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41 rendement
rendement [ʀɑ̃dmɑ̃]masculine noun[de champ] yield ; [de machine, personne] output ; [d'entreprise] ( = productivité) productivity ; ( = production) output ; [d'investissement] return (de on)* * *ʀɑ̃dmɑ̃nom masculin1) ( production) (de terre, d'investissement) yield; (de machine, travailleur) output [U]2) ( productivité) ( d'usine) productivity [U]; (de machine, travailleur) efficiency [U]3) ( résultat) (de sportif, d'élève) performance* * *ʀɑ̃dmɑ̃ nm1) [travailleur, machine] output2) [culture] yield3) [investissement] return4)à plein rendement [fonctionner, tourner] — at full capacity
* * *rendement nm1 ( production) (de terre, d'élevage, investissement) yield; (de machine, travailleur) output ¢; rendement laitier/agricole milk/farm yield; rendement à l'hectare yield per hectare; rendement de 8% yield of 8%; rendement des obligations yield of bonds; tourner à plein rendement to run at full capacity;2 ( productivité) (d'usine, entreprise) productivity ¢; (de machine, travailleur, source d'énergie) efficiency ¢; rendement énergétique energy efficiency;3 ( résultat) (de sportif, publicité) performance; rendement scolaire performance at school; rendement musculaire muscular performance.[rɑ̃dmɑ̃] nom masculin1. [production] output2. [rentabilité] productivity3. [efficacité] efficiency4. AGRICULTURE yieldà haut/bas rendement high-/low-yield -
42 машина работает не на полную мощность
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > машина работает не на полную мощность
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43 beruflich
beruflich adj GEN, PERS occupational, professional, vocational* * *adj <Geschäft, Person> occupational, professional* * *beruflich
professional, occupational, vocational, in a professional capacity;
• beruflich geeignet eligible for an occupation;
• beruflich ungeeignet incompetent to do a (unfit for one’s) job;
• beruflich verreist away on business;
• j. beruflich fördern to advance s. o. in his career;
• beruflich zu tun haben to be on business;
• j. beruflich in Anspruch nehmen to take professional advice from s. o.;
• beruflich ausgebildet sein to have learnt a trade;
• beruflich nur bei einer Firma gewesen sein to have spent one’s working life with a company;
• beruflich tätig sein to follow a trade, to exercise a profession;
• beruflich verhindert sein to be detained by work;
• beruflich nach A verreisen to be going to A on business;
• beruflich versagen to fall down on the job (coll.);
• berufliches Ansehen professional reputation;
• berufliche Ausbildung occupational training;
• berufliche Befriedigung job satisfaction;
• berufliche Beweglichkeit job mobility;
• berufliche Chancen career chances;
• berufliche Diskriminierung job discrimination;
• berufliche Eigenschaft professional capacity (character);
• berufliche Eignung occupational competence (aptitude), professional competence;
• berufliche Entwicklung career development;
• beruflicher Erfolg career success;
• berufliche Förderung career advancement;
• berufliche Fortbildung adult education, advanced vocational training;
• berufliche Investition vocational investment;
• berufliche Katastrophe job disaster;
• berufliche Laufbahn working career;
• berufliche Leistungsfähigkeit job efficiency;
• berufliche Möglichkeiten occupational opportunities;
• berufliche Position job status;
• berufliche Schweigepflicht professional secrecy;
• berufliche Schwierigkeiten [on-the-job] quandaries;
• berufliche Sicherheit job security;
• berufliche Stellung business position;
• berufliche Tätigkeit professional activity (employment);
• berufliche Tüchtigkeit efficiency in one’s work;
• berufliche Umgangsformen job etiquette;
• berufliche Umwelt job environment;
• berufliche Unabkömmlichkeit occupational deferment;
• berufliche Unbeständigkeit job instability;
• berufliche Vergangenheit job record, business career;
• berufliche Weiterbildung extended professional training, continuing (advanced) vocational training;
• beruflicher Werdegang business career, career history, job record;
• beruflicher Werdegang eines Bewerbers candidate career;
• beruflicher Wettbewerb job competition;
• berufliche Zufriedenheit job satisfaction.
to fall down on the job (coll.)
tätig, beruflich
having a job;
• freiberuflich tätig professional, freelance;
• als Kaufmann tätig engaged in commerce;
• tätig sein to work, to be active, to operate (US), to act, (amtieren) to function, to officiate;
• für j. tätig sein to serve with (be employed by) s. o.;
• anwaltlich tätig sein to be a lawyer by profession, to serve as solicitor (Br.), to solicit (Br.);
• im Baugewerbe tätig sein (Unternehmer) to build;
• ehrenamtlich tätig sein to be employed in an honorary capacity, to work without recompense;
• bei einer Firma tätig sein to be in the employ of a firm;
• freiberuflich tätig sein to act as a free-lance;
• geschäftlich tätig sein to carry on business;
• nicht mehr geschäftlich tätig sein to be out of business;
• in der Industrie tätig sein to work in industry;
• journalistisch tätig sein to write for the press (in the papers);
• offiziell tätig sein to act in one’s official capacity;
• weltweit tätig sein to cover the globe;
• auf verschiedenen Plätzen im Außendienst tätig gewesen sein to have a background in various parts of the world;
• amtlich tätig werden to act ex officio;
• auf höchster Ebene persönlich tätig werden to operate personally at high levels;
• europaweit tätig werden to start operating on a European scale;
• nicht im Rahmen seines Beschäftigungsverhältnisses tätig werden to act beyond the scope of one's employment.
vorgebildet, beruflich
professionally trained, skilled;
• juristisch vorgebildet learned in the law.
vorwärts kommen, beruflich
to improve one's position, to progress, to get ahead;
• in einer Stellung vorwärts kommen to rise. -
44 Organisation
f; -, -en2. nur Sg.; (Organisieren) organization; die Organisation des Parteitags lief reibungslos organization-wise the party conference went without a hitch3. (Struktur) organization; die Organisation des Konzerns wird effizienter the organization of the group is becoming more efficient* * *die Organisationorganisation; organization* * *Or|ga|ni|sa|ti|on [ɔrganiza'tsioːn]f -, -enorganization* * *die2) (a group of people working together for a purpose: a business organization.) organization3) (the act of organizing: Efficiency depends on the organization of one's work.) organization4) (a group of people working together for a purpose: a business organization.) organisation5) (the act of organizing: Efficiency depends on the organization of one's work.) organisation* * *Or·ga·ni·sa·ti·on<-, -en>[ɔrganizaˈtsi̯o:n]f organizationinternationale \Organisation international organizationnichtstaatliche \Organisation non-governmental organizationzwischenstaatliche \Organisation intergovernmental bodies* * *die; Organisation, Organisationen organization* * *1. (Zweckverband) organization;karitative Organisationen charity organizationsdie Organisation des Parteitags lief reibungslos organization-wise the party conference went without a hitch3. (Struktur) organization;die Organisation des Konzerns wird effizienter the organization of the group is becoming more efficient* * *die; Organisation, Organisationen organization* * *f.housekeeping n.organization n. -
45 bibliografía
f.1 bibliography.2 cannon of single author.3 literature, learned studies of subject.* * *1 bibliography* * *SF bibliography* * *femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography; ( para curso) booklist* * *= bibliography, booklist [book list], bibliographic listing, reference bibliography, reference list.Ex. The techniques of identifying and describing documents and of arranging these descriptions in a useful order are known as bibliography.Ex. Publications, such as book lists, and published lists of specific subject areas present in the stock of a library may assist the user to identify those parts of the stock which might be of particular interest to him.Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.Ex. A brief guide to the general development of type design follows in the next section, but for the identification of particular faces it will be necessary to refer to early founders' and printers' type-specimens (see the reference bibliography, pp. 396-7).Ex. In addition, the entire file can be printed out to serve as a reference list.----* bibliografía acumulada = cumulative bibliography.* bibliografía analítica = analytical bibliography.* bibliografía anotada = annotated bibliography.* bibliografía comentada = annotated bibliography.* bibliografía crítica = critical bibliography.* bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.* bibliografía de recursos en Internet = webliography.* bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.* bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.* bibliografía en curso = current bibliography.* bibliografía enumerativa = enumerative bibliography.* bibliografía especializada = literature.* bibliografía estadística = statistical bibliography.* bibliografía física = physical bibliography.* bibliografia general = general bibliography.* bibliografía histórica = historical bibliography.* bibliografía intelectual = intellectual bibliography.* bibliografía internacional = international bibliography.* bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.* Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).* bibliografía primaria = primary literature.* bibliografía profesional = literature.* bibliografía recomendada = recommended background reading, recommended reading.* bibliografía recomendada para el curso = course reading.* bibliografía retrospectiva = retrospective bibliography.* bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.* bibliografía sistemática = systematic bibliography.* bibliografía temática = subject bibliography.* biobliografía = biobibliography [bio-bibliography].* cartobibliografía = cartobibliography.* compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.* MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* * *femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography; ( para curso) booklist* * *= bibliography, booklist [book list], bibliographic listing, reference bibliography, reference list.Ex: The techniques of identifying and describing documents and of arranging these descriptions in a useful order are known as bibliography.
Ex: Publications, such as book lists, and published lists of specific subject areas present in the stock of a library may assist the user to identify those parts of the stock which might be of particular interest to him.Ex: Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.Ex: A brief guide to the general development of type design follows in the next section, but for the identification of particular faces it will be necessary to refer to early founders' and printers' type-specimens (see the reference bibliography, pp. 396-7).Ex: In addition, the entire file can be printed out to serve as a reference list.* bibliografía acumulada = cumulative bibliography.* bibliografía analítica = analytical bibliography.* bibliografía anotada = annotated bibliography.* bibliografía comentada = annotated bibliography.* bibliografía crítica = critical bibliography.* bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.* bibliografía de recursos en Internet = webliography.* bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.* bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.* bibliografía en curso = current bibliography.* bibliografía enumerativa = enumerative bibliography.* bibliografía especializada = literature.* bibliografía estadística = statistical bibliography.* bibliografía física = physical bibliography.* bibliografia general = general bibliography.* bibliografía histórica = historical bibliography.* bibliografía intelectual = intellectual bibliography.* bibliografía internacional = international bibliography.* bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.* Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).* bibliografía primaria = primary literature.* bibliografía profesional = literature.* bibliografía recomendada = recommended background reading, recommended reading.* bibliografía recomendada para el curso = course reading.* bibliografía retrospectiva = retrospective bibliography.* bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.* bibliografía sistemática = systematic bibliography.* bibliografía temática = subject bibliography.* biobliografía = biobibliography [bio-bibliography].* cartobibliografía = cartobibliography.* compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.* MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* * *1 (en un libro, informe) bibliography2 (para un curso) recommended reading* * *
bibliografía sustantivo femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography;
( para curso) booklist
bibliografía sustantivo femenino bibliography
' bibliografía' also found in these entries:
English:
bibliography
* * *bibliografía nfbibliography* * *f bibliography* * *bibliografía nf: bibliography -
46 plan
I.plan1 [plɑ̃]1. masculine nouna. [de maison, machine, dissertation] plan ; [de ville, région] mapb. ( = surface) planec. (Cinema, photography) shotd. ( = niveau) level• au plan national/international at the national/international levele. ( = projet) plan• plan de relance or de redressement de l'économie economic recovery plan• laisser en plan (inf) [+ personne] to leave in the lurch ; [+ affaires, projet, travail] to abandon• c'est un super plan ! it's a great idea!2. compounds► plan d'eau ( = lac) lakeII.plan2, e [plɑ̃, plan]adjectivea. ( = plat) flat* * *
1.
plane plɑ̃, plan adjectif1) gén flat, even2) Mathématique, Physique plane
2.
nom masculin1) ( carte) (de ville, métro) map; ( dans un bâtiment) plan, map2) Architecture, Construction, Bâtiment plan3) ( de machine) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan4) Mathématique, Physique plane5) ( de dissertation) plansecond plan — middle-distance; gros
7) ( niveau) levelêtre relégué au second plan — [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background
de (tout) premier plan — [personnalité] leading (épith); [œuvre] key, major
8) ( projet) plan, programme [BrE]j'ai un bon plan (colloq) pour voyager pas cher — I know a good way of travelling [BrE] cheaply
c'est (pas) le bon plan — (colloq) it's (not) a good idea
•Phrasal Verbs:••laisser quelqu'un en plan — (colloq) to leave somebody in the lurch, to leave somebody high and dry
laisser quelque chose en plan — (colloq) to leave something unfinished
* * *plɑ̃, plan plan, -e1. adj(surface) flat2. nm1) (= carte) map2) (d'architecte) plan3) (= schéma directeur) plan4) (= projet personnel) plan5) * (= idée) idea6) (= point de vue)Sur le plan de l'équipement, cela laisse encore beaucoup à désirer. — As far as equipment is concerned, it still leaves a lot to be desired.
sur le plan sexuel — sexually, as far as sex is concerned
7) MATHÉMATIQUE plane8) CINÉMA shot9)* * *A adj1 gén [surface] flat, even;B nm1 ( carte) (de région, ville, métro) map; (dans bâtiment, domaine, paquebot) plan, map; je te fais un plan pour que tu ne te perdes pas I'll draw you a map so you won't get lost;2 Archit, Constr plan; tirer des plans to draw up plans; c'est lui qui a fait les plans de sa maison he drew up the plans for his house himself; acheter/vendre une maison sur plan to buy/sell a house on architect's plans;3 Ind, Tech (de machine, d'appareil) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan; les plans du nouvel avion de chasse the blueprint for the new fighter plane;5 ( canevas) outline, framework, plan; fais un plan au lieu de rédiger directement draw up a plan before you start writing; plan détaillé detailed plan;6 Cin, Phot ( image) shot; montage plan par plan shot-to-shot editing; premier plan foreground; second plan middle-distance; au premier plan in the foreground; au second plan in the middle distance; ⇒ gros;7 ( niveau) level; mettre deux personnes sur le même plan fig to put two people at the same level; cette question vient au premier plan de sa campagne électorale this issue is at the forefront of his electoral campaign; ce dossier est au premier plan de l'actualité this issue is front- page news ou is at the forefront of the news; être relégué au second plan [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background, to take a back seat; de (tout) premier plan [personnalité] leading ( épith); [œuvre] key, major; de second plan second-rate; sur le plan politique/économique/personnel from a political/an economic/a personal point of view, in political/economic/personal terms; sur le plan de l'efficacité from the point of view of efficiency, in terms of efficiency; au plan régional/national at regional/national level;8 ( projet) plan, programmeGB; un plan pour l'emploi a plan for employment, an employment programmeGB; un plan anti-inflation an anti-inflation plan ou programmeGB; le gouvernement a présenté son plan de relance économique the government has presented its plan to boost the economy; j'ai un plan, voilà ce qu'on va faire I have a plan, here's what we'll do; j'ai un bon plan○ pour voyager pas cher/entrer gratuitement I know a good way of travellingGB cheaply/getting in free; on se fait un plan restaurant○? shall we go out for a meal?; ⇒ comète.plan d'action plan of action; plan américain Cin thigh shot; plan d'amortissement repayment schedule ou plan; plan de campagne plan of campaign; plan de carrière career plan; plan comptable code of legal requirements in accounting practice; plan directeur Mil battle map; Écon master plan; plan d'eau man-made lake; plan d'ensemble Cin long shot; plan d'épargne savings plan; plan épargne entreprise, PEE company savings plan; plan d'épargne logement, PEL savings scheme entitling depositor to cheap mortgage; plan d'épargne retraite top-up pension scheme; plan de faille fault plane; plan fixe Cin static shot; plan incliné inclined plane; en plan incliné sloping; plan de masse overall building plan; plan de métro map of the underground GB ou subway US; plan moyen Cin medium close-up; plan d'occupation des sols, POS land use plan; plan quinquennal five-year plan; plan rapproché Cin waist shot; plan social Écon, Entr planned redundancy scheme GB, scheduled lay-off program US; plan de travail ( pour projet) working schedule; ( surface) worktop; plan d'urbanisme urban planning policy; plan de vol flight plan.laisser qn en plan○ to leave sb in the lurch, to leave sb high and dry; laisser qch en plan○ to leave sth unfinished; il a tout laissé en plan pour la rejoindre à Rome he dropped everything to go and join her in Rome; rester en plan○ [personne] to be left stranded ou high and dry; [projets] to be left unfinished.I( féminin plane) [plɑ̃, plan] adjectif1. [miroir] plane[surface] flatII[plɑ̃] nom masculinA.1. [surface plane] plane2. CONSTRUCTION [surface] surfaceplan de travail [d'une cuisine] worktop, working surfacegros plan, plan serré close-upplan général/moyen/rapproché long/medium/close shotplan horizontal/incliné/médian/tangent level/inclined/median/tangent planeB.je veux un plan détaillé de votre thèse I want a detailed outline ou a synopsis of your thesisplan de licenciement, plan social planned redundancy schemeC.plan d'une machine/voiture blueprint of a machine/car————————de second plan locution adjectivale[question] of secondary importance[artiste, personnalité] second-rate————————en plan locution adverbiale————————sur le plan de locution prépositionnelle————————plan d'eau nom masculin[naturel] stretch of water[artificiel] reservoir[ornemental] (ornamental) lake————————premier plan nom masculin1. CINÉMA foreground2. (figuré)de (tout) premier plan [personnage] leading, prominentjouer un rôle de tout premier plan dans to play a leading ou major part inPlan VIGIPIRATE is a series of measures to fight against terrorist attacks. There are two levels: simple and renforcé. Vigipirate includes monitoring public buildings, public transportation system. Other measures such as no parking near school buildings can also be applied. -
47 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
[ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]
Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.
В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.
At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.
В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.
Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.
Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.
Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.
Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?
If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.
One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:
The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:
Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.
А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.
This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 designЭто заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколенияAre you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.
It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.
From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.
Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:
Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.
С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.
Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.
Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.
Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.
Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.
Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.
Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
Мы все подвергаем сомнениюIn our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.
В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
Серийное производство дата центров
In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД
And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
Строительство дата центров без чиллеровWe have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.
Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.
By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.
Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.
Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.
Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
Gen 4 – это стандартная платформаFinally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.
Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:
Scalable
Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
Rapid deployment
De-mountable
Reduce TTM
Reduced construction
Sustainable measuresНиже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:
Расширяемость;
Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
Быстрота развертывания;
Возможность демонтажа;
Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
Сокращение сроков строительства;
Экологичность;Map applications to DC Class
We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!
Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.
Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.
Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!
На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.
Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designsТак что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центровWe thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.
Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.
It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.
Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.
We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.
Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.
No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.
Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.
As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.
Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.
This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.
Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.
Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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48 эффективность потребления энергии
эффективность потребления энергии
Программы, снижающие потребление Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]EN
energy efficiency
Programs that reduce consumption (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > эффективность потребления энергии
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49 исправное состояние
1) General subject: fix, operative condition, working order2) Military: action status, good working condition3) Engineering: operational condition4) Economy: operating condition, operation condition, operation conditions, operative conditions, serviceable condition5) Accounting: operating conditions6) Information technology: perfect state7) Oil: good condition, nonfailed status, usable condition8) Cartography: serviceability (приборов, оборудования)9) Mechanics: state of operability10) Business: good state of repair11) Automation: order12) Quality control: good state13) Cables: working condition14) Makarov: operating condition (напр. сельскохозяйственных машин), serviceable condition (напр. сельскохозяйственных машин), soundness, working order (механизма)15) Logistics: accepted-or-serviceable condition, operating efficiencyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > исправное состояние
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50 восстановление работоспособности
1) Engineering: maintainability2) Psychology: efficiency restoration (эффективности)3) Oil: restoration4) Business: rehabilitation5) Automation: restorative function6) Aviation medicine: efficiency restoration, readaptation to work7) Makarov: restoring to working conditionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > восстановление работоспособности
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51 физическая работоспособность
1) Medicine: exercise performance, physical efficiency2) Psychology: physical efficiency (эффективность)3) Aviation medicine: physical capability, physical efference, physical performance, physical work capacity, physical working capacityУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > физическая работоспособность
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52 beneficio
m.1 benefit (bien).a beneficio de in aid of (gala, concierto)en beneficio de for the good ofen beneficio de todos in everyone's interesten beneficio propio for one's own goodPara su bien For his sake.2 profit (ganancia).beneficio bruto/neto gross/net profitpres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: beneficiar.* * *1 (ganancia) profit2 (bien) benefit\en beneficio de for the good of, for the benefit of, in the interest ofa beneficio de in aid ofsacar beneficio de to profit frombeneficio bruto gross profitbeneficio neto clear profit* * *noun m.1) benefit2) gain, profit* * *SM1) (=ventaja) benefitlos manipulan para su beneficio — they manipulate them to their own advantage o for their own benefit
•
a beneficio de algn — in aid of sb•
en beneficio de algn, aprovechó las cualidades literarias de su mujer en beneficio propio — he exploited his wife's literary talent to his own advantage o for his own benefitestaría dispuesto a retirarse en beneficio de otro aspirante — he would be prepared to withdraw in favour of another candidate
oficio 1)en o por tu propio beneficio, es mejor que no vengas — for your own good o benefit o in your own interests, it's best if you don't come
2) (Com, Econ) profitobtuvieron 1.500 millones de beneficio el año pasado — they made a profit of 1,500 million last year
beneficio de explotación — operating profit, trading profit
beneficio líquido — [en un balance] net profit; [en una transacción] net profit, clear profit
beneficio neto — = beneficio líquido
beneficio operativo — operating profit, trading profit
beneficios antes de impuestos — pre-tax profits, profits before tax
margen 1., 4)beneficios postimpositivos — after-tax profits, profits after tax
3) (=función benéfica) benefit (performance)4) (=donación) donation5) (Rel) living, benefice6) (Min) [de mina] exploitation, working; [de mineral] (=extracción) extraction; (=tratamiento) processing, treatment8) CAm [de café] coffee processing plant* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) profitproducir or reportar beneficios — to yeild o bring returns o profits
b) (ventaja, bien) benefit2)a) (AmL) ( de animal) dressingb) (AmC) (Agr) coffee processing plantc) (Chi) ( de mineral) extraction* * *= benefit, gain, profit, plus [pluses, -pl.], dividend, payback, payoff [pay-off], perk, mileage.Ex. The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.Ex. This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.Ex. As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.Ex. Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.Ex. The article has the title ' Dividends: the value of public libraries in Canada'.Ex. In the 1980s the illegal reproduction and distribution of information was a tedious process that generally produced poor payback.Ex. Although setting up a security policy may demand considerable upheaval, it has significant payoff in safety and efficiency.Ex. At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.Ex. Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.----* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* aportar beneficios = lead to + benefits, bring + benefits.* beneficio añadido = added benefit.* beneficio de bolsa = share dividend.* beneficio directo = direct benefit.* beneficio económico = economic benefit, financial benefit, economic return.* beneficio extra = bonus [bonuses, -pl.].* beneficio fiscal = tax benefit, fiscal benefit.* beneficio indirecto = spin-off, indirect benefit, spinoff benefit, spillover benefit.* beneficio marginal = marginal benefit.* beneficio material = material benefit.* beneficio mutuo = mutual benefit.* beneficio neto = net trading profit, net profit, net gain, net benefit.* beneficio para la salud = health benefit.* beneficio personal = personal gain.* beneficio positivo = positive return.* beneficio público = public interest.* beneficio recíproco = mutual benefit.* beneficios = return.* beneficios acumulados = accruing benefits.* beneficios brutos = gross benefits.* beneficios complementarios = fringe benefits.* beneficios de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios del cargo, los = spoils of office, the.* beneficios en metálico = cash benefit.* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios netos = net income.* beneficio social = societal benefit, social return, social benefit.* concierto a beneficio = benefit concert.* conseguir beneficio = accrue + benefit.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.* el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* escaparse de los beneficios de Internet = fall through + the net.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* margen de beneficio = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.* muchos beneficios = high return.* obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.* obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.* para beneficio de = for the good of.* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.* reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* reportar beneficio = provide + benefit.* reportar beneficios = have + benefits, bring + benefits.* riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.* ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.* ser un beneficio inesperado para = be a boon to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) profitproducir or reportar beneficios — to yeild o bring returns o profits
b) (ventaja, bien) benefit2)a) (AmL) ( de animal) dressingb) (AmC) (Agr) coffee processing plantc) (Chi) ( de mineral) extraction* * *= benefit, gain, profit, plus [pluses, -pl.], dividend, payback, payoff [pay-off], perk, mileage.Ex: The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.
Ex: This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.Ex: As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.Ex: Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.Ex: The article has the title ' Dividends: the value of public libraries in Canada'.Ex: In the 1980s the illegal reproduction and distribution of information was a tedious process that generally produced poor payback.Ex: Although setting up a security policy may demand considerable upheaval, it has significant payoff in safety and efficiency.Ex: At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.Ex: Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* aportar beneficios = lead to + benefits, bring + benefits.* beneficio añadido = added benefit.* beneficio de bolsa = share dividend.* beneficio directo = direct benefit.* beneficio económico = economic benefit, financial benefit, economic return.* beneficio extra = bonus [bonuses, -pl.].* beneficio fiscal = tax benefit, fiscal benefit.* beneficio indirecto = spin-off, indirect benefit, spinoff benefit, spillover benefit.* beneficio marginal = marginal benefit.* beneficio material = material benefit.* beneficio mutuo = mutual benefit.* beneficio neto = net trading profit, net profit, net gain, net benefit.* beneficio para la salud = health benefit.* beneficio personal = personal gain.* beneficio positivo = positive return.* beneficio público = public interest.* beneficio recíproco = mutual benefit.* beneficios = return.* beneficios acumulados = accruing benefits.* beneficios brutos = gross benefits.* beneficios complementarios = fringe benefits.* beneficios de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios del cargo, los = spoils of office, the.* beneficios en metálico = cash benefit.* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* beneficios netos = net income.* beneficio social = societal benefit, social return, social benefit.* concierto a beneficio = benefit concert.* conseguir beneficio = accrue + benefit.* costes y beneficios = costs and benefits.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* dar a Alguien el beneficio de la duda = give + Nombre + the benefit of the doubt.* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.* el beneficio de la duda = the benefit of the doubt.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* escaparse de los beneficios de Internet = fall through + the net.* explotar beneficios = exploit + benefits.* margen de beneficio = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.* muchos beneficios = high return.* obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.* obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.* para beneficio de = for the good of.* para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.* precio de coste más margen de beneficios = cost-plus pricing.* producir beneficios = reap + dividends, render + returns, achieve + returns, pay + dividends, return + dividends.* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.* reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* reportar beneficio = provide + benefit.* reportar beneficios = have + benefits, bring + benefits.* riesgos-beneficios = risk-return.* ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.* ser un beneficio inesperado para = be a boon to.* tener beneficios = have + benefits.* * *Aeste negocio produce grandes beneficios this business yields large profitsuna inversión que reportó importantes beneficios an investment that brought significant returns o profitsmargen de beneficio(s) profit margin2 (ventaja, bien) benefitno va a sacar gran beneficio del asunto he's not going to benefit much from this affairuna colecta a beneficio de las víctimas a collection in aid of the victimsen beneficio de todos in the interests of everyonetodo lo hace en beneficio propio everything he does is for his own gain o advantagetales mejoras redundarán en beneficio del público these improvements will benefit the public o will be in the public interest3 (función benéfica) charity performanceCompuestos:gross profitentitlement to legal aidfringe benefitnet profitnet profitearnings per share (pl)fringe benefitB ( AmL) (de un animal) dressingC ( Chi) (de un mineral) extraction* * *
Del verbo beneficiar: ( conjugate beneficiar)
beneficio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
benefició es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
beneficiar
beneficio
beneficiar ( conjugate beneficiar) verbo transitivo ( favorecer) to benefit, to be of benefit to;
salir beneficiado con algo to be better off with sth
beneficiarse verbo pronominal
to benefit;
beneficiose con/de algo to benefit from sth
beneficio sustantivo masculinoa) (Com, Fin) profit;
producir or reportar beneficios to yield o bring returns o profits
en beneficio de todos in the interests of everyone
beneficiar verbo transitivo to benefit
beneficio sustantivo masculino
1 Com Fin profit
2 (provecho, ventaja) benefit
en beneficio de todos, in everyone's benefit
3 (ayuda) a beneficio de, in aid of: un partido de fútbol a beneficio de los huérfanos, a football match in aid of orphans
Profit o profits se refieren únicamente al beneficio económico.
Benefit hace referencia a otro tipo de beneficios y también a ciertas subvenciones de la Seguridad Social.
' beneficio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bota
- dar
- inventario
- menoscabar
- partida
- partido
- provecho
- redundar
- revertir
- sacar
- bien
- bonificación
- disfrutar
- margen
- mayor
- mutuo
- propio
- renta
- utilidad
- ventaja
English:
aid
- benefit
- blessing
- cancel out
- clear
- gain
- good
- interest
- mark-up
- perk
- profit
- return
- tidy
* * *beneficio nm1. [bien] benefit;a beneficio de [gala, concierto] in aid of;en beneficio de for the good of;ello redundó en beneficio nuestro it was to our advantage;en beneficio de todos in everyone's interest;en beneficio propio for one's own good;sólo buscan el beneficio propio they're only interested in what's in it for them2. [ganancia] profit;la tienda ya está dando beneficios the shop is already making a profitbeneficio bruto gross profit;beneficios antes de impuestos pre-tax profits;beneficio neto net profit4. Carib, Chile [de res] slaughter* * *m1 ( ventaja) benefit;en beneficio de in aid of2 COM profit2 Rplpara ganado slaughterhouse3 C.Am.coffee-processing plant* * *beneficio nm1) ganancia, provecho: gain, profit2) : benefit* * *1. (bien) benefit2. (ganancias) profitel beneficio neto fue de más de 9.000 millones de pesetas the net profit was over 9,000 million pesetasen beneficio de in the interests of / for the good ofen su propio beneficio in his own interests / for his own good -
53 работоспособность
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54 Priestman, William Dent
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 23 August 1847 Sutton, Hull, Englandd. 7 September 1936 Hull, England[br]English oil engine pioneer.[br]William was the second son and one of eleven children of Samuel Priestman, who had moved to Hull after retiring as a corn miller in Kirkstall, Leeds, and who in retirement had become a director of the North Eastern Railway Company. The family were strict Quakers, so William was sent to the Quaker School in Bootham, York. He left school at the age of 17 to start an engineering apprenticeship at the Humber Iron Works, but this company failed so the apprenticeship was continued with the North Eastern Railway, Gateshead. In 1869 he joined the hydraulics department of Sir William Armstrong \& Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, but after a year there his father financed him in business at a small, run down works, the Holderness Foundry, Hull. He was soon joined by his brother, Samuel, their main business being the manufacture of dredging equipment (grabs), cranes and winches. In the late 1870s William became interested in internal combustion engines. He took a sublicence to manufacture petrol engines to the patents of Eugène Etève of Paris from the British licensees, Moll and Dando. These engines operated in a similar manner to the non-compression gas engines of Lenoir. Failure to make the two-stroke version of this engine work satisfactorily forced him to pay royalties to Crossley Bros, the British licensees of the Otto four-stroke patents.Fear of the dangers of petrol as a fuel, reflected by the associated very high insurance premiums, led William to experiment with the use of lamp oil as an engine fuel. His first of many patents was for a vaporizer. This was in 1885, well before Ackroyd Stuart. What distinguished the Priestman engine was the provision of an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank, outlets at the top and bottom of which led to a fuel atomizer injecting continuously into a vaporizing chamber heated by the exhaust gases. A spring-loaded inlet valve connected the chamber to the atmosphere, with the inlet valve proper between the chamber and the working cylinder being camoperated. A plug valve in the fuel line and a butterfly valve at the inlet to the chamber were operated, via a linkage, by the speed governor; this is believed to be the first use of this method of control. It was found that vaporization was only partly achieved, the higher fractions of the fuel condensing on the cylinder walls. A virtue was made of this as it provided vital lubrication. A starting system had to be provided, this comprising a lamp for preheating the vaporizing chamber and a hand pump for pressurizing the fuel tank.Engines of 2–10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW) were exhibited to the press in 1886; of these, a vertical engine was installed in a tram car and one of the horizontals in a motor dray. In 1888, engines were shown publicly at the Royal Agricultural Show, while in 1890 two-cylinder vertical marine engines were introduced in sizes from 2 to 10 hp (1.5–7.5 kW), and later double-acting ones up to some 60 hp (45 kW). First, clutch and gearbox reversing was used, but reversing propellers were fitted later (Priestman patent of 1892). In the same year a factory was established in Philadelphia, USA, where engines in the range 5–20 hp (3.7–15 kW) were made. Construction was radically different from that of the previous ones, the bosses of the twin flywheels acting as crank discs with the main bearings on the outside.On independent test in 1892, a Priestman engine achieved a full-load brake thermal efficiency of some 14 per cent, a very creditable figure for a compression ratio limited to under 3:1 by detonation problems. However, efficiency at low loads fell off seriously owing to the throttle governing, and the engines were heavy, complex and expensive compared with the competition.Decline in sales of dredging equipment and bad debts forced the firm into insolvency in 1895 and receivers took over. A new company was formed, the brothers being excluded. However, they were able to attend board meetings, but to exert no influence. Engine activities ceased in about 1904 after over 1,000 engines had been made. It is probable that the Quaker ethics of the brothers were out of place in a business that was becoming increasingly cut-throat. William spent the rest of his long life serving others.[br]Further ReadingC.Lyle Cummins, 1976, Internal Fire, Carnot Press.C.Lyle Cummins and J.D.Priestman, 1985, "William Dent Priestman, oil engine pioneer and inventor: his engine patents 1885–1901", Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers 199:133.Anthony Harcombe, 1977, "Priestman's oil engine", Stationary Engine Magazine 42 (August).JBBiographical history of technology > Priestman, William Dent
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55 Strachey, Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 16 November 1916 Englandd. 18 May 1975 Oxford, England[br]English physicist and computer engineer who proposed time-sharing as a more efficient means of using a mainframe computer.[br]After education at Gresham's School, London, Strachey went to King's College, Cambridge, where he completed an MA. In 1937 he took up a post as a physicist at the Standard Telephone and Cable Company, then during the Second World War he was involved in radar research. In 1944 he became an assistant master at St Edmunds School, Canterbury, moving to Harrow School in 1948. Another change of career in 1951 saw him working as a Technical Officer with the National Research and Development Corporation, where he was involved in computer software and hardware design. From 1958 until 1962 he was an independent consultant in computer design, and during this time (1959) he realized that as mainframe computers were by then much faster than their human operators, their efficiency could be significantly increased by "time-sharing" the tasks of several operators in rapid succession. Strachey made many contributions to computer technology, being variously involved in the design of the Manchester University MkI, Elliot and Ferranti Pegasus computers. In 1962 he joined Cambridge University Mathematics Laboratory as a senior research fellow at Churchill College and helped to develop the programming language CPL. After a brief period as Visiting Lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he returned to the UK in 1966 as Reader in Computation and Fellow of Wolfeon College, Oxford, to establish a programming research group. He remained there until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsDistinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society 1972.Bibliography1961, with M.R.Wilkes, "Some proposals for improving the efficiency of Algol 60", Communications of the ACM 4:488.1966, "Systems analysis and programming", Scientific American 25:112. 1976, with R.E.Milne, A Theory of Programming Language Semantics.Further ReadingJ.Alton, 1980, Catalogue of the Papers of C. Strachey 1916–1975.M.Campbell-Kelly, 1985, "Christopher Strachey 1916–1975. A biographical note", Annals of the History of Computing 7:19.M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.KF -
56 работоспособность
1) capacity for work
2) <engin.> efficiency
3) fitness for work
4) serviceability
5) working capacity
6) working-capacity
– частичная работоспособность -
57 Kapazität
Kapazität f 1. COMP memory capacity (Speichermedien); capacitance (Kondensator); 2. GEN capacity, potential; 3. PERS, WIWI capacity* * *f 1. < Comp> Kondensator capacitance; 2. < Geschäft> capacity, potential; 3. <Person, Vw> capacity* * *Kapazität
(Fachmann) authority, expert, mastermind (US), (Fassungsvermögen) capacity, (Maschine) efficiency, (Potenzial) potential;
• nicht ausgelastete Kapazität below-capacity working;
• voll ausgenutzte Kapazität full operating capacity;
• brachliegende Kapazität unused capacity;
• freie Kapazität spare (surplus) capacity;
• industrielle Kapazität industrial capacity;
• überschüssige Kapazität excess capacity;
• ungenutzte Kapazität idle (US) (spare, Br.) capacity;
• unzureichende Kapazität undercapacity;
• vorhandene Kapazität available capacity;
• Kapazität eines Betriebes plant capacity;
• große Kapazitäten der Privatwirtschaft strong private-sector potential;
• Kapazität der Wirtschaft industrial capacity;
• seine Kapazitäten in stärkerem Maße ausfahren to roll along at a pace closer to its capacity;
• Kapazität voll ausfahren (ausnutzen, ausschöpfen) to be working (work) to capacity;
• Kapazität kaum zu 75% ausnutzen to work to 75% or less of capacity;
• Kapazität fast voll ausnutzen to operate close (at near to) capacity;
• Kapazität ausweiten to extend (expand) capacity;
• Kapazitäten mit der Nachfrage in Einklang bringen to align capacities better to current demand levels;
• Kapazität einschränken to curtail capacity;
• Kapazität erhöhen to raise capacity;
• Kapazitäten der einzelnen Länder reduzieren to reduce national capacity;
• Kapazität auf seinem Gebiet sein to have a great name in one’s field;
• Kapazitäten um 50% verkleinern to cut back capacity by 50%. -
58 Berufstätige
Berufstätige pl PERS employed, employed persons, working persons* * *Berufstätige
(Femininum) career girl, (pl.) working people;
• Berufstätiger professional worker;
• Berufstätigkeit professional activity (employment, business), work, occupation, job;
• leitende Berufstätigkeit managerial occupation;
• Berufsthema professional subject;
• Berufstüchtigkeit occupational efficiency;
• Berufsumschulung vocational rehabilitation, occupational retraining. -
59 point
point [pwɛ̃]━━━━━━━━━2. compounds━━━━━━━━━1. <a. pointb. ( = endroit) place ; (Astronomy, mathematics) pointc. ( = position) (Aviation, nautical) position• et maintenant, le point sur la grève des transports and now, the latest on the transport striked. ( = marque) (Mus, morse, sur i) dot ; ( = ponctuation) full stop (Brit), period (US) ; ( = petite tache) spot• tu n'iras pas, un point c'est tout you're not going and that's all there is to ite. (sur devoir) markf. [de couture, tricot] stitch• faire le point de la situation ( = examiner) to take stock of the situation ; ( = faire un compte rendu) to sum up the situation► à point [fruit] just ripe ; [fromage] just right for eating ; [viande] medium• le rôti est cuit à point the roast is done to a turn► à point (nommé) [arriver, venir] just at the right moment• est-il possible d'être bête à ce point ! how stupid can you get? (inf)• elles se ressemblent à tel point or à ce point qu'on pourrait les confondre they look so alike that you could easily mistake one for the other► au point [photo] in focus ; [affaire] completely settled ; [technique, machine] perfected• ce n'est pas encore au point it isn't quite up to scratch yet► au point de + infinitif so much that• il aimait le Québec au point d'y passer toutes ses vacances he loved Quebec so much that he spent all his holidays there• il se détestent au point qu'ils ne se parlent plus they hate each other so much that they've stopped speaking► au point où• en être arrivé au point où... to have reached the point where...• on continue ? -- au point où on en est ! shall we go on? -- we've got this far so we might as well!► au plus haut point [détester, admirer] intensely• se méfier au plus haut point de qch to be highly sceptical about sth► mettre au point [+ photo, caméra] to focus ; [+ stratégie, technique] to perfect ; [+ médicament, invention, système] to develop ; [+ projet] to finalize• mettre une affaire au point avec qn to finalize all the details of a matter with sb► mise au point [d'appareil photo, caméra] focusing ; [de stratégie, technique] perfecting ; [de médicament, invention, système] development ; [de moteur] tuning ; [d'affaire, projet] finalizing ; ( = explication, correction) clarification• publier une mise au point to issue a statement (setting the record straight)► en tout point, en tous points in every respect2. <• vous avez un point de chute à Rome ? do you have somewhere to stay in Rome? ► point commun• nous voilà revenus au point de départ so we're back to square one (inf) ► point de distribution [d'eau] supply point ; (Business) distribution outlet• mettre un point d'honneur à faire qch to make it a point of honour to do sth ► point d'interrogation question mark• au point mort [voiture] in neutral ; [de négociations, affaires] at a standstill ► point mousse garter stitch► points de retraite points based on social security contributions that count towards one's pension• quel est votre point de vue sur ce sujet ? what's your point of view on this matter?* * *pwɛ̃
1.
nom masculin1) ( endroit) point2) ( situation) point; Nautisme positionêtre sur le point de faire — to be just about to do, to be on the point of doing
j'en suis toujours au même point (qu'hier/qu'il y a un an) — I'm still exactly where I was (yesterday/last year)
au point où j'en suis, ça n'a pas d'importance! — I've reached the point where it doesn't matter any more!
faire le point — Nautisme to take bearings; fig to take stock of the situation
3) ( degré)‘j'en aurais pleuré’ - ‘ah bon, à ce point?’ — ‘I could have cried’ - ‘really? it was that bad?’
il est têtu à un point! — (colloq) he's so incredibly stubborn!
jusqu'à un certain point — up to a (certain) point, to a certain extent
4) ( question particulière) point; ( dans un ordre du jour) item, pointen tout point, en tous points — in every respect ou way
5) ( marque visible) dot6) Jeux, Sport pointmarquer/perdre des points — lit, fig to score/to lose points
7) ( pour évaluer) mark GB, point USavoir sept points d'avance/de retard — to be seven marks ahead/behind
obtenir or avoir 27 points sur 40 — to get 27 out of 40
être un mauvais point pour quelqu'un/quelque chose — to be a black mark against somebody/something
8) ( dans un système de calcul) pointle permis à points — system whereby driving offender gets penalty points
9) Mathématique point10) Linguistique ( en ponctuation) full stop GB, period USpoint à la ligne — ( dans une dictée) full stop, new paragraph
point final — ( dans une dictée) full stop
mettre un point final à quelque chose — fig to put a stop ou an end to something
je n'irai pas, point final! — (colloq) I'm not going, full stop GB ou period US!
tu vas te coucher un point c'est tout! — (colloq) you're going to bed and that's final!
11) Musique dot12) ( en typographie) point14) (en couture, tricot) stitch
2.
(dated) adverbe not
3.
à point locution adverbiale1) ( en temps voulu) just in time2) Culinaire
4.
au point locutionêtre au point — [système, machine] to be well designed; [spectacle] to be well put together
mettre au point — ( élaborer) to perfect [système]; to work out, to devise [accord, plan]; to develop [vaccin, appareil]; ( régler) to adjust
mise au point — ( de système) perfecting; ( de vaccin) development; ( réglage) adjusting; Photographie focus; fig ( déclaration) clarifying statement
faire la mise au point — Photographie to focus
faire une mise au point — fig to set the record straight ( sur about)
Phrasal Verbs:••* * *pwɛ̃1. nm1) (= marque, signe) dot2) [ponctuation] full stop Grande-Bretagne period USA3) (= moment) pointNous en sommes au même point. — We have reached the same point.
J'étais sur le point de te téléphoner. — I was just about to phone you.
4) (= degré)à ce point abîmé que... — so damaged that...
au point que; à tel point que — so much so that
5) (au score) point6) (= aspect) pointJe ne suis pas d'accord sur ce point. — I don't agree on this point.
7) (= endroit) spot, point, (en géométrie) point8) COUTURE, TRICOT stitchpoint mousse — garter stitch, plain
9) CUISINE"Comment voulez-vous votre steak?" — "À point." — "How would you like your steak?" — "Medium."
faire le point NAVIGATION — to take a bearing, figto take stock
faire le point sur — to review, to take stock of
mettre au point [mécanisme, procédé] — to develop, [appareil-photo] to focus
2. advlit (= pas) notpoint n'est besoin de... — there is no need to...
point de... — no...
3. vbSee:* * *A nm1 ( endroit) point; un point précis du globe/sur une carte a particular point on the earth/on a map; un point de ravitaillement/ralliement a staging/rallying point; un point de rencontre a meeting point; point de vente (sales) outlet; serrure 3 points 3 point lock;2 ( situation) point; Naut position; être sur le point de faire to be just about to do, to be on the point of doing; j'étais sur le point de leur dire/d'abandonner/de partir I was just about to tell them/to give up/to leave, I was on the point of telling them/giving up/leaving; j'en suis toujours au même point (qu'hier/qu'il y a un an) I'm still exactly where I was (yesterday/last year); au point où j'en suis, ça n'a pas d'importance! I've reached the point where it doesn't matter any more!; il en est au point où il allume une cigarette en se levant he's got GB ou gotten US to the stage ou point where he lights a cigarette as soon as he gets up; faire le point Naut to take bearings; fig to take stock of the situation; faire le point sur la situation économique/sur la recherche scientifique fig to take stock of the economic situation/of scientific research; faire le point sur la circulation (routière)/l'actualité to give an up-to-the-minute report on the traffic news/current situation;3 ( degré) il m'agace/m'inquiète au plus haut point he annoys me/worries me intensely; la circulation était à ce point bloquée que j'ai dû laisser ma voiture au bord de la route the traffic was so bad that I had to leave my car on the side of the road; je ne le pensais pas bête/coléreux à ce point I didn't think he was that stupid/quick-tempered; ‘j'en aurais pleuré’-‘ah bon, à ce point?’ ‘I could have cried’-‘really? it was that bad?’; je sais à quel point elle est triste/sensible I know how sad/sensitive she is; si tu savais à quel point il m'agace! if you only knew how much he annoys me!; au point que to the extent that; à tel point que to such an extent that…; douloureux/endommagé à (un) tel or au point que so painful/badly damaged that; la situation s'est aggravée au point qu'ils ont dû appeler la police the situation became so bad that the police had to be called in; le temps s'est rafraîchi au point qu'il a fallu remettre le chauffage the weather got so cold that the heating had to be put back on; il est têtu à un point! he's so incredibly stubborn!; jusqu'à un certain point up to a (certain) point, to a certain extent;4 ( question particulière) point; ( dans un ordre du jour) item, point; un programme en trois points a three-point plan; un point fondamental/de détail (d'un texte) a basic/minor point (in a text); sur ce point on this point; j'aimerais revenir sur ce dernier point I would like to come back to that last point; un point de désaccord/litige a point of disagreement/contention; reprendre un texte point par point to go over a text point by point; en tout point, en tous points in every respect ou way; une politique en tous points désastreuse a policy that is disastrous in every respect; les deux modèles sont semblables en tous points the two models are alike in every respect;5 ( marque visible) gén dot; les villes sont marquées par un point towns are marked by a dot; il y a un point sur le i et le j there's a dot on the i and the j; un point lumineux/rouge dans le lointain a light/a red dot in the distance; bientôt, le navire ne fut qu'un point à l'horizon soon, the ship was a mere dot ou speck on the horizon; un point de colle a spot of glue; un point de rouille a speck of rust; points de graissage lubricating points; ⇒ i;6 Jeux, Sport point; marquer/perdre des points lit, fig to score/lose points; compter les points to keep (the) score; un point partout! one all!; battre son adversaire aux points to beat one's opponent on points; remporter une victoire aux points to win on points;7 ( pour évaluer) mark GB, point US; avoir sept points d'avance to be seven marks ahead; avoir dix points de retard to be ten marks behind; il m'a manqué trois points pour réussir I failed by three marks; enlever un point par faute to take a mark off for each mistake; obtenir or avoir 27 points sur 40 to get 27 out of 40; être un bon point pour to be a plus point for; être un mauvais point pour qn/qch to be a black mark against sb/sth;8 ( dans un système de calcul) point; la livre a perdu trois points the pound lost three points; le taux de chômage a augmenté de 0,8 points the unemployment rate rose by 0.8 points; le permis à points system whereby driving offender gets penalty points; il a perdu sept points dans les sondages he's gone down seven points in the polls;9 Math point; point d'intersection/d'inflexion point of intersection/of inflection;10 Ling ( en ponctuation) full stop GB, period US; mettre un point to put a full stop; point à la ligne ( dans une dictée) full stop, new paragraph; point final ( dans une dictée) full stop; mettre un point final à qch fig to put a stop ou an end to sth; je n'irai pas, point final○! I'm not going, full stop GB ou period US!; tu vas te coucher un point c'est tout○! you're going to bed and that's final!;11 Mus dot;12 Imprim point;13 Méd ( douleur) pain; avoir un point à la poitrine/à l'aine to have a pain in the chest/in the groin;14 (en couture, tricot) stitch; faire un point à qch to put a few stitches in sth; dentelle au point de Venise Venetian lace.B †adv not; tu ne tueras point Bible thou shalt not kill; je n'en ai point I don't have any; ‘tu es fâché?’-‘non point!’ ‘are you angry?’-‘not at all’.C à point loc adv venir/arriver à point to come/arrive just in time; venir/arriver or tomber à point nommé to come/arrive just at the right moment; faire cuire à point to cook [sth] medium rare [viande]; bifteck (cuit) à point medium rare steak; le camembert est à point the camembert is ready to eat.D au point loc adv, loc adj être au point [système, méthode, machine] to be well designed; [spectacle, émission] to be well put together; leur système/machine/spectacle n'est pas encore très au point their system/machine/show still needs some working on; le nouveau modèle est très au point the new model is very well designed; le spectacle n'était pas du tout au point the show wasn't up to scratch; le prototype n'est pas encore au point the prototype isn't quite ready yet; ça fait des semaines qu'ils répètent mais leur numéro n'est pas encore au point they've been rehearsing for weeks but they still haven't got GB ou gotten US it quite right; je ne suis pas au point pour les examens I'm not ready for the exams; mettre [qch] au point ( inventer) to perfect [théorie, système, méthode, technique]; to work out, to devise [accord, plan de paix, stratégie]; to develop [vaccin, médicament, appareil]; ( régler) to adjust [machine, mécanisme]; il leur reste deux semaines pour finir de mettre leur spectacle au point they've got two more weeks to put the finishing touches to their show; mettre au point sur qch Phot to focus on sth; mise au point Phot focus; fig ( déclaration) clarifying statement; la mise au point est automatique sur mon appareil my camera has automatic focus; faire la mise au point Phot to focus (sur on); faire une mise au point fig to set the record straight (sur about); mise au point ( invention) (de théorie, système, méthode, technique) perfecting; (de médicament, vaccin) development; ( réglage) (de machine, mécanisme) adjusting; Phot focus.point d'acupuncture Méd acupuncture point; point d'ancrage Aut anchor; fig base; point d'appui Mil base of operations; Phys fulcrum; gén support; les piliers servent de point d'appui à la charpente the roof structure is supported by the pillars; trouver un point d'appui à une échelle to find a support for a ladder; point arrière Cout back stitch; point d'attache base; point de bâti Cout tacking stitch; point blanc whitehead; point de blé ( en tricot) double moss stitch; point de boutonnière Cout buttonhole stitch; point cardinal Phys, Géog compass ou cardinal point; point de chaînette ( en broderie) chain stitch; point de chausson ( en broderie) herringbone stitch; point chaud trouble ou hot spot; les points chauds du globe the world's trouble spots; point de chute fig port of call; point commun mutual interest; nous avons beaucoup de points communs we have a lot in common; ils n'ont aucun point commun they have nothing in common; point de congestion† Méd slight congestion of the lung; point de côtes ( en tricot) rib; point de côté ( douleur) stitch; ( en couture) slip stitch; avoir un point de côté to have a stitch in one's side; point de croix ( en broderie) cross stitch; point de départ lit, fig starting point; nous revoilà à notre point de départ fig we're back to square one; point de devant Cout running stitch; point d'eau ( naturel) watering place; ( robinet) water tap GB ou faucet US; point d'ébullition boiling point; point d'épine ( en broderie) featherstitch; point d'exclamation Ling exclamation mark; point faible weak point; point de feston ( en broderie) blanket stitch; point fort strong point; point de fuite Art, Archit vanishing point; point de fusion melting point; point G G-spot; point d'interrogation Ling question mark; point de jersey ( en tricot) stocking stitch; point du jour daybreak; au point du jour at daybreak; point de liquéfaction liquefaction point; point de mire Mil target; fig focal point; point mousse ( en tricot) garter stitch; point mort Aut neutral; se mettre or passer/être au point mort Aut to put the car into/to be in neutral; être au point mort fig [affaires, consommation] to be at a standstill; [négociations] to be in a state of deadlock; point noir ( comédon) blackhead; ( problème) problem; ( sur la route) blackspot; l'inflation reste le seul point noir inflation is the only problem; point de non-retour point of no return; point d'orgue Mus pause sign; fig culmination; point d'ourlet Cout hemstitch; point de penalty penalty spot; point de piqûre Cout back stitch; point de presse Journ press briefing; point de repère ( spatial) landmark; (temporel, personnel) point of reference; point de reprise Cout darning stitch; point de retraite Prot Soc point which counts towards a retirement pension scheme; point de riz ( en tricot) moss stitch; point de surfil Cout whipstitch; point de suture Méd stitch; point de tige ( en broderie) stem stitch; point de torsade ( en tricot) cable stitch; point de vue ( paysage) viewpoint; ( opinion) point of view; du point de vue de la direction from the management's point of view; du point de vue de l'efficacité/du sens as far as efficiency/meaning is concerned; d'un point de vue économique c'est rentable/intéressant from a financial point of view it's profitable/attractive; points de suspension suspension points.être mal en point to be in a bad way.I[pwɛ̃] adverbe1. [en corrélation avec 'ne']2. [employé seul]du vin il y en avait, mais de champagne point there was wine, but no champagne ou not a drop of champagneil eut beau chercher, point de John he searched in vain, John was nowhere to be foundpoint de démocratie sans liberté de critiquer (there can be) no democracy without the freedom to criticize3. [en réponse négative]point du tout! not at all!, not in the least!II[pwɛ̃] nom masculinpoint lumineux spot ou point of lightpoint de rouille speck ou spot of rustun point de soudure a spot ou blob of solder3. [symbole graphique - en fin de phrase] full stop (UK), period (US) ; [ - sur un i ou un j] dot ; [ - en morse, en musique] dotj'ai dit non, point final ou un point c'est tout! (figuré) I said no and that's that ou that's final ou there's an end to it!mettre un point final à une discussion to terminate a discussion, to bring a discussion to an endpoint estimé/observé estimated/observed positiona. NAUTIQUE to take a bearing, to plot one's positionà 40 ans, on s'arrête et on fait le point when you reach 40, you stand back and take stock of your lifeet maintenant, le point sur la circulation and now, the latest traffic newspoint d'intersection/de tangence intersection/tangential pointen plusieurs points de la planète in different places ou spots on the planet9. [degré] point10. [élément - d'un texte, d'une théorie] point ; [ - d'un raisonnement] point, item ; [ - d'une description] feature, traitvoici un point d'histoire que je souhaiterais éclaircir I'd like to make clear what happened at that particular point in historypoint d'entente/de désaccord point of agreement/of disagreement11. [unité de valeur - dans un sondage, à la Bourse] point ; [ - de retraite] unit ; [ - du salaire de base] (grading) pointsa cote de popularité a gagné/perdu trois points his popularity rating has gone up/down by three pointsbattu aux points [en boxe] beaten on pointsfaire le point [le gagner] to win the pointb. [appréciation] mark (for good behaviour)12. COUTUREfaire un point à to put a stitch ou a few stitches inpoint de couture/crochet/tricot sewing/crochet/knitting stitch13. INFORMATIQUE [unité graphique] dot[emplacement]point d'accès/de retour entry/reentry point————————à ce point, à un tel point locution adverbialeton travail est dur à ce point? is your job so (very) ou that hard?j'en ai tellement assez que je vais démissionner — à ce point? I'm so fed up that I'm going to resign — that bad, is it?————————à ce point que, à (un) tel point que locution conjonctiveso much so that, to such a point thatles choses en étaient arrivées à un tel point que... things had reached such a pitch that...elle est déprimée, à ce point qu'elle ne veut plus voir personne she's so depressed that she won't see anyone anymore————————à point locution adjectivale[steak] medium[rôti] done to a turn[poire] just ou nicely ripeton bonhomme est à point, tu n'as plus qu'à enregistrer ses aveux (familier & figuré) your man's nice and ready now, all you've got to do is get the confession down on tape————————à point locution adverbiale1. CUISINE2. [au bon moment]a. [personne] to come (just) at the right timeb. [arrivée, décision] to be very timely————————à point nommé locution adverbialearriver à point nommé to arrive (just) at the right moment ou when needed, to arrive in the nick of timeau plus haut point locution adverbialeje le déteste au plus haut point I can't tell you how much I hate him, I absolutely loathe him————————au point locution adjectivale[moteur] tuned[machine] in perfect running order[technique] perfected[discours, plaidoyer] finalized[spectacle, artiste] readyton revers n'est pas encore au point your backhand isn't good enough ou up to scratch yetle son/l'image n'est pas au point the sound/the image isn't right————————au point locution adverbialea. [texte à imprimer] to editb. [discours, projet, rapport] to finalize, to put the finishing touches toc. [spectacle] to perfectd. [moteur] to tunee. [appareil photo] to (bring into) focusmettre les choses au point to put ou set the record straightmettons les choses au point: je refuse de travailler le dimanche let's get this ou things straight: I refuse to work Sundaysaprès cette discussion, j'ai tenu à mettre les choses au point following that discussion, I insisted on putting ou setting the record straight————————au point de locution prépositionnelle————————au point du jour locution adverbiale(littéraire) at dawn ou daybreakau point où locution conjonctivenous sommes arrivés au point où... we've reached the point ou stage where...au point où j'en suis, autant que je continue having got this far, I might as well carry onau point où en sont les choses as things stand, the way things are (now)————————au point que locution conjonctiveso much that, so... thatil était très effrayé, au point qu'il a essayé de se sauver he was so frightened that he tried to run awaypoint par point locution adverbialesur le point de locution prépositionnelleêtre sur le point de faire quelque chose to be about to do ou on the point of doing ou on the verge of doing somethingj'étais sur le point de partir I was about to ou going to leavesur le point de pleurer on the verge of tears ou of crying————————point d'ancrage nom masculin————————point d'appui nom masculin1. [d'un levier] fulcrumpoint de chute nom masculin2. (figuré)————————point culminant nom masculinquel est le point culminant des Alpes? what is the highest point ou peak in the Alps?point de départ nom masculin————————point faible nom masculinson point faible, c'est sa susceptibilité his touchiness is his weak spot ou point————————point fort nom masculin[d'une personne, d'une entreprise] strong point[d'un joueur de tennis] best shotles maths n'ont jamais été mon point fort I was never any good at maths, maths was never my strong point————————point mort nom masculin————————point noir nom masculina. [encombré] a heavily congested areab. [dangereux] an accident blackspot————————point sensible nom masculin1. [endroit douloureux] tender ou sore spot2. MILITAIRE key ou strategic target3. (figuré)a. [chez quelqu'un] to touch on a sore spotb. [dans un problème] to touch on a sensitive area -
60 работоспособность
capacity for work, efficiency, working capacity, working-capacityРусско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > работоспособность
См. также в других словарях:
Working efficiency — Производительность труда … Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии
Working memory — (also referred to as short term memory, depending on the specific theory) is a theoretical construct within cognitive psychology that refers to the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. There are… … Wikipedia
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working party — noun a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved the working group was supposed to report back in two weeks • Syn: ↑working group • Hypernyms: ↑unit, ↑social unit • Hyponyms: ↑expedition … Useful english dictionary
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Efficiency Ratio — Ratios that are typically used to analyze how well a company uses its assets and liabilities internally. Efficiency Ratios can calculate the turnover of receivables, the repayment of liabilities, the quantity and usage of equity and the general… … Investment dictionary
efficiency audit — /əˈfɪʃənsi ˌɔdət/ (say uh fishuhnsee .awduht) noun an evaluation of the efficient working of an organisation, business, etc. –efficiency auditing, noun …
efficiency — darbingumas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Fizinė ir psichinė galia dirbti nustatytos apimties ir trukmės darbą tam tikra sparta. Darbingumą rodo žmogaus fizinis išsivystymas, parengtumas, sveikata, amžius, nuovargio dydis,… … Sporto terminų žodynas
efficiency — darbingumas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Organizmo (fiziologinės sistemos, organo) funkcinės galios, kurias rodo darbo, atliekamo per tam tikrą laiko tarpą, našumas (kiekybė ir kokybė). Yra ↑protinis ir ↑fizinis… … Sporto terminų žodynas
efficiency — darbingumas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Organo arba viso organizmo gebėjimas, galėjimas aktyviai veikti reikiamu režimu. atitikmenys: angl. ability to work; efficiency; working capacity vok. Arbeitsfähigkeit, f;… … Sporto terminų žodynas