 tulta-
vb. "send for, fetch, summon" TUL. Tultanelyes *"you summoned him", changed by Tolkien to leltanelyes *"you sent him" possibly tulta- was meant to have the meaning "send" here, but Tolkien decided to use another word VT47:22 -
16 ná
1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná it is cold VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted where the meaning is clear without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection yes or it is so VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai be it that see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë I am, nalyë or natyë you sg. are polite and familiar, respectively, nás it is, násë she is, nalmë we are VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be aorist, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *she is is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né was, pl. náner/nér and dual nét were VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né was cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë he was is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan I will be there VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië has been VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë being, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am". -
17 -tyë
pronominal ending you, thou VT49:48, 51, 2nd person familiar/intimate: carityë *you do VT49:16; the corresponding formal/polite ending is - -
18 et
prep. and adv.? "out", when followed by ablative "out of" VT45:13 or literally "out from", as in EO: et Eärello "out of the Great Sea"; cf. also et sillumello "from this hour" in VT44:35. Et i pe/péti, untranslated phrase, perhaps *"out of the mouth" VT47:35. Prefixet- "forth, out" ET, also in longer form ete- as in etelehta, eteminya; verb ettuler *"are coming forth" ettul- = et + tul-. SD:290; read probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar in Tolkien's later Quenya. The forms etemmë and etengwë VT43:36 seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"out of us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual exclusive instead see -mmë. Second person forms are also given: etelyë, etellë ?"out of you", sg. and pl. respectively Tolkien would later change the ending for pl. you from -llë to -ldë. -
19 -ndë
1 noun ending; forming nouns from verbal stems in arcandë "petition" and ulundë "stream" q.v. and cf. VT44:8, feminine in Serindë "broideress" or "needle-woman" q.v.PE17:69 mentions -ndë as a common suffix denoting feminine agent. 2 pronominal suffix for dual you, as in carindë *you two do. Tolkien changed the ending to -stë VT49:33 -
20 ham-
1 vb. "sit" KHAM 2 vb. "judge", attested in the aorist form hamil "you judge". VT42:33; notice the pronominal ending -l "you". See nemë. The verb \#ham- with the meaning "judge" may seem to be an ephemeral form in Tolkien's conception.
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
You — (stressed /IPA|jü/; unstressed [IPA|jə] ) is the second person personal pronoun in Modern English. Ye was the original nominative form; the oblique/objective form is you (functioning originally as both accusative and dative), and the possessive… … Wikipedia
you — [ weak jə, weak ju, strong ju ] function word *** You can be used in the following ways: as a subject or object pronoun: What do you want? I like you. I ll make the tea for you. as a determiner: You children had better go to bed now. 1. ) used… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
You — ([=u]), pron. [Possess. {Your} ([=u]r) or {Yours} ([=u]rz); dat. & obj. {You}.] [OE. you, eou, eow, dat. & acc., AS. e[ o]w, used as dat. & acc. of ge, g[=e], ye; akin to OFries. iu, io, D. u, G. euch, OHG. iu, dat., iuwih, acc., Icel. y[eth]r,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
You — ([=u]), pron. [Possess. {Your} ([=u]r) or {Yours} ([=u]rz); dat. & obj. {You}.] [OE. you, eou, eow, dat. & acc., AS. e[ o]w, used as dat. & acc. of ge, g[=e], ye; akin to OFries. iu, io, D. u, G. euch, OHG. iu, dat., iuwih, acc., Icel. y[eth]r,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
You FM — Allgemeine Informationen Empfang analog terrestrisch, Kabel, Satellit Webradio … Deutsch Wikipedia
YOU — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda «YOU» Sencillo de Ayumi Hamasaki del álbum A Song for XX Publicación 10 de junio, 1998 Formato CD … Wikipedia Español
you — W1S1 [jə, ju strong ju:] pron [used as subject or object] [: Old English; Origin: eow, from ge; YE1] 1.) used to refer to a person or group of people when speaking or writing to them ▪ Hi, Kelly. How are you? ▪ You must all listen carefully. ▪ I… … Dictionary of contemporary English
You — steht für: den Kreis You (chin. 攸县; Pinyin: Yōu Xiàn) der bezirksfreien Stadt Zhuzhou in der chinesischen Provinz Hunan, siehe You (Zhuzhou) Du (Personalpronomen), als deutsche Übersetzung des englischen You YOU steht für: YOU (Jugendmesse), die… … Deutsch Wikipedia
YOU! — ist ein in Österreich erscheinendes katholisches Jugendmagazin. Es wird seit 1993 sechsmal im Jahr herausgegeben. Das Blatt wird in Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz ausschließlich über Abonnement bzw. über Zeitschriftenstände in Pfarren… … Deutsch Wikipedia
you're on — you’re on spoken phrase used for saying ‘yes’ when someone has invited you to compete or do something difficult or dangerous ‘I bet I can sell more tickets than you.’ ‘OK, you’re on.’ Thesaurus: ways of saying yessynonym Main entry: on * * * … Useful english dictionary
You Am I — Pays d’origine Australie Genre musical Rock alternatif Années d activité 1989 présent Labels … Wikipédia en Français
