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πλοῦτος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. four entries; Hom.+) Paul, who also uses the masc., in eight passages (2 Cor 8:2; Eph 1:7; 2:7; 3:8, 16; Phil 4:19; Col 1:27; 2:2) has in the nom. and acc. the neuter τὸ πλοῦτος (AcPh 109 [Aa II/2, 42, 5]; Is 29:2 [acc. to SA; s. Thackeray 159]); Tdf., Proleg. 118; W-H., app. 158; B-D-F §51, 2; Mlt-H. 127; Gignac II 100; ‘wealth, riches’.

① abundance of many earthly goods, wealth (Iren. 1, 8, 3 [Harv. I 71, 9]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 9, 8; καὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα Did., Gen. 150, 8) Mt 13:22; Mk 4:19; Lk 8:14; 1 Ti 6:17; Js 5:2; Rv 18:17; 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:22); Hv 3, 6, 5b; 6b; m 10, 1, 4; Hs 1:8; 2:5, 7f (τὸ πλ.); ApcPt 15, 30. Leading souls (astray) Hv 3, 6, 6a (restored). πλ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 3, 6, 5a. πολυτέλεια πλούτου m 8:3; 12, 2, 1. γαυριᾶν ἐν τῷ πλούτῳ glory in wealth 1, 1, 8. Also γαυροῦσθαι ἐν τῷ πλ. 3, 9, 6. ἐπιλάθου τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τοῦ κάλλους σου AcPl Ha 2, 21; πλ. καταναλίσκεται 2, 24f; the restoration in 9, 9 is based on 2:24f.—OSchilling, Reichtum u. Eigentum in der altkirchl. Lit. 1908 (p. ix–xii for lit.); ETroeltsch, D. Soziallehren der christl. Kirchen u. Gruppen 1912; MWeber, D. Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Archiv f. Sozialwissensch. 44, 1918, 52ff; FHauck, Die Stellung des Urchristentums zu Arbeit u. Geld 1921; ELohmeyer, Soziale Fragen im Urchristentum 1921; HGreeven, D. Hauptproblem der Sozialethik in der neueren Stoa u. im Urchristentum ’35 (slavery, property, marriage); KBornhäuser, D. Christ u. s. Habe nach dem NT ’36; HvCampenhausen, D. Askese im Urchristentum ’49. Cp. πτωχός 1.

② plentiful supply of someth., a wealth, abundance, fig. ext. of 1, w. gen. of thing (Pla., Euthyphr. 12a π. τῆς σοφίας; Theoph. Ant. 2, 12 [p. 130, 6] τῆς σοφίας τοῦ θεοῦ) τῆς ἁπλότητος; 2 Cor 8:2. τῆς δόξης Ro 9:23; Eph 1:18; 3:16; Col 1:27. τῆς πληροφορίας 2:2. τῆς χάριτος Eph 1:7; 2:7. τῆς χρηστότητος Ro 2:4 (Simplicius In Epict. p. 12, 7 πλοῦτος τῆς αὐτοῦ [God] ἀγαθότητος). The genitives in Ro 11:12, πλ. κόσμου, πλ. ἐθνῶν are different: (an) abundance (of benefits) for the world, for the gentiles. Of that which God or Christ possesses in boundless abundance: βάθος πλούτου vs. 33 (s. βάθος 2 and cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 442 ὁ πλοῦτος ὁ βαθύς).—Phil 4:19.—Eph 3:8; Rv 5:12 (w. δύναμις, σοφία, ἰσχύς, τιμή, δόξα, εὐλογία. Cp. Aristot., Pol. 1323a, 37f πλοῦτος, χρήματα, δύναμις, δόξα; Herodas 1, 28 πλοῦτος, δύναμις, δόξα; Crantor [IV/III B.C.]: FPhGr III 148 πλοῦτος κ. δόξα; Diod S 4, 74, 1 πλ. κ. δόξα).—μείζονα πλ. ἡγησάμενος τῶν Αἰγύπτου θησαυρῶν τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ he considered the reproach suffered on behalf of the Christ to be greater wealth than the treasures of Egypt Hb 11:26.—TESchmidt, Hostility to Wealth in Philo of Alexandria: JSNT 19, ’83, 85–97; for other lit. s. πένης. B. 772. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

προάγω impf. προῆγον; fut. προάξω; 2 aor. προήγαγον; 1 aor. pass. προήχθην LXX (Hdt.+).

① trans. to take or lead from one position to another by taking charge, lead forward, lead or bring out τινά someone: προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς ἔξω after he had led them out Ac 16:30 (Diod S 4, 44, 3 τῆς φυλακῆς προαγαγεῖν=lead out of the prison). αὐτοὺς προαγαγεῖν εἰς τὸν δῆμον 17:5 (Jos., Ant. 16, 320 εἰς τὸ πλῆθος). Cp. 12:6 (Jos., Ant. 2, 105 al.).—In the language of the law-court bring before (Jos., Bell. 1, 539, Ant. 16, 393; Just. A I, 21, 3.—ἐπί 3) Ac 25:26.

② intr. to move ahead or in front of, go before, lead the way, precede

ⓐ in place τινά go before someone (2 Macc 10:1; B-D-F §150; Rob. 477) Mt 2:9 (GJs 21:3); 21:9; AcPl Ha 3, 29. Abs. (Diod S 17, 19, 1 προῆγε=he pushed on; Jos., Bell. 1, 673, Ant. 14, 388) Mt 21:9 v.l.; Mk 11:9 (opp. ἀκολουθεῖν); Lk 18:39. Walk ahead of those who are going slowly and w. hesitation ἦν προάγων αὐτοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς … οἱ δὲ ἀκολουθοῦντες Mk 10:32. κατὰ πόλιν με προῆγον they went before me from city to city IRo 9:3.—In imagery πᾶς ὁ προάγων καὶ μὴ μένων ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ anyone who goes too far and does not remain in the teaching 2J 9. Of πίστις (cp. Aberciusins. 12 πίστις προῆγε), which is followed by ἐλπίς (ἐπακολουθεῖν), προαγούσης τῆς ἀγάπης love leads the way Pol 3:3.

ⓑ in time go or come ahead of someone w. acc. of pers. προάγειν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ πέραν go on ahead of him to the other shore Mt 14:22. προάξω ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν I will go on ahead of you to Galilee 26:32; Mk 14:28 (CEvans, JTS 5, ’54, 3–18); cp. Mt 28:7; Mk 16:7. Without acc. (which can be supplied fr. the ἕως-clause [cp. SIG 684, 25]) προάγειν εἰς τὸ πέραν πρὸς Βηθσαϊδάν Mk 6:45. οἱ τελῶναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ the tax-collectors will get into the kingdom of God ahead of you Mt 21:31. Fig. of sins προάγουσαι εἰς κρίσιν they go ahead of (sinners) to judgment 1 Ti 5:24 (cp. Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 24, 1 εἰς τ. κρίσιν προάγειν=‘come before the court’).—πάντα τὰ προάγοντα everything that had gone before MPol 1:1. κατά τὰς προαγούσας προφητείας in accordance with the prophecies that were made long ago (i.e. in reference to Timothy) 1 Ti 1:18 (IG XII/3, 247 τὰ προάγοντα ψαφίσματα; PFlor 198, 7 [III A.D.] κατὰ τὸ προάγον ἔθος; POxy 42, 3 ἡ πανήγυρις προάγουσα; Just., D. 33, 1 καὶ τὰ ἐπαγόμενα καὶ τὰ προάγοντα [in the psalm]). ἀθέτησις προαγούσης ἐντολῆς Hb 7:18 (ἀθέτησις 1).—M-M. TW.

προδηλόω 1 aor. προεδήλωσα; aor. ptc. n. pl. gen. προδηλωθέντων; pf. pass. ptc. προδεδηλωμένος (Thu. 6, 34, 7; ins, pap; 3 Macc 4:14; Philo, Decal. 45; 50) to make known beforehand, reveal τὶ someth. (Diod S 20, 37, 1; Plut., Pomp. 636 [32, 6]; Jos., Bell. 2, 629) τὴν θλῖψιν Hs 7:5. Pass. οἱ προδεδηλωμένοι πατέρες the fathers, whom we have previously mentioned (cp. IG XII/7, 239, 23; 3 Macc 4:14) 1 Cl 62:2.—DELG s.v. δῆλος. M-M s.v. πρόδηλος.

σατάν, ὁ indecl. and σατανᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ (the former=Hebr. שָׂטָן 3 Km 11:14; Just., D. 103, 5; the latter Sir 21:27, also TestSol 1:1 D al.; TestJob; Test12Patr; ApcMos 17; Just.=Aram. סָטָנָא; for σατανος Lk 11:18 P⁷⁵ read σατανας) literally ‘adversary’, in our lit. only as title or name: (the) Satan, in a very special sense, the enemy of God and all of those who belong to God, simply Satan, the Enemy (on the concept of Satan s. the lit. s.v. διάβολος 2), almost always w. the art. (B-D-F §254, 1), without it only in Mk 3:23; Lk 22:3; 2 Cor 12:7 and in personal address.—Mt 4:10 (here, as well as in the two passages from Mt and Mk near the end of this entry, without the art. and in the voc.); Mk 1:13; 3:26; Lk 11:18; 22:31. W. διάβολος of the same being Rv 20:2; cp. 2:9f; Pol 7:1 (Just., A I, 28, 1 al.). The Lawless One (Antichrist) appears κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τοῦ σατανᾶ 2 Th 2:9. He incites people to evil (cp. Homeric usage LfgrE s.v. δαιμόνι[ος] col. 198; TestJob 41:5 Ἐλίους ἐμπνευσθεὶς ἐν τῷ Σ. ; 23:11 ὁ Σ. … ἐπλαγίαζεν αὐτῆς τὴν καρδίαν; cp. 26:6) Mk 4:15; Ac 5:3; 1 Cor 7:5; 2 Cor 2:11; Rv 12:9. Esp. guilty of instigating Judas’ evil deed by entering into this disciple Lk 22:3; J 13:27. Causing sickness Lk 13:16 (s. δέω 1b, end). Hence driven out in healings Mt 12:26; Mk 3:23. Hindering the apostle in his work 1 Th 2:18 (cp. Julian., Ep. 40 [68] p. 46, 19 Bidez-Cumont εἰ μή τι δαιμόνιον γένοιτο κώλυμα). Causing false beliefs to arise 1 Ti 5:15; hence the one who denies the resurrection and judgment is called πρωτότοκος τοῦ ς. Pol 7:1; Polycarp uses the same expr. in speaking of Marcion, Epil Mosq 3. Persecutions of Christians are also inspired by Satan Rv 2:13ab (on the θρόνος τοῦ ς. s. θρόνος 1bε); hence certain Judeans who were hostile to Christians are called συναγωγὴ τοῦ ς. Rv 2:9; 3:9. God will crush him Ro 16:20. Jesus saw Satan falling (or fallen) fr. heaven Lk 10:18 (Burton, Moods and Tenses §146 [deZwaan §148]; FSpitta, ZNW 9, 1908, 160–63; CWebster, ET 57, ’45/46, 52f: πες. is timeless and means ‘I watched him fall’). Imprisoned, but freed again after a thousand years Rv 20:7. ὁ ς. μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός Satan disguises himself as an angel of light 2 Cor 11:14 (TestJob 6:4 μετασχηματισθεὶς εἰς ἐπαίτην a beggar; ApcMos 17 ἐγένετο ἐν εἴδει ἀγγέλου; s. μετασχηματίζω; on the subject s. Windisch ad loc.). ἄγγελος σατανᾶ 2 Cor 12:7 (UHeckel, ZNW 84, ’93, 69–75); ἄγγελοι τοῦ ς. B 18:1 (ἄγγελος 2c). αἱ δυνάμεις τοῦ ς. IEph 13:1 (δύναμις 5). τὰ βαθέα τοῦ ς. Rv 2:24 (s. βαθύς 2). ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ ς. the power of Satan Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms. ln. 6 (ἐξουσία 2); ibid. ln. 2 ὁ αἴων οὗτος … ὑπὸ τὸν ς. ἐστιν.—παραδοῦναί τινα τῷ ς. 1 Cor 5:5 (s. ὄλεθρος; cp. the Christ. ins New Docs 3, 83); 1 Ti 1:20 (s. on both passages παραδίδωμι 1b).—In Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 Peter is called Satan by Jesus, because his attempt to turn Jesus aside fr. his divine assignment to accept the consequences of his involvement with humanity has made him a tempter of a diabolical sort, who might thwart the divine plan of salvation. This metaph. usage relates to the striking verdict Rv 2:9; 3:9 above (cp. διάβολος J 6:70; 8:44).—BNoack, Satanás u. Sotería ’48. 1369–80 (lit.). DBS XII 1–47. DNP III 269. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TRE III 608f. TW.

σεβαστός, ή, όν (σεβάζομαι; Dionys. Hal. 2, 75; SIG 820, 6; pap, Philo, Joseph.; loanw. in rabb.) worthy of reverence, revered, august, as a transl. of Lat. Augustus and designation of the Roman emperor (Paus. 3, 11, 4 τὸ δὲ ὄνομα εἶναι τούτῳ Αὔγουστος, ὅ κατὰ γλῶσσαν δύναται τὴν Ἑλλήνων σεβαστός=his name is Augustus, which in Gk. is rendered by σεβαστός; Strabo 3, 3, 8; 12, 13, 14; Lucian, Herodian, Philo; Jos., Ant. 16, 173 al.; CIA III 63 [27 B.C.] ἱερεὺς θεᾶς Ῥώμης καὶ Σεβαστοῦ σωτῆρος; IG XII/3, 174 [6 B.C.]; pap. As epithet of Antonius Pius, Ar. ins; Just., A I, ins—EBréhier, ByzZ 15, 1906, 161f; 164f; Hahn 116f; Dssm., LO 306 [LAE 358ff]; HDieckmann, Kaisernamen u. Kaiserbez. bei Lukas: ZKT 43, 1919, 213–34; Goodsp., Probs. 136f) ὁ Σεβαστός His Majesty the Emperor Ac 25:21, 25 (of Nero).—In σπεῖρα Σεβαστή 27:1 (cp. OGI 421), Σεβαστή is likew. an exact transl. of Lat. Augusta, an honorary title freq. given to auxiliary troops (Ptolem. renders it Σεβαστή in connection w. three legions that bore it: 2, 3, 30; 2, 9, 18; 4, 3, 30) imperial cohort, but σπεῖρα Σεβαστή cannot be regarded as equivalent to σπεῖρα Σεβαστηνῶν.—For lit. s. on ἑκατοντάρχης.—DELG s.v. σέβομαι. M-M. TW.

σεμνότης, τητος, ἡ (s. σεμνός; Eur., X., Pla. et al.; SIG 807, 8; OGI 567, 19; EpArist 5; 171; Philo; Tat. 34, 2; μεγαλόνοια καὶ ς. θεολογίας Orig., C. Cels. 6, 18, 21) a manner or mode of behavior that indicates one is above what is ordinary and therefore worthy of special respect

ⓐ of a human being dignity, seriousness, probity, holiness=Lat. gravitas (Diod S 17, 34, 6; Philo; Jos., Vi. 258 μετὰ πάσης ς; Theoph. Ant. 3, 13 [p. 230, 16] περὶ ς. διδάσκειν; Did., Gen. 249, 14 ς. καὶ γνησιότης) 1 Ti 3:4; 1 Cl 41:1; Hm 4, 1, 3. W. εὐσέβεια 1 Ti 2:2. W. ἁγνεία Hm 4, 4, 3; Hs 5, 6, 5. W. ἁγνεία and other virtues m 6, 2, 3. W. ἁπλότης and ἀκακία v 3, 9, 1. W. other καλὰ ἔργα Tit 2:7. Loved by the Lord Hm 5, 2, 8; ἐνδύσασθαι τὴν ς. 2:4. Personified w. other virtues v 3, 8, 5; 7; 3, 9, 1.—Neg. reaction to ς. AcPl Ha 4, 14, prob. construed as arrogance by the crowd (cp. Soph., Ajax 1107 on neg. reaction to σέμνα ἔπη).

ⓑ of a deity holiness (cp. 2 Macc 3:12; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 7; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 225) πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὴν ς. τοῦ θεοῦ walk in accordance with God’s holiness Hv 3, 5, 1.—DELG s.v. σέβομαι III. RAC XII 752–79 s.v. gravitas. M-M. TW. Spicq.

Σέργιος, ου, ὁ Sergius, name of a Roman gens (in its Gk. form in Diod S 12, 24, 1; 12, 43, 1; 14, 19, 1; SIG 646, 16; pap): Σέργιος Παῦλος ἀνθύπατος proconsul Sergius Paulus Ac 13:7. Attempts to confirm the identity of this official through ins have not proved convincing (Hemer, Acts 109 n. 17; 166f n. 16). On the principal documents (IGR III, 930, but without the name Sergius, s. HDessau, ZNW 2, 1901, 83 n. 3; Groag, Pauly-W. VI [1909] 1781; for improved rdg. TMitford, ANRW II/7/2 [1980], 1301–4. SEG XX, 302, 10f Κ]οί̈ντου Σεργ|[ίου Παύλου ἀνθυπάτου----], which is placed in a restored rdg. under the reign of Gaius [Caligula], not Claudius, by Mitford p. 1300 n. 54 and 1330 n. 195. A terminal stone in the city of Rome CIL VI 31545 [=ILS 5926; s. Mommsen, ZNW 2, 1901, p. 83, 3] w. full name ‘L. Sergius Paullus’ but without ref. to Cyprus; two inscriptions fr. Pisidian Antioch [Ramsay, Bearing 150; 153f; GCheesman, JRS 3, 1913, 262]) s. Hemer above and Boffo, Iscrizioni 242–46.—TZahn, NKZ 15, 1904, 23–41; 189–200; Ramsay, Bearing 150–72; Cheesman, loc. cit. 253–66; AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 338–41; Kl. Pauly V 137; Haenchen p. 77 (Eng. tr. 64); DBS XII 693–99.—LGPN I. M-M.

σκάνδαλον, ου, τό (s. σκανδαλίζω; non-bibl. pap; PLond 1338, 25; 1339, 10 [both 709 A.D.]; LXX, Aq., Sym., Theod.; PsSol 4:23 [but not in Test12Patr, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., apolog.], then Christian wr. Later word for σκανδάληθρον [Aristoph. et al.]; s. Hesych. and Phot. s.v.).

① a device for catching someth. alive, trap (PCairZen 608, 7 [III B.C.], where written σκάνδαδον) w. παγίς, used metaph. (Josh 23:13; Ps 140:9; 1 Macc 5:4; Is 8:14 Sym. and Theod.) Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23). σκ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν in such a pers. there is no reason for falling i.e., as the next vs. indicates, the pers. can see what lies along the path 1J 2:10 (Moffatt ‘no pitfall’; s. AVicentCernuda, EstBîbl 27, ’68, 153–75, 215–32); but s. 3.

② an action or circumstance that leads one to act contrary to a proper course of action or set of beliefs, temptation to sin, enticement to apostasy, false belief, etc., fig. ext. of 1 (Ezk 7:19 Aq. and Sym.; Wsd 14:11) Mt 18:7abc; Lk 17:1; B 4:9. τὸ τέλειον σκ. the final temptation 4:3. βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ entice the sons of Israel to sin Rv 2:14. σκάνδαλα ποιεῖν bring about temptations (to sin) Ro 16:17. τιθέναι τινὶ σκάνδαλον put a temptation in someone’s way 14:13 (on τιθέναι σκ. cp. Jdth 5:1); in place of the dat. κατά τινος 1 Cl 35:8 (Ps 49:20).—Also of persons (PsSol 4:23; 1 Macc 5:4): Jesus censures Peter, as Satan σκάνδαλον εἶ ἐμοῦ you are tempting me to sin Mt 16:23. In ἀπεχόμενοι σκανδάλων καὶ τῶν ψευδαδέλφων κτλ. Pol 6:3, σκ. is prob. best taken as one who tempts others to sin (cp. Pistis Sophia 105; 106 [p. 173–75 CSchmidt] ὡς σκάνδαλον καὶ ὡς παραβάτης; AcJ 64 [Aa II/1 p. 182, 14f] of a woman ἡ σκάνδαλον γενομένη ἀνδρί; 79 [p. 190, 11]).—To those who cannot come to a decision to believe on him, Jesus is a σκάνδαλον (σκανδαλίζω 1b). In line w. OT imagery (Is 8:14, where Aq., Sym., Theod.—in contrast to the LXX—have our word) Jesus is called πέτρα σκανδάλου Ro 9:33; 1 Pt 2:8 (on the relation of these two passages to each other s. RHarris, Testimonies I 1916, 18f; 26f).

③ that which causes offense or revulsion and results in opposition, disapproval, or hostility, fault, stain etc. (Sir 7:6; 27:23). σκ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν in him there is no stain or fault 1J 2:10 (cp. Jdth 5:20); but s. 1. Of the cross ὅ ἐστιν σκάνδαλον τοῖς ἀπιστοῦσιν which is revolting to those who have no faith IEph 18:1. The crucified Christ is a σκ. to Judeans 1 Cor 1:23. τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ the stumbling-block of the cross, i.e. that which, in the preaching about the cross, arouses opposition Gal 5:11. συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκ. they will gather out of his kingdom everything that is offensive Mt 13:41 (this interpr., which refers τὰ σκ. to things, would correspond to the scripture passage basic to this one, i.e. Zeph 1:3, where Sym. has our word in the combination τὰ σκάνδαλα σὺν [τοῖς] ἀσεβέσι. But the fact that Mt continues w. καὶ τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν could require us to take τὰ σκ. to mean persons; s. 2 above).—To bibl. in TW add RKnox, Trials of a Translator ’49, 66–73; AHumbert, Biblica 35, ’54, 1–28 (synoptics).—DELG. M-M. DBS XII 49–66. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σκυθρωπός, (ή), όν (cp. σκυθρωπία; Aeschyl., Hippocr., et al.; Plut., Mor. 139f; PGM 13, 259; Cat. Cod. Astr. XII 125, 14 in a list of neg. personal characteristics; LXX; TestSol; TestSim 4:1; GrBar 16:1; Philo; Jos., Ant. 6, 229) pert. to having a look suggestive of gloom or sadness, sad, gloomy, sullen, dark (X., Mem. 2, 7, 12; Menand., Epitr. 260 S. [84 Kö.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 80) Mt 6:16; Lk 24:17.—Metaph. of dark garments, reflecting the wearer’s state of mind σκυθρωπότερα ἱμάτια darker garments AcPl Ha 2, 16.—DELG s.v. σκύζομαι; Frisk s.v. σκυδμαίνω. M-M.

Σμύρνα, ης, ἡ (on the spelling Ζμύρνα s. that entry and s. Tdf. app. Rv 1:11; Lghtf., Ap. F. II/2, 331 n. 2 [IPol ins]; W-S. §5, 27d; Mlt. 45) Smyrna (Mimnermus, Hdt.+; ins [s. collection ISmyrna in IK XXIII], SibOr), a prosperous commercial city on the west coast of Asia Minor: Rv 1:11; 2:8; IEph 21:1; IMg 15; ITr 1:1; 12:1; IRo 10:1; ISm ins; MPol ins; 12:2; 16:2; 19:1; EpilMosq 4.—JWeiss, RE X 550, 29ff; Ramsay, Letters 1905, ch. 19f; VSchultze, Altchristl. Städte u. Landschaften II/2, 1926; CCadoux, Ancient Smyrna ’38; Pauly-W. XII Suppl 690; Kl. Pauly V 244; BHHW III 1816f; PECS 847f.—M-M.

σπόριμος, ον (s. σπείρω, σπορά, and σπόρο; X. et al.; IG XII, 3, 344; 345; pap, LXX) pert. to being sown, sown, subst. τὰ σπόριμα standing grain, grain fields (Ps.-Aeschines, Ep. 9, 1; SibOr 8, 181; Geopon. 1, 12, 37; PLond II, 413, 14f p. 302 ἐπιδὴ τὰ δορκάδια ἀφανίζουσειν τὸ [read τὰ] σπόριμα) Mt 12:1; Mk 2:23; Lk 6:1.—BMurmelstein, Jesu Gang durch d. Saatfelder: Αγγελος III, 1930, 111–20.—DELG s.v. σπείρω. M-M. TW.

Στάχυς, υος, ὁ (several times in PCairZen [III B.C.]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 10, 14 [131/130 B.C.]; IG III, 1080, 37; 1095, 19; XII/3, 624; 749; IMagnMai 119, 25; CIL VI 8607) Stachys, recipient of a greeting Ro 16:9.—LGPN I. M-M.

στρατηγός, οῦ, ὁ (στρατός ‘army, host’, ἄγω; Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; EpArist 280; Philo, Joseph.; Mel., P. 105, 818; loanw. in rabb. Orig. ‘general’).

① the highest official in a Gr-Rom. city, praetor, chief magistrate pl. of the highest officials of the Roman colony of Philippi. This title was not quite officially correct, since these men were properly termed ‘duoviri’, but it occurs several times in ins as a popular designation for them (JWeiss, RE XII 1903, p. 39, 39f.—στρατηγοί governed Pergamum [Jos., Ant. 14, 247] and Sardis [14, 259]) Ac 16:20, 22, 35f, 38.—Mommsen, Röm. Geschichte V 274ff; JMarquardt, Staatsverw. I² 1881, 316ff; Ramsay, JTS 1, 1900, 114–16; FHaverfield, ibid. 434f; Zahn, Einl.³ I 378ff; AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 346f. Mason 86f.

② ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῦ ἱεροῦ=commander responsible for the temple in Jerusalem, captain of the temple Ac 4:1; 5:24. Also simply ὁ στρατηγός (Jos., Bell. 6, 294, Ant. 20, 131) vs. 26. In the pl. (LXX; s. Schürer II 278, 7) στρατηγοὶ (τοῦ ἱεροῦ) Lk 22:4, 52.—Schürer II 277f and s. EBriess, WienerStud 34, 1912, 356f; Kl. Pauly V 388–91 (CIG 3151 στ. ἐπὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ).—B. 1381f. DELG s.v. στρατό. M-M. TW.

συμμύστης, ου, ὁ (cp. μύω ‘close’, esp. eyes) one who has been initiated into the same mysteries, fellow-initiate (IG XII/8, 173, 13 [66 B.C.]; OGI 541, 9 οἱ τῶν τῆς θεοῦ μυστηρίων συνμύσται; PGM 4, 732; 12, 94.—Poland 39), fig. of the Christians in Ephesus Παύλου συμμύσται fellow-initiates of Paul IEph 12:2. Note the apostolic church discipline in AHilgenfeld, NT Extra Canonem Receptum² IV 1884 p. 117, 7: the presbyters are the συμμύσται of the bishop; Origen, Hom. 7, 2 in Lev., Hom. 7 in Jos.—DELG s.v. μύω.

συμφυλέτης, ου, ὁ (φυλή; Gr-Rom. ins IG XII/2, 505, 18 [II B.C.]; Doxogr. Gr. 655, 8; Rhet. Gr. VII 49, 22; Isocr. 12, 145 Bl. v.l.; Herodian Gramm., Philetaerus 475 [in the edition of Moeris by JPierson p. 351]; Hesych.) one who is a member of the same tribe or people group, compatriot; pl. one’s people 1 Th 2:14.—DELG s.v. φῦλον. M-M.

συντηρέω impf. συνετήρουν; fut. συντηρήσω; 1 aor. συνετήρησα LXX and ἐσυνετήρησα GrBar. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. συντηρηθήσεται Da 4:26; 1 aor. 3 pl. συνετηρήθησαν Da 3:23 (Aristot. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestLevi 6:2; GrBar 16:4; EpArist, Joseph.; Just., D. 30, 2f).

① to preserve against harm or ruin, protect, defend τινά someone (PTebt 416, 14; Just., D. 30, 2) Mk 6:20; Hm 5, 1, 7; Hs 5, 6, 2. Pass. (IG XII/5, 860, 44 [I B.C.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 184) be saved, preserved (opp. ἀπόλλυσθαι) Mt 9:17; Lk 5:38 v.l.

② to have a marked regard for, keep in mind, be concerned about τὶ someth (Polyb. 4, 60, 10; ins, pap, LXX) ἀδελφότητα Hm 8:10.

③ to store information in one’s mind for careful consideration, hold or treasure up (in one’s memory) (Sir 39:2; Da 7:28 Theod. τὸ ῥῆμα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου; sim. TestLevi 6:2.—Polyb. 30, 30, 5 the word means ‘keep to oneself, conceal’, as perh. also Jos., Bell. 2, 142) συνετήρει (διετήρει 2:51) τὰ ῥήματα Lk 2:19 (Da 7:28 Theod.; Syntipas p. 102, 1; 104, 9 συνετήρουν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ πάντα); BMeyer, CBQ 26, ’64, 31–49.—M-M. TW.

Συχέμ (שְׁכֶם) indecl.

① fem., Shechem (Συχέμ TestLevi 5:3=Σίκιμα Gen 48:22; Josh 24:32; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 8 Jac.; Theodotus [II B.C.]: 732 Fgm. 1 p. 692, 23 al. Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 22, 2]; Joseph.), a city in Samaria, destroyed 128 B.C. by Hyrcanus I. West of it Vespasian founded a new city, Flavia Neapolis (Eus., Onom. p. 150, 1) Ac 7:16ab.—KBaedeker, Pal. u. Syr.⁷ 1910, 203ff; FFörster, Sichem, s. Gesch. u. Bed., diss. Leipzig 1923; various articles ZDPV 1926–28; ESellin (earlier material in PThomsen, Palätina u. s. Kultur³ ’31, 116): ZAW 50, ’32, 303–8; PThomsen, Reallex. d. Vorgesch. XII 1928, 74ff; TBöhl, De opgraving van Sichem 1927; GWright in BASOR ’56–’62, The Biography of a Bibl. City ’65; ENielsen, Shechem, A Traditio-Hist. Investigation ’55; BHHW III, 1781–83; Kl. Pauly V 163.

② masc., a son of Hamor, Shechem (s. Ἑμμώρ) Ἑμμὼρ τοῦ Συχέμ (cp. Gen 33:19; JosAs 23:13) Hamor the father of Shechem Ac 7:16 v.l. (in Jos., Ant. 1, 337f Συχέμμης).—M-M. EDNT.

σφραγίς, ῖδος, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Trag., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsS 2:6; TestPs, ParJer; ApcMos 42; Philo; Jos., Ant. 15, 408; 18, 93 al.; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘seal, signet’.

① the instrument used for sealing or stamping, signet (Aristot., Strabo et al., Appian, Liby. 32 §137; 104 §493, Bell. Civ. 2, 22 §82; pap, LXX; Hippol., Ref. 9, 11, 5) σφραγὶς θεοῦ Rv 7:2 (against power of demons, etc. RCharles, Comm. I 196).

② the substance which bears the imprint of a signet and seals a document, seal (ParJer 3:10) GPt 8:33; 1 Cl 43:5. In Rv a book w. seven seals 5:1 (a last will and testament acc. to EHuschke, Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln 1860, Zahn, JWeiss; cp. JMarquardt, Römisches Privatieben² 1886, 805f; TBirt, Die Buchrolle in der Kunst 1907, 243.—On Rv 5f: WSattler, ZNW 20, 1921, 231–40; 21, 1922, 43–53; KStaritz, ibid. 30, ’31, 157–70; WTaylor, JTS 31, 1930, 266–71). λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας Rv 5:2, 5 v.l. (cp. λύω 1a). Also ἀνοῖξαι vs. 5, 9; 6:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 (Aeschyl., Eum. 828); 8:1 (ἀνοίγω 4).

③ the impression made by a signet, mark (Hdt. et al.; LXX; ApcMos 42) Rv 9:4 (cp. Martial 3, 21, of a slave ‘fronte notata’). In imagery ὁ θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἔχων τὴν σφραγῖδα ταύτην κτλ. God’s foundation that bears the following mark (= inscription) … 2 Ti 2:19 (s. Dölger, Sphragis 3; Straub 63).—Cp. Hs 8, 2, 4, prob. of a document bearing a mark that permits passage, a pass (cp. Aberciusins. 9 λαὸς λαμπρὰν σφραγεῖδαν ἔχων and the Naasene hymn in Hippol., Ref. 5, 10, 2 σφραγῖδας ἔχων καταβήσομαι; likewise the books of Jeû and the Mandaean wr.; Mani, Kephal. I 225, 13; 15; 18; difft. Leutzsch, Hermas p. 480 n. 201).

④ that which confirms or authenticates, attestation, confirmation, certification, fig. ext. of 3

ⓐ w. the gen. of that which is confirmed or authenticated ἡ σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the certification of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2. σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως he (Abraham) received the sign of circumcision as something that confirms the righteousness through faith that was already present Ro 4:11. σφ. need be no more than a metaphor for attestation or confirmation in περιτέτμηται ὁ λαὸς εἰς σφραγῖδα B 9:6.

ⓑ as a term for baptism in 2 Cl and Hermas (Theognis ln. 19: the author’s name, as a σφρηγίς [Ionic form], ensures his work against all possibility of falsification): ἡ σφραγίς 2 Cl 7:6; 8:6; Hs 8, 6, 3; 9, 16, 3ff al. ἡ σφ. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 16, 3 (also AcThom 131 [Aa II/2, 239, 3; s. Leutzsch, Hermas p. 483 n. 239]. Cp. ἡ σφ. τοῦ κυρίου Clem. Alex., Quis Div. Salv. 42, 4. ἡ σφ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPh 134 [Aa II/2, 65, 11]; τῆς ἐν κυρίῳ σφραγῖδος AcPl Ha 3, 24; 11, 23 [s. μυέω]; ἡ ἐν Χριστῷ σφ. AcPlTh 25 [Aa I, 253, 7f]; AcThom, end [Aa II/2, 291, 7f]). Used with the verbs διδόναι τινὶ (τὴν σφ.) Hs 9, 16, 5b (AcThom 49 [Aa II/2, 165, 14]; s. also 27 [Aa II/2, 142f]). λαμβάνειν 8, 6, 3; 9, 16, 3; 9, 17, 4. ἔχειν 9, 16, 5a; 7; κηρύσσειν 9, 16, 4b. τεθλακέναι 8, 6, 3. τηρεῖν 2 Cl 7:6; 8:6= τηρεῖν τὸ βάπτισμα 6:9 (δέχεσθαι AcThom 26 [Aa II/2, 141, 14]; περιτιθέναι Celsus in Origen, C. Cels. 2, 96f).—GAnrich, Das Antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 120ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 144ff; ASeeberg, Der Katechismus der Urchristenheit 1903, 232ff; FDölger, Sphragis als Taufbez. 1911, 49ff, Ac I 1929, 88–91; AvStromberg, Studien zur Theorie u. Praxis der Taufe 1913, 89ff; WHeitmüller, ΣΦΡΑΓΙΣ: Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 40ff; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 227ff; FPreisigke, Die Gotteskraft der frühchristl. Zeit 1922, 25f; EMaass, Segnen, Weihen, Taufen: ARW 21, 1922, 241ff; JYsebaert, Greek Baptismal Terminol., ’62, 204f.—Kl. Pauly V 309; OEANE IV 509–12; DBS XII 66–228 esp. 213–28 on NT; BHHW III 1786–90.—DELG. EDNT. TW. Sv.

τεκνοτροφέω 1 aor. ἐτεκνοτρόφησα (since Aristot., HA 9, 40, 14, 625b, 20 [of the bee]; IG XII, 5, 655, 8 [II/III A.D.]; SEG XXVII, 948a, 5f [Christ. VI A.D.) bring up children, i.e. care for them physically and spiritually (Epict. 1, 23, 3 after Epicurus) 1 Ti 5:10.—New Docs 2, 194. DELG s.v. τρέφω. M-M.

Τίτιος, ου, ὁ (CIL III, 3053; 6010, 223; XII, 4141; Jos., Ant. 16, 270) Titius, a σεβόμενος τὸν θεόν (σέβω 1b) in Corinth, whose surname was Justus Ac 18:7 (v.l. Τίτος; many mss. omit this half of the name entirely and have simply Ἰούστου).—EGoodspeed, JBL 69, ’50, 382f identifies Titius Justus w. Gaius (Γάϊος 3; s. comm.).