-
121 prova testimoniale
Dirtestimonial evidence1) (tentativo) attempt, tryfare una prova — to make an attempt, have a try
2) Scol exam, testprova orale/scritta — oral/written exam o test
3) Teatro, Mus rehearsal -
122 document
[ˈdɔkjumənt] nouna written statement giving information, proof, evidence etc:وَثيقَه، مُسْتَنَدShe signed several legal documents relating to the sale of her house.
-
123 μιξ-
-
124 φιδίτιον
A common mess at Sparta, later name for the earlier ὰνδρεῖον (v. ), Arist.Pol. 1271a27, 1272a2, b34, Rh. 1411a25, Antiph.44.3, Dicaearch.Hist.23, Phylarch.44 J., D.H.2.23, Cic. Tusc.5.34.98,Ἑλληνικά 1.18
, 19 (Gytheum, i A. D.), Plu.Lyc.12 (hence Porph.Abst.4.4), Agis 8, Cleom.13, Phoc.20, Paus.7.1.8, IG5(1).128.13, al. (ii A. D.), Philostr.VA4.27, Them.Or.19.227b, Hsch. s. vv. διαφοιγοιμόρ, φιδίτια, Phot. s.v. συσσιτίαι, Suid. s.v. Λυκοῦργος, φιλίτια, Eust.1413.23.II dining-hall in which the meals took place, X.HG5.4.28, Lac.3.5, 5.6, Phld.Mus.pp.18,86 K., D.Chr.2.44, Plu.Lyc.26, Ages.20, Id.2.697e, Ath.4.139c. [Quantity given by εἰς τὰ φιδίτια ( φειδ- codd.Ath.) at end of iambic line in Antiph. l. c., where φῐδῐ- is possible but involves an unlikely φῐδῐτης.] (Written φιδείτια in Ἑλληνικά l. c., φειδείτιον (or -α ) in IG5(1)Il.cc. (exc. φειδίτιον in 1507); but dat. φιλιτείοις and φιλειτείοις in Phld. Il. cc. (Pap.); this contradiction in the early evidence is unexplained; the form φιδ- or φειδ- is corroborated by Plu.Lyc.12, where it is suggested that the word comes from φιλία with substitution of δ for λ, or from φειδώ, or from Εδίτια ('eatings', cf. ἐδωδή ) with prefixed φ. Codd. have φιδίτια (or ον ) in Arist.Pol. (v.l. φιλίτια), Plu. (exc. φιτιδίοις v. l. in Cleom. l. c., φιλιτίων all codd. in Phoc. l.c., φιλίτια all codd. in 2.714b, φιλέστιον in 2.697e), Hsch.; φειδίτια in Paus., Ath. (who cites Antiph., Dicaearch.Hist., Phylarch.), Eust.; φιλίτια in X. (v.l. φιδίτια in HG l. c.), Arist.Rh. ( φιδίτια Sch.), D.H., D.Chr., Philostr., Them., Suid.; philitiis in Cic.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > φιδίτιον
-
125 ψιλός
I of land, bare, ψ. ἄροσις open cornland, Il.9.580;πεδίον μέγα τε καὶ ψ. Hdt.1.80
;ὁ λόφος.. δασὺς ἴδῃσί ἐστι, ἐούσης τῆς ἄλλης Λιβύης ψ. Id.4.175
;ἀπὸ ψ. τῆς γῆς Pl.Criti. 111d
, cf. X.An.1.5.5, etc.: in full, [γῆ] ψ. δενδρέων Hdt.4.19
,21; ἄδενδρα καὶ ψ., of the Alps, Plb.3.55.9; τὰ ψ. (sc. χωρία), opp. τὰ ὑλώδη, X.Cyn.5.7; τόποι ψ. ib.4.6; ψ. γεωργία the tillage of land for corn and the like, opp. γ. πεφυτευμένη (the tillage of it for vines, olives, etc.), Arist.Pol. 1258b18, Thphr.CP3.20.1; soγῆ ψ. Eup. 230
, D.20.115, Tab.Heracl.1.175, 2.33;ἐλαῖαι, ὧν νῦν τὰ πολλὰ ἐκκέκοπται καὶ ἡ γῆ ψ. γεγένηται Lys.7.7
.II of animals, stripped of hair or feathers, smooth (cf.λεῖος 1.3
),δέρμα.. ἐλάφοιο Od.13.437
;σάρξ Hp.
Aër.19; ἡμίκραιραν ψ. ἔχων with half the head shaved, Ar. Th. 227; ψ. γνάθοι ib. 583;τὴν ὀσφὺν κομιδῇ ψ. Pherecr.23.4
(anap.); used of dogs with a short, smooth coat of hair, X.Cyn.3.2;τὴν δίποδα ἀγέλην τῷ ψ. καὶ τῷ πτεροφυεῖ τέμνειν Pl.Plt. 266e
;ἄνθρωπος -ότατον κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τῶν ζῴων πάντων ἐστί Arist.GA 745b16
; so ἶβις ψ. τὴν κεφαλήν without feathers, bald on the head, Hdt.2.76; hairless, of the foetus of a hare, Id.3.108; ψ. τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν, of the ostrich, Arist.PA 697b18.b ψιλαὶ Περσικαί Persian carpets, Callix.2; such a carpet is called ψιλή alone, PSI7.858.2 (iii B. C., pl.), LXXJo.7.21; ψιλὴ πολύμιτος, Babylonicum, Gloss.; ψιλή = aulaeum, tapeta, ibid.; cf. ψιλόταπις.2 generally, bare, uncovered, ψ. ὡς ὁρᾷ νέκυν, i. e. without any earth over it, S.Ant. 426; of a horse which has thrown its rider, AP13.18 ([place name] Parmeno).b c. gen., bare of, separated from, ψ. σώματος οὖσα [ἡ ψυχή] Pl.Lg. 899a;τέχναι ψ. τῶν πράξεων Id.Plt. 258d
;ψ. ὅπλων Id.Lg. 834c
;ἱππέων X.Cyr.5.3.57
;θηρία μεμονωμένα καὶ ψ. τῶν Ἰνδῶν Plb.11.1.12
.c stripped of appendages, naked, ψ. [τρόπις] the bare keel with the planks torn from it, Od.12.421; ψ. μάχαιραι swords alone, without other arms, etc., X.Cyr.4.5.58; θάλαττα ψ. blank sea, Aristid.Or.25(43).50.III freq. in Prose, as a military term, of soldiers without heavy armour, light troops, such as archers and slingers, opp. ὁπλῖται, first in Hdt.7.158, al., freq. in Th., e. g.ὁπλίζει τὸν δῆμον, πρότερον ψ. ὄντα 3.27
, cf. Arr.Tact.3.3;ὁ ψ. ὅμιλος Th.4.125
; so ψιλοί or τὸ ψιλόν, opp. τὸ ὁπλιτικόν, X.HG4.2.17, Arist.Pol. 1321a7; ψιλός, opp. ὡπλισμένος, S.Aj. 1123: coupled with ἄσκευος, Id.OC 1029;ψιλὸς στρατεύσομαι Ar.Th. 232
;ψ. δύναμις Arist.Pol. 1321a13
; αἱ κοῦφαι καὶ αἱ ψ. ἐργασίαι work that belongs to unarmed soldiers, ib. 1321a25;ψ. χερσὶν πρὸς καθωπλισμένους Ael.VH6.2
: but ψ. ἔχων τὴν κεφαλήν bare-headed, without helmet, X.An.1.8.6; ψ. ἵππος a horse without housings, Id.Eq.7.5: unarmed, defenceless, S.Ph. 953.IV λόγος ψ. bare language, i. e. prose, opp. to poetry which is clothed in the garb of metre, Pl.Mx. 239c, Phld.Mus.p.97K.; more freq. in pl.,ψ. λόγοι Pl.Lg. 669d
; opp. τὰ μέτρα, Arist.Rh. 1404b14,33: but in D.27.54 ψ. λόγος is a mere speech, a speech unsupported by evidence; and in Pl.Tht. 165a ψιλοὶ λόγοι are mere forms of argumentation, dialectical abstractions (so ψιλῶς λέγειν speak nakedly, without alleging proofs, Id.Phdr. 262c, cf. Lg. 811e);τὰς πράξεις αὐτὰς ψιλὰς φράζοντες Arist.Rh.Al. 1438b27
.2 ποίησις ψ. mere poetry, without music, i. e. Epic poetry, opp. Lyric ([etym.] ἡ ἐν ᾠδῇ), Pl.Phdr. 278c; soἄνευ ὀργάνων ψ. λόγοι Id.Smp. 215c
, cf. Arist.Po. 1447a29; ψ. τῷ στόματι, opp. μετ' ὀργάνων, as a kind of μουσική, Pl.Plt. 268b;λύρας φθόγγοι.. ψιλοὶ καὶ ἀμεικτότεροι τῇ φωνῇ Arist.Pr. 922a16
; ἡ ψ. φωνή the ordinary sound of the voice, opp. singing ([etym.] ἡ ᾠδική), D.H. Comp.11.3 ψ. μουσική instrumental music unaccompanied by the voice, opp. ἡ μετὰ μελῳδίας, Arist.Pol. 1339b20; ψιλῷ μέλει διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς ᾠδὴν καὶ κιθάραν, of Marsyas, Plu.2.713d, cf. Phld.Mus. p.100K.; soψ. κιθάρισις καὶ αὔλησις Pl.Lg. 669e
; ψιλὸς αὐλητής one who plays unaccompanied on the flute (cf. ψιλοκιθαριστής), Phryn. 145.V mere, simple (cf. supr. IV. 1), ἀριθμητικὴ ψιλή, opp. geometry and the like , Pl.Plt. 299e; ὕδωρ ψ., opp. σὺν οἴνῳ, Hp.Int.35; ψ. ἀναίρεσις mere removal, Phld.Sign.12; ψ. ἄνδρες, i. e. men without women, Antip.Stoic.3.254:—Oedipus calls Antigone his ψιλὸν ὄμμα, as being the one poor eye left him, S.OC 866. Adv. merely, only,Plu.
Per.15; ἕνεκα τοῦ ψ. εἰπεῖν for the purpose of merely saying, Sch. Il.Oxy.1086.65; ψ. ὀνομάζειν call by the bare name (without epithet), Phld.Vit.p.39J.VI Gramm. of vowels,ψ. ἦχος
without the spiritus asper,Demetr.
Eloc.73;ψ. πνεῦμα A.D.Adv.148.9
, D.T.Supp. 674.15;ψιλῶς λέγεσθαι A.D.Pron.57.3
.b of the letters ε and υ written simply, not as αι and οι, which represented the sounds in late Gr.,μαθόντες τὰ διὰ τοῦ διφθόγγου ᾱῑ τυχὸν ἅπαντα, ἐδιδάχθημεν τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ψιλὰ γράφεσθαι Hdn.Epim. 162
, cf. An.Ox.1.124: hence ἐψιλόν as name of the letter ε and ὐψιλόν as name of υ, which are first found in Anon. post Et.Gud.679.6, 678.55, and Chrysoloras: ἐ ψιλόν is f. l. in D.T.631.5: but inπᾶσα λέξις ἀπὸ τῆς κ ¯ ε ¯ συλλαβῆς ἀρχομένη διὰ τοῦ ε ¯ ψιλοῦ γράφεται.. πλὴν τοῦ καί, κτλ. Hdn.Epim.62
, ε ¯ ψ. is not yet merely the name of the letter: for ὐψιλόν v. sub ὖ, cf. Sch. Heph.p.93C.2 of mute consonants, the litterae tenues, π κ τ, opp. φ χ θ, o(/sai gi/gnontai xwris th=s tou= pneu/matos e)kbolh=s Arist. Aud. 804b10, cf. D.H.Comp.14, D.T.631.21; ψιλῶς καλεῖν pronounce with a littera tenuis for an aspirate, e. g., ῥάπυς for ῥάφυς, ἀσπάραγος for ἀσφάραγος, Ath.9.369b, cf. Eust.81.5, Tz.H.11.58. -
126 ἐμπίμπλημι
Aἐμπιπλεῖς Hp.Morb.2.14
, part. - πιπλῶν ib.12; [ per.] 3sg.ἐμπιπλέει Hdt.7.39
(with vv.ll. -πιπλεῖ, -πιπλᾷ): [ per.] 1sg. [tense] impf.ἐνεπίμπλων D.C.68.31
: [tense] fut. : [tense] aor. ἐνέπλησα, [dialect] Ep.subj.ἐνιπλήσῃς Od.19.117
: [tense] pf. ἐμπέπληκα (v. infr.):— fill quite full,ἐν ὦν ἔπλησαν τοῦ νεκροῦ τὴν κοιλίην Hdt.2.87
; τὸ πεδίον, τὴν ὁδόν, X. HG7.1.20, 2.4.11.2 c. gen., fill full of a thing,ἐμπίπληθι ῥέεθρα ὕδατος Il.21.311
, etc.;δέπας ὕδατος Od.9.209
; [ἵππον] ἀνδρῶν ἐμπλήσας 8.495
;μὴ.. θυμὸν ἐνιπλήσῃς ὀδυνάων 19.117
;ἐ. [τὰ θυλάκια] τῆς ψάμμου Hdt.3.105
, cf.4.72, 5.114; τοὺς κοφίνους.. ἐμπίμπλη (imper.) ;ἐ. ἵππων τὸν ἱππόδρομον X.Eq.Mag.3.10
: metaph.,τὴν ψυχὴν ἔρωτος Pl.Phdr. 255d
;τινὰ ἐλπίδων κενῶν Aeschin. 1.171
.b metaph.,ἐ. τινὰ μύθων E.Hel. 769
;τοῦ πολεμεῖν Isoc.9.63
; ;ἐρώτων.. ἐμπίμπλησιν ἡμᾶς Id.Phd. 66c
;ἐμπιμπλὰς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώμην X.An.1.7.8
.II [voice] Med. (with [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.),ἐμπίμπλαμαι E. Ion 925
;ἐμπιμπλάμενος Cratin.142
, Pherecr.80, Epicur.Nat.117G.: [tense] impf.ἐνεπιμπλάμην X.An.7.7.46
, Aeschin.3.230, etc.: later [ per.] 3pl.ἐνεπιμπλῶντο D.S.34
/5.2.29:— fill for oneself or what is one's own,ἐμπλήσατο νηδύν Od.9.296
; μένεος ἐμπλήσατο θυμόν he filled his heart with rage, Il.22.312; θαλέων ἐμπλησάμενος κῆρ ib. 504; τὸ ἄγγος τοῦ ὕδατος ἐ. Hdt.5.12.2 abs., eat oneself full, eat one's fill,ἐνιπλησθῆναι ἀνώγει Od.7.221
, cf. Hdt.8.117, Ar.V. 911, X.Mem.1.3.6, etc.: metaph., ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἐνέπληντο ( ἐνεπέπληντο codd.) Lys.28.6.III [voice] Pass., [tense] aor.1 ἐνεπλήσθην (v. infr.): [tense] aor. 2 , 1304, prob. in Lys. 28.6; opt. ἐμπλῄμην (v. infr.): [tense] plpf. ἐνεπεπλήμην f.l. in Lys. l.c., lateἐμπέπληστο Max.Tyr.18.7
;ἐνέπλησθεν δέ οἱ.. αἵματος ὀφθαλμοί Il.16.348
;δακρύων τὰ ὄμματα X.Cyr.5.5.10
;ἔμπληντο βροτῶν ἀγοραί Od.8.16
;πόλις δ' ἔμπλητο ἀλέντων Il.21.607
;ἐνέπλητο πολλῶν κἀγαθῶν Ar.V. 1304
; φακῆς ἐμπλήμενος ib. 984, cf.Ec.56: metaph., υἷος ἐνιπλησθῆναι.. ὀφθαλμοῖσιν to take my fill of my son with my eyes, i.e. to sate myself with looking on him, Od.11.452; ;πλεονεξίας ἐμπίμπλασθαι Pl.Criti. 121b
.2 c. dat., ἀμπελίνῳ καρπῷ ἐ. to be filled with.., Hdt.1.212;ἐμπιπλάμενοι πυριάτῃ Cratin.142
;ἐμπίπλαται.. αἵματι ὁ βωμός Paus.3.16.10
.3 c. part., , cf. Ion 925;βάλλων.. οὐκ ἂν ἐμπλῄμην Ar.Ach. 236
;οὐκ ἐνεπίμπλασο ὑπισχνούμενος X.An.7.7.46
; ἔμπλησο λέγων speak thy fill, Ar.V. 603.—The two last constructions are post-Homeric. (Freq. written - πίπλ-, but the evidence of the best codd. of [dialect] Att. writers is in favour of - πίμπλ-.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐμπίμπλημι
-
127 hand
1 [lichaamsdeel] hand♦voorbeelden:in andere handen komen • change handsblote handen • bare handsdie zaak is in goede/slechte handen • that matter is in good/bad handsin goede/verkeerde handen vallen • 〈 figuurlijk〉 fall into the right/wrong handsiemand de helpende hand bieden • lend someone a (helping) handniet met lege handen komen • not come empty-handed〈 figuurlijk〉 uit de losse hand • roughly, in an improvised wayiets met vaste hand doen • do something with a sure touch〈 figuurlijk〉 met vaste/krachtige hand regeren • rule with a firm/iron handhij is in veilige handen • he is in safe handsiemand (de) handen vol werk geven • give someone no end of work/troublede handen vol hebben aan iemand/iets • have one's hands full with someone/somethinghij heeft de handen meer dan vol • he has enough/too much on his platedat kost handen vol geld • that costs lots of moneyiets aan vreemde handen toevertrouwen • entrust something to strangershij heeft de handen niet vrij • he does not have a free hand〈 figuurlijk〉 de vrije hand hebben/krijgen • have/acquire a free handergens zijn handen niet aan vuil willen maken • refuse to soil one's hands with something〈 figuurlijk〉 ik draai er mijn hand niet voor om • 〈 ik heb er geen moeite mee〉 I think nothing of it; 〈 het kan me niet schelen〉 I don't care a rap (for it)iemand de hand drukken/geven/schudden • give someone one's hand, shake hands with someonedan kunnen we elkaar de hand geven • we're in the same boat〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand de hand boven het hoofd houden • 〈 aan zijn kant staan〉 stand by someone; 〈 iemand beschermen die iets misdaan heeft〉 protect someone〈 figuurlijk〉 de handen op elkaar krijgen • earn/get applause〈 figuurlijk〉 de hand op iets/iemand leggen • lay hands on someone/somethingiemands hand lezen • read someone's palmde hand lichten met het reglement • disregard the regulationselkaar de hand reiken • hold out a hand to each other 〈 ook figuurlijk〉; 〈 figuurlijk〉 reach out to each otherhanden schudden • shake handshij steekt geen/nooit een hand uit • he never does a stroke of workde hand over het hart strijken • 〈 figuurlijk〉 be lenient/soft-heartedhij kan zijn handen niet thuishouden • he can't keep his hands to himselfdaar wordt vaak de hand mee gelicht • that is often skimped/not taken seriously(mijn) hand erop! • you have/here's my hand on it!handen omhoog! (of ik schiet) • hands up!/ 〈 informeel〉stick 'em up! (or I'll shoot)handen thuis! • hands off!〈 figuurlijk〉 iets aan de hand hebben • 〈 met iets bezig zijn〉 have something going/on; 〈 bij iets betrokken zijn〉 be involved in somethingaan de hand van deze berekeningen • on the basis of these calculationsiemand een middel aan de hand doen tegen huiduitslag • put someone on to a good remedy for a rashniks aan de hand! • there's nothing the matteraan de hand van deze ervaringen concludeer ik … • in view of these experiences I conclude …iets achter de hand hebben • 〈 figuurlijk〉 have something to fall back on; 〈 heimelijk〉 have something up one's sleevewat geld achter de hand houden • keep some money for a rainy dayik heb mijn gummetje altijd vlak bij de hand • I always have my rubber near at handin de handen klappen • clap one's handsiemand iets in handen spelen • put something someone's wayiemand iets in de hand duwen/stoppen • slip/thrust something into someone's hands; 〈 figuurlijk〉 palm/fob someone off with somethingeen bewijs in handen hebben • have evidencehet onderzoek is in handen van N. • the investigation is being conducted by N.de markt in handen hebben • control/have control of the marketde politie heeft de zaak nu in handen • the police have the case in handde macht in handen hebben • have powerde toestand in de hand hebben • have the situation in handin handen vallen van de politie/de vijand • fall into the hands of the police/enemy〈 figuurlijk〉 iets met beide handen aangrijpen • jump at something; 〈 aanbod, gelegenheid ook〉 seize (upon) somethingmet de hand gemaakt/geschreven • hand-made/handwritten〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand naar zijn hand zetten • force/mould/bend someone to one's will, manage someone, twist someone round one's (little) fingeriets om handen hebben • have something to do〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand onder handen nemen • take someone in hand/to taskiemand op (de) handen dragen • 〈 figuurlijk〉 worship/idolize someonehand over hand toenemen • increase hand over fist, gain ground rapidlyiemand iets ter hand stellen • hand something (over) to someoneiets ter hand nemen • take something up, take something in hand, undertake somethinger komt niets uit zijn handen • he doesn't get anything doneuit de hand lopen • get out of handiemand het werk uit (de) handen nemen • take work off someone's handsiets van de hand doen • sell/part with/dispose of somethingvan hand tot hand gaan • be passed from hand to handgoed/duur van de hand gaan • sell well/at high prices 〈 van koopwaren〉dat is de meest voor de hand liggende conclusie • that is the most obvious conclusiongeen hand voor iemand/iets uitsteken • not lift a finger for someone/somethinghij heeft er geen hand naar uitgestoken • 〈 niets aan gedaan〉 he hasn't done a stroke of work on it; 〈 niets van gegeten〉 he hasn't touched itgeen hand voor ogen kunnen zien • 〈 figuurlijk〉 not be able to see one's hand in front of one('s face)ik heb maar twee handen! • I have only (got) one pair of hands!een verhaal van de hand van • a story (written) by3 de zieke is aan de beterende hand • the patient is on the mend/getting betteraan mijn rechter/linker hand • on my right/left (hand/side)aan de winnende hand zijn • be winning〈 figuurlijk〉 iemand op zijn hand hebben/krijgen • have/get someone on one's side¶ wat is er daar aan de hand? • what's going on there?〈 figuurlijk〉 alsof er niets aan de hand was • as if nothing had happened/was wronger is iets aan de hand • there's something the matter/upiets/iemand in de hand werken • encourage something/someone; 〈 iets ook〉 make for something; 〈 iemand ook〉 play into someone's hands〈 van personen〉 zwaar op de hand zijn • be heavy/ponderousop handen zijn • be (near) at hand/imminent/forthcomingvan de hand in de tand leven • live from hand to moutheen verzoek/voorstel van de hand wijzen • refuse a request 〈 verzoek〉; turn down a proposal 〈 voorstel〉 -
128 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
written evidence — index affirmance (legal affirmation), certificate, certification (attested copy) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
written evidence — See documentary evidence; X ray photograph … Ballentine's law dictionary
evidence — ev·i·dence 1 / e və dəns, ˌdens/ n [Medieval Latin evidentia, from Latin, that which is obvious, from evident evidens clear, obvious, from e out of, from + videns, present participle of videre to see]: something that furnishes or tends to furnish … Law dictionary
evidence — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Means of proving Nouns 1. evidence, facts, premises, data, grounds, demonstration, confirmation, corroboration, support, ratification, authentication, acknowledgment, proof; state s, king s, queen s,… … English dictionary for students
Evidence-Based Nursing — or EBN is a method of identifying solid research findings and implementing them in nursing practices to further increase the quality of patient care. Overview Evidenced based nursing/evidence based practice (EBN/EBP) is a nursing process that… … Wikipedia
evidence — n Evidence, testimony, deposition, affidavit are, in their legal senses, closely related but not synonymous terms. The last three designate forms of evidence, or material submitted to a competent legal tribunal as a means of ascertaining where… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
evidence — /ev i deuhns/, n., v., evidenced, evidencing. n. 1. that which tends to prove or disprove something; ground for belief; proof. 2. something that makes plain or clear; an indication or sign: His flushed look was visible evidence of his fever. 3.… … Universalium
EVIDENCE — Non Evidentiary Proceedings in Biblical Law The revelation of divine law is found not only in legislation but also in adjudication in particular cases (cf. Lev. 24:12–13; Num. 15:32–34; 27:1–8; Deut. 1:17), whether through Moses or judges or… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Evidence (law) — The law of evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit) and exhibits (e.g., physical objects) or other documentary material which is admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact … Wikipedia
Evidence of Heaven — Infobox Album Name = Evidence of Heaven Type = Album Artist = Faith and the Muse Released = 1999, 2000 re release, 2001 re release Recorded = May July, 1999 at Wisperthal Genre = Gothic rock Length = Label = Neue Ästhetik Multimedia (1996),… … Wikipedia
evidence — Any species of proof, or probative matter, legally presented at the trial of an issue, by the act of the parties and through the medium of witnesses, records, documents, exhibits, concrete objects, etc., for the purpose of inducing belief in the… … Black's law dictionary