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work+executed

  • 21 mofarse de

    v.
    to jeer at, to laugh at, to make sport of, to ridicule.
    * * *
    (v.) = make + a joke about, ridicule, make + mockery of, poke + fun at, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, make + fun of, sneer at, scoff at
    Ex. What was pinned up ranged from elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations to longish book reviews either typed or handwritten, and cartoons that made a joke about the book being suggested.
    Ex. Such publications emphasised patriotic material supporting the war and ridiculing the enemy.
    Ex. This makes mockery of the idea of a 'family wage' earned by the man on which wage negotiations and the idea of keeping women out of work are founded.
    Ex. He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex. America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex. Never make fun of someone who speaks broken English -- it simply means they know another language you probably ignore.
    Ex. Watching Ranald drop a rafter on his head, Marion sneered at herself that these children, this filthy hovel were all that was left to her.
    Ex. It's time to stop scoffing at those who worry about the budget deficit.
    * * *
    (v.) = make + a joke about, ridicule, make + mockery of, poke + fun at, thumb + Posesivo + nose at, make + fun of, sneer at, scoff at

    Ex: What was pinned up ranged from elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations to longish book reviews either typed or handwritten, and cartoons that made a joke about the book being suggested.

    Ex: Such publications emphasised patriotic material supporting the war and ridiculing the enemy.
    Ex: This makes mockery of the idea of a 'family wage' earned by the man on which wage negotiations and the idea of keeping women out of work are founded.
    Ex: He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex: America is criminalizing those who object to its military plans, and is thumbing its nose at the Geneva Convention.
    Ex: Never make fun of someone who speaks broken English -- it simply means they know another language you probably ignore.
    Ex: Watching Ranald drop a rafter on his head, Marion sneered at herself that these children, this filthy hovel were all that was left to her.
    Ex: It's time to stop scoffing at those who worry about the budget deficit.

    Spanish-English dictionary > mofarse de

  • 22 ridiculizar

    v.
    to ridicule.
    * * *
    1 to ridicule, deride
    * * *
    VT to ridicule, deride
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to ridicule
    * * *
    = deride, ridicule, make + mockery of, make + a joke about, make + a joke of, put + Nombre + to shame, roast, give + Nombre + a good roasting.
    Ex. In future, this publishing house will explore other subjects within the popular culture sphere, including the UFO phenomenon and widely derided music genres like heavy metal, disco and rap.
    Ex. Such publications emphasised patriotic material supporting the war and ridiculing the enemy.
    Ex. This makes mockery of the idea of a 'family wage' earned by the man on which wage negotiations and the idea of keeping women out of work are founded.
    Ex. What was pinned up ranged from elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations to longish book reviews either typed or handwritten, and cartoons that made a joke about the book being suggested.
    Ex. This application never crashes or fails, has more intelligent features than any other similar program, and at 5.43 MB for the entire install it makes a joke of Microsoft bloatware.
    Ex. I will rescue the lame and gather those who have been scattered, I will give them praise and honor in every land where they were put to shame.
    Ex. The critics, however, roasted her for playing a tragic French heroine with a flat Midwestern accent.
    Ex. What impressed me was that the rest of the board gave him a good roasting for wasting peoples time.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to ridicule
    * * *
    = deride, ridicule, make + mockery of, make + a joke about, make + a joke of, put + Nombre + to shame, roast, give + Nombre + a good roasting.

    Ex: In future, this publishing house will explore other subjects within the popular culture sphere, including the UFO phenomenon and widely derided music genres like heavy metal, disco and rap.

    Ex: Such publications emphasised patriotic material supporting the war and ridiculing the enemy.
    Ex: This makes mockery of the idea of a 'family wage' earned by the man on which wage negotiations and the idea of keeping women out of work are founded.
    Ex: What was pinned up ranged from elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations to longish book reviews either typed or handwritten, and cartoons that made a joke about the book being suggested.
    Ex: This application never crashes or fails, has more intelligent features than any other similar program, and at 5.43 MB for the entire install it makes a joke of Microsoft bloatware.
    Ex: I will rescue the lame and gather those who have been scattered, I will give them praise and honor in every land where they were put to shame.
    Ex: The critics, however, roasted her for playing a tragic French heroine with a flat Midwestern accent.
    Ex: What impressed me was that the rest of the board gave him a good roasting for wasting peoples time.

    * * *
    vt
    to ridicule
    lo ridiculizaba delante de sus amigos she used to ridicule him o make fun of him in front of his friends
    lo ridiculizan por su falta de modales he is often ridiculed o held up to ridicule for his lack of social graces
    * * *

    ridiculizar ( conjugate ridiculizar) verbo transitivo
    to ridicule
    ridiculizar verbo transitivo to ridicule
    ' ridiculizar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    deride
    - mockery
    - ridicule
    * * *
    to ridicule
    * * *
    v/t ridicule
    * * *
    ridiculizar {21} vt
    : to ridicule
    * * *
    ridiculizar vb to make fun of

    Spanish-English dictionary > ridiculizar

  • 23 trabajo2

    2 = assignment, student paper, work, project work, term project.
    Ex. The problems and assignments presented are real problems and assignments, and the people involved are real people, all suitably disguised to protect their identity.
    Ex. 5 data collection instruments were used: printouts of data base searches executed by students; a questionnaire; bibliographies from student papers; serial holdings of the university library; and interviews with instructors.
    Ex. An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex. For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex. In 1994, 21 students on an introductory course on communication processes completed analyses of 14 different electronic lists or newsgroups as their term projects.
    ----
    * impresor de pequeños trabajos = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * mesa de trabajo = writing desk, work desk.
    * preparar un trabajo de clase = research + paper.
    * trabajo de clase = essay assignment, class assignment, course assignment, student assignment, written assignment.
    * trabajo de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * trabajo de restauración = restoration work.
    * trabajo editado = published work.
    * trabajo escolar = school work [schoolwork].
    * trabajo impreso = printed work.
    * trabajo publicado = published work.
    * trabajos de clase = classroom asignment.
    * un trabajo cuqlquiera = casual job.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajo2

  • 24 выполненная работа

    1) Engineering: performed work
    2) Construction: effort, job
    3) Economy: work done

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выполненная работа

  • 25 объем выполненных работ

    Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > объем выполненных работ

  • 26 Leistung

    Leistung f 1. GEN service, achievement, performance, output; 2. IND power; 3. PERS accomplishment, achievement, performance; 4. RW, V&M performance; 5. RW, STEUER performance (USt-Recht) • Leistung anbieten GEN, RECHT tender performance • Leistung beanspruchen SOZ claim benefit (Unterstützungszahlungen) • Leistung beantragen SOZ claim benefit(s) • Leistung bewilligen SOZ grant benefit • Leistung erbringen GEN, RECHT perform, tender performance
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> service, achievement, performance; 2. < Ind> power; 3. < Person> accomplishment, achievement, performance; 4. <Rechnung, V&M> performance ■ Leistung erbringen < Geschäft> perform ■ Leistung beanspruchen Unterstützungszahlungen < Sozial> claim benefit ■ Leistung bewilligen < Sozial> grant benefit
    * * *
    Leistung
    performance, effort, act, (geleistete Arbeit) job, piece of work, work done, flow, stroke, (Beitrag) contribution, (Dienst) service, (Ergebnis) result, effect, (Erzeugung) output, production, (Fähigkeit) efficiency, ability, (Gebrauchsgüter) serviceableness, (Gegenleistung) consideration, (Haltbarkeit) service life, (Kraft) power, output, (Lieferung) delivery, (Maschine) power, capacity, efficiency, performance, (Nennleistung) rating, (Sozialversicherung) benefit, (Verpflichtung) obligation, (Verrichtung) discharge, performance of an obligation, (Vollendung) accomplishment, achievement, attainment, (Zahlung) payment;
    • während des Bezuges der Leistungen while drawing benefits;
    • abgerundete Leistung finished performance;
    • vom Versicherungsnehmer abhängige Leistungen executory warranties;
    • ärztliche Leistungen (Versicherungsfall) medical benefits;
    • außerordentliche Leistung tour de force (French);
    • bankbetriebliche Leistungen banking facilities;
    • vertraglich bedungene Leistung contractual obligation, obligation of a contract;
    • beitragsfreie Leistungen non-contributory benefits;
    • betriebliche Leistungen personnel performance, output of the staff;
    • bewirkte Leistung executed consideration;
    • entgeltliche Leistung valuable consideration;
    • erfinderische Leistung (Patentgesetz) inventive merit;
    • familienpolitische Leistung family policy benefit;
    • freiwillige Leistungen (Betrieb) fringe benefits, (Versicherung) ex gratia payments;
    • geldwerte Leistungen performance in money;
    • vertraglich geschuldete Leistung simple contract debt, contractual obligation;
    • gewerbliche Leistungen commercial services;
    • industrielle Leistungen industrial achievements;
    • konzerninterne Leistungen intergroup services;
    • künftige Leistungen future benefits;
    • langfristige Leistungen (Versicherung) long-term benefits;
    • nicht marktbezogene Leistungen non-market services;
    • Pro-Kopf-Leistung per-capita productivity;
    • hoch qualifizierte Leistung high-level achievement;
    • umweltpolitisch schlechte Leistung poor environmental record;
    • soziale Leistungen social contributions;
    • kostenlose staatliche Leistungen free government services;
    • steuerpflichtige Leistungen taxable transactions;
    • technische Leistung engineering achievement;
    • teilbare Leistung divisible performance;
    • unentgeltliche Leistungen gratuitous services, (Überweisungsverkehr) unilateral transfers;
    • unfertige Leistung (Konzernbilanz) work in process;
    • unmögliche Leistung impossible consideration, impossibility of performance of contract;
    • unteilbare Leistung indivisible performance (obligation);
    • vermögenswirksame Leistung property-creating performance;
    • versprochene Leistung express obligation;
    • vertragliche Leistungen contractual obligations;
    • wiederkehrende Leistungen revolving payments;
    • voraussichtliche zukünftige Leistungen (Sozialversicherung) probable future payments;
    • zusätzliche Leistung additional contribution;
    • Leistung einer Anzahlung deposit;
    • vermögenswirksame Leistungen vom Arbeitgeber employer contributions towards a saving scheme;
    • Leistung an Erfüllungs statt payment in lieu of performance;
    • zusätzliche Leistungen bei einem Flug flight additions;
    • freiwillige Leistungen in Form von Barzahlungen oder Sachleistungen benefits on a voluntary basis in cash or in kind;
    • Leistungen einer Führungskraft executive performance;
    • Leistung in Geld pecuniary consideration;
    • Leistungen für die Europäische Gemeinschaft payments for the European Community;
    • Leistung des vertraglich Geschuldeten specific performance;
    • Leistungen an Hinterbliebene survivors’ benefits;
    • Leistungen im Krankheitsfall (Versicherung) sick[ness] benefit (Br.) (allowance, US);
    • noch nicht abgewohnte werterhöhende Leistungen des Mieters unexhausted improvements;
    • Leistungen in Naturalien payments in kind, specific performance;
    • Leistungen des Personals personnel performance, output of the staff;
    • zusätzliche Leistungen zum Selbstkostenpreis addition at cost;
    • Leistungen der Sozialversicherung social security benefits, public assistance benefits (US);
    • doppelte Leistung bei Unfalltod double accident benefit (Br.) (indemnity, US);
    • Leistung an Unterhaltsberechtigte dependency benefit (Br.);
    • Leistungen eines Werklieferungsvertrages work and labo(u)r;
    • Leistung Zug um Zug concurrent consideration;
    • Leistungen abgelten to pay for services rendered;
    • Leistung anbieten to offer performance;
    • Leistung andienen to tender performance;
    • hervorragende Leistungen auf verschiedenen Gebieten aufweisen to be distinguished in many spheres;
    • jds. Leistung bewerten to rate s. one’s performance;
    • Leistung bewirken to affect performance;
    • nach Leistung bezahlen to pay by results;
    • nach tatsächlicher Leistung bezahlen to pay according to the actually utilised services;
    • verjährte Leistung erbringen to perform a barred obligation;
    • höhere Leistungen von den Lieferanten fordern to drive on contractor performance;
    • mit den Leistungen in Verzug kommen to get behind with the performance of a contract, to fail to complete within contract time;
    • seinen vertraglichen Leistungen nachkommen to fulfil one’s obligations under a contract;
    • Leistung steigern (techn.) to tune up;
    • zur Leistung von Schadenersatz verurteilen to award damages against;
    • Leistung verweigern to refuse performance.

    Business german-english dictionary > Leistung

  • 27 Ausführung

    f
    1. (das Ausführen) carrying out; einer Aufgabe, eines Befehls, eines Plans: auch execution; einer Idee: realization; eines Verbrechens: perpetration; eines Gesetzes etc.: implementation; MUS. performance; eines Kunstwerks: execution; eines Baus: construction; (Fertigstellung) completion; etw. zur Ausführung bringen implement s.th., put s.th. into effect; zur Ausführung gelangen be carried out ( oder performed, built, implemented etc.); bei Ausführung des Plans in pursuance of the plan
    2. einer Ware: design; (Stil) style; (Typ) version; (Modell) model; (Qualität) workmanship, quality; (Äußeres) finish
    3. (Darlegung) exposition; Ausführungen comments, remarks; POL. etc. statement Sg.; (Rede) speech Sg. ( über + Akk oder zu on)
    4. WIRTS. export(ation)
    * * *
    die Ausführung
    (Aussage) statement;
    (Durchführung) execution; performance;
    (Typ) model; version
    * * *
    Aus|füh|rung
    f
    1) no pl (= Durchführung) carrying out; (von Operation, Aufgabe) performance, carrying out; (von Auftrag, Plan, Befehl, Bewegung) execution, carrying out; (von Gesetz) implementation; (von Freistoß) taking

    zur Áúsführung gelangen or kommen — to be carried out

    2) (=Gestaltung von Plan, Entwurf, Bild) execution
    3) (= Erklärung) explanation; (von Thema etc) exposition; (= Bemerkung) remark; (usu pl = Bericht) report
    4) (von Waren) design; (TECH = äußere Ausführung) finish; (= Qualität) quality; (= Modell) model
    * * *
    (the doing of something: He is very conscientious in the performance of his duties.) performance
    * * *
    Aus·füh·rung
    f
    1. kein pl (Durchführung) carrying out; von Auftrag a. execution; von Befehl execution; von Elfmeter, Freistoß taking; eines Gesetzes implementation; von Operation performance, carrying out
    zur \Ausführung gelangen [o kommen] (geh) to be carried out/executed
    2. (Qualität) quality; von Möbel a. workmanship; (Modell) model, design
    3. kein pl (Darlegung, Erklärung) explanation
    4. meist pl (Bericht) report
    * * *
    1) o. Pl.: s. ausführen 4): carrying out; execution; performing

    zur Ausführung gelangen od. kommen — (Papierdt.) < plan> be carried out or put into effect

    2) (Fußball, Eishockey) taking
    3) (Art der Herstellung) (Version) version; (Finish) finish; (Modell) model; (Stil) style
    4) (Darlegung) explanation; (Bemerkung) remark; observation
    5) o. Pl. (Ausarbeitung)

    der Entwurf war fertig, jetzt ging es an die Ausführung des Romans/der Einzelheiten — the draft was ready, and the next task was to work the novel out in detail/to work out the details

    * * *
    1. (das Ausführen) carrying out; einer Aufgabe, eines Befehls, eines Plans: auch execution; einer Idee: realization; eines Verbrechens: perpetration; eines Gesetzes etc: implementation; MUS performance; eines Kunstwerks: execution; eines Baus: construction; (Fertigstellung) completion;
    etwas zur Ausführung bringen implement sth, put sth into effect;
    zur Ausführung gelangen be carried out ( oder performed, built, implemented etc);
    bei Ausführung des Plans in pursuance of the plan
    2. einer Ware: design; (Stil) style; (Typ) version; (Modell) model; (Qualität) workmanship, quality; (Äußeres) finish
    3. (Darlegung) exposition;
    Ausführungen comments, remarks; POL etc statement sg; (Rede) speech sg (
    über +akk oder
    zu on)
    4. WIRTSCH export(ation)
    * * *
    1) o. Pl.: s. ausführen 4): carrying out; execution; performing

    zur Ausführung gelangen od. kommen — (Papierdt.) < plan> be carried out or put into effect

    2) (Fußball, Eishockey) taking
    3) (Art der Herstellung) (Version) version; (Finish) finish; (Modell) model; (Stil) style
    4) (Darlegung) explanation; (Bemerkung) remark; observation
    5) o. Pl. (Ausarbeitung)

    der Entwurf war fertig, jetzt ging es an die Ausführung des Romans/der Einzelheiten — the draft was ready, and the next task was to work the novel out in detail/to work out the details

    * * *
    f.
    accomplishment n.
    achievement n.
    executing n.
    execution n.
    implementation n.
    model n.
    realization n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Ausführung

  • 28 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 29 menester

    m.
    necessity.
    haber menester de algo to be in need of something
    ser menester que alguien haga algo to be necessary for somebody to do something
    menesteres business, matters (asuntos)
    * * *
    1 familiar (actividades) business sing; (necesidades) call of nature sing
    \
    es menester que... it is necessary that...
    * * *
    SM
    1)

    ser menester frm (=ser necesario): es menester hacer algo — we must do something, it is necessary to do something

    2) (=trabajo) job; (=recado) errand
    3) pl menesteres (=deberes) duties, business sing ; (=ocupación) occupation sing ; (=función) function sing
    4) pl menesteres (Téc) gear sing, tools
    * * *
    1)

    ser menester — (frml) ( ser necesario) to be necessary

    2) (frml) ( tarea) occupation
    * * *
    = job, task, chore.
    Ex. To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.
    Ex. Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex. The maintenance of orderly shelf arrangement is often considered an unimportant chore.
    * * *
    1)

    ser menester — (frml) ( ser necesario) to be necessary

    2) (frml) ( tarea) occupation
    * * *
    = job, task, chore.

    Ex: To ease the cataloguer's job and save him the trouble of counting characters, DOBIS/LIBIS uses a special function.

    Ex: Further, menu screens will be necessary until the user has specified the task that he wishes executed or the information that he wishes to retrieve sufficiently for execution or retrieval to be effected.
    Ex: The maintenance of orderly shelf arrangement is often considered an unimportant chore.

    * * *
    A
    ser menester ( frml) (ser necesario) to be necessary
    es menester trabajar para vivir one must work in order to live
    es menester que lo hagamos sin demora we must do it without delay
    B ( frml) (tarea) occupation
    se ganaba la vida en los menesteres más diversos he earned his living from some very diverse activities
    estaban ocupados en otros menesteres they were busy with other activities o they were otherwise engaged
    * * *

    menester sustantivo masculino
    1

    es menester que lo hagamos sin demora we must do it without delay
    2 (frml) ( tarea) occupation;

    menester sustantivo masculino
    1 (ocupación) esos menesteres se los dejo a mi mujer, I leave those jobs for my wife
    ♦ Locuciones: ser menester, to be necessary
    * * *
    1. [necesidad] necessity;
    haber menester de algo to be in need of sth;
    ser menester que alguien haga algo to be necessary for sb to do sth;
    es menester continuar con las reformas it is necessary to continue with the reforms
    2.
    menesteres [asuntos] business, matters;
    se ocupa de la limpieza y demás menesteres he does the cleaning and other odd jobs;
    un abogado sin experiencia en estos menesteres a lawyer with no experience in these matters
    3. Fam
    menesteres [herramientas] things, tools
    * * *
    m ( trabajo) job;
    menesteres pl fam tools, gear sg ;
    ser menester ( necessario) be necessary
    * * *
    1) : activity, occupation, duties pl
    2)
    ser menester : to be necessary
    es menester que vengas: you must come

    Spanish-English dictionary > menester

  • 30 программа

    agenda, (напр. проведения экспериментов) mission, program, schedule, software
    * * *
    програ́мма ж.
    1. брит. program(me); амер. program
    2. вчт. ( последовательность команд для решения задачи) program; (последовательность команд для выполненная какой-л. операции) routine
    вызыва́ть програ́мму — call (in) a program
    выполня́ть програ́мму — execute a program
    набира́ть програ́мму на коммутацио́нной доске́ — set up a program on a plugboard
    програ́мма нахо́дится [размеща́ется] в … — the program resides in …
    отла́живать програ́мму — de-bug a program
    распеча́тывать програ́мму — list a program, produce a listing of the program
    акти́вная програ́мма (программа становится активной после загрузки и приведения в готовность к исполнению) — active program (any program that is loaded and ready to be executed is called active)
    библиоте́чная програ́мма вчт. — library routine
    програ́мма вво́да-вы́вода вчт. — input/ output [I/ O] routine
    ветвя́щаяся програ́мма вчт. — branching program
    веща́тельная програ́мма тлв., радио — (broadcast) program
    выпуска́ть веща́тельную програ́мму — put a program on the air
    програ́мма в реа́льном масшта́бе вре́мени вчт. — real-time program
    вспомога́тельная програ́мма вчт. — house-keeping routine
    програ́мма вы́зова суперви́зора вчт. — S.V.C. routine
    выполни́мая програ́мма вчт. — executable program
    гла́вная програ́мма вчт. — main program
    диагности́ческая програ́мма вчт. — diagnostic routine
    диагности́ческая програ́мма устана́вливает и локализу́ет неиспра́вности в ЭВМ — a diagnostic routine detects and isolates malfunctions in the computer
    жё́сткая програ́мма вчт. — wired-in program
    програ́мма инициализа́ции ядра́ вчт. — nucleus initialization program
    интерфе́йсная програ́мма систе́мы с разделе́нием вре́мени — time-sharing interface program
    исполни́тельная програ́мма вчт. — executive routine
    исполни́тельная програ́мма осуществля́ет контро́ль за выполне́нием други́х програ́мм — an executive routine controls the execution of other routines
    исхо́дная програ́мма вчт. — source program
    кана́льная програ́мма вчт. — channel program
    кана́льная програ́мма управля́ет после́довательностью опера́ций какого-л. кана́ла — a channel program controls a specific sequence of channel operations
    програ́мма лё́тных испыта́ний — flight test program
    програ́мма маши́нного ана́лиза цепе́й вчт. — network optimization program
    метапрограмми́рующая програ́мма вчт. — meta-assembly program
    програ́мма ме́тода обраще́ния вчт. — access method routine
    по програ́мме ме́тода обраще́ния осуществля́ется переда́ча информа́ции ме́жду гла́вной па́мятью и устро́йствами вво́да-вы́вода — the access method routine moves data between main storage and input/ output devices
    неакти́вная програ́мма (программа, незагруженная или загруженная, но не готовая к исполнению, называется неактивной) — inactive program (an inactive program is that which is loaded but not ready to be executed, or not loaded at all)
    незави́симая програ́мма вчт. — stand-alone program
    обраба́тывающая програ́мма вчт. — processing program
    програ́мма обрабо́тки (да́нных) вчт. — processing program
    програ́мма обрабо́тки сообще́ний вчт. — message processing program
    обслу́живающая програ́мма вчт. — service routine
    объе́ктная програ́мма вчт. — object [target] program
    оверле́йная програ́мма вчт. — overlay program
    програ́мма опера́ции сортиро́вки — объедине́ния вчт. — sort/ merge program
    оптимизи́рующая програ́мма вчт. — optimizing program
    програ́мма оце́нки состоя́ния систе́мы вчт. — damage assessment routine
    програ́мма пере́днего пла́на вчт. — foreground program
    програ́мма печа́ти вчт. — print routine
    програ́мма представле́ния информа́ции на видеодиспле́е вчт. — graphic display program
    програ́мма прерыва́ния вчт. — interrupt routine
    пробле́мная програ́мма вчт. — problem program
    резиде́нтная програ́мма вчт. — resident program
    програ́мма специа́льного примене́ния (программа, написанная для пользователя или пользователем для его собственных нужд, называется программой специального применения) — application program (an application program is that which is written for or by a user and applies to his own work)
    транзи́тная програ́мма вчт. — transit routine
    програ́мма трассиро́вки вчт. — tracing routine
    програ́мма управле́ния сообще́ниями вчт. — message control program
    управля́ющая програ́мма — control program
    управля́ющая програ́мма плани́рует обрабо́тку да́нных и осуществля́ет контро́ль за её́ исполне́нием — a control program schedules and supervises the performance of data processing
    фо́новая програ́мма вчт. — background program

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > программа

  • 31 izveden

    pp & adj performed, executed itd. (-izvesti) l dobro izvedeno! a nice piece of work!, nice job! (- bravo!); izveden u drvu made out of wood, executed/worked in wood
    * * *
    • calibrated
    • carried out
    • derivative
    • derived

    Hrvatski-Engleski rječnik > izveden

  • 32 Karchobi

    A very rich gold or silver embroidery in Payale and Surat, India, used principally on large costly articles, such as cushions of state, elephant trappings, etc. The silk velvet or cloth used as foundation is stretched tight on a wooden frame. The design is first filled in or padded, with long stitches of yellow silk to make the gold embroidery stand out. Over this the gold or silver thread is couched down. Where the entire surface is to be covered with metal thread the ground is worked with herringbone effect. Variety is obtained by changing the direction of the metal thread and by employing higher relief on some parts than on the others. The principal subdivisions are: - (1) Kasabtiki, executed with gold or silver thread and spangles, done especially in Surat. (2) Jhikchalak, executed -with two-fold heavy gold or silver thread, each ply of which shows a corkscrew-like effect. (3) Charat-Karachi, so-called because it imitates the Karachi work by using cardboard for winding to give raised effect to the design. (4) Jhiktiki, is a combination of the thread in No. 2 with gold or silver spangles. (5) Chalak-Tiki, similar to No. 4. This embroidery is done on the frame. When done in hand stitches it is known as Reshami Bharat Kam.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Karchobi

  • 33 выполненные работы

    1) General subject: work performed, tasks performed
    2) Construction: completed work
    5) Caspian: services performed

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выполненные работы

  • 34 проделанная работа

    2) Business: executed work

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проделанная работа

  • 35 Geschäft

    Geschäft n 1. GEN business, trading, dealing, commerce (Handel, Kommerz); deal, transaction; bargain (Abschluss); business, concern, enterprise, operation (Firma, Unternehmen); (BE) shop, (AE) store (Laden); (infrml) office (Büro); 2. V&M sale • aus einem Geschäft aussteigen BÖRSE, GEN back out, opt out (of a deal) • das Geschäft hat einen Tiefststand erreicht GEN business is at a low ebb • das Geschäft ist ruhig GEN business is slack • das Geschäft perfekt machen GEN swing the deal • das Geschäft schließen GEN shut up shop • ein Geschäft abschließen GEN strike a deal, strike a bargain, do a deal with sb, do business with sb • ein Geschäft aufmachen GEN start in business, open a business, set up shop, launch a business, set up in business • ein Geschäft betreiben GEN run a business • ein Geschäft durchführen GEN conclude a transaction, settle a transaction • ein Geschäft unter Dach und Fach bringen GEN swing the deal • ein Geschäft zum Abschluss führen GEN task closure • mit dem Geschäft geht es aufwärts GEN business is improving • sich vom Geschäft zurückziehen GEN retire from business • über das Geschäft reden GEN talk business, talk shop • von Geschäft zu Geschäft GEN business to business
    * * *
    n 1. < Geschäft> Handel, Kommerz business, trading, dealing, commerce Abschluss deal, transaction, bargain, Firma business, concern, enterprise, operation, Laden shop (BE), store (AE), infrml, Büro office; 2. <V&M> sale ■ aus einem Geschäft aussteigen < Börse> back out, opt out (of a deal) ■ das Geschäft hat einen Tiefststand erreicht < Geschäft> business is at a low ebb ■ das Geschäft ist ruhig < Geschäft> business is slack ■ das Geschäft perfekt machen < Geschäft> swing the deal ■ das Geschäft schließen < Geschäft> shut up shop ■ ein Geschäft abschließen < Geschäft> strike a deal, strike a bargain, do a deal with sb, do business with sb ■ ein Geschäft aufmachen < Geschäft> start in business, open a business, set up shop, launch a business, set up in business ■ ein Geschäft betreiben < Geschäft> run a business ■ ein Geschäft durchführen < Geschäft> conclude a transaction, settle a transaction ■ ein Geschäft unter Dach und Fach bringen < Geschäft> swing the deal ■ ein Geschäft zum Abschluss führen < Geschäft> task closure ■ sich vom Geschäft zurückziehen < Geschäft> retire from business ■ über das Geschäft reden < Geschäft> talk business, talk shop ■ von Geschäft zu Geschäft < Geschäft> business to business
    * * *
    Geschäft
    (Arbeit) work, (Beruf) vocation, occupation, business, (Börse) trading, (Branche) trade, business, line, (Büro) office, (Firma) enterprise, commercial house, firm, concern, establishment, undertaking, company, (Geschäftsabschluss) bargain, deal[ing], transaction, operation, (Geschäftslokal) [business] premises, shop, (Gewerbe) occupation, trade, job, business, calling, employment, (Handel) commerce, trade, market (US), (Laden) shop (Br.), store (US), (Sache) affair, matter, (Spekulationen) venture, (Vorschlag) proposition (coll.);
    • in Geschäften on (engaged in) business;
    • in ein anrüchiges Geschäft verwickelt entangled in a shady business;
    • voller Geschäfte shoppy;
    • Geschäfte dealings, transactions, interests, operations;
    • abgeschlossenes Geschäft business transacted, deal, completed (executed) transaction;
    • hohe Gewinne abwerfendes Geschäft [business] bonanza;
    • sich glatt abwickelndes Geschäft swimming market;
    • altrenommiertes Geschäft well-established firm;
    • angesehenes Geschäft respectable firm;
    • anrüchiges Geschäft hole-and-corner (shady) business;
    • anziehendes Geschäft improvement in business;
    • von Anfang an schlecht aufgezogenes Geschäft business muddled at the start;
    • ausgedehntes Geschäft extensive trade;
    • bankfremdes Geschäft non-banking business (activity);
    • in Betrieb befindliches Geschäft going concern;
    • in Liquidation befindliches Geschäft firm in liquidation;
    • betreffendes Geschäft business in question;
    • im Großen betriebenes Geschäft business transacted at large;
    • auf gemeinschaftliche Rechnung betriebenes Geschäft joint-purse arrangement;
    • betriebseigenes Geschäft captive shop (US), company store (US);
    • blühendes Geschäft flourishing trade, thriving business;
    • dickes Geschäft big deal;
    • dringende Geschäfte pressing business, pressure of business;
    • dunkles Geschäft shady deal (business), funny business, dubious dealing, racket (sl.);
    • nicht durchgebuchte Geschäfte off-the-book transactions;
    • effektives Geschäft actual business;
    • einbringliches Geschäft lucrative business;
    • gut eingeführtes Geschäft well-established business;
    • einschlägiges Geschäft stockist (Br.), one-line shop (store), speciality shop, limited-line retailer (US);
    • einträgliches Geschäft remunerative (lucrative, profitable, paying) business, paying concern;
    • nicht ganz einwandfreies Geschäft shady transaction;
    • erstklassiges Geschäft first-rate (-class) firm;
    • euro-freundliche Geschäfte euro-friendly business[es];
    • faires Geschäft square deal;
    • unter Konkursanfechtung fallende Geschäfte protected transactions;
    • faules Geschäft shady (hole-and-corner) business, queer transaction;
    • weitgehend mit Fremdmitteln finanziertes Geschäft transaction financed largely with borrowing;
    • fingiertes Geschäft bogus (sham, fictitious) transaction;
    • florierendes Geschäft rattling trade, thriving business;
    • flottes (flott gehendes) Geschäft rattling trade, land-office business (US coll.);
    • fragwürdiges Geschäft shady business,equivocal transaction;
    • führendes Geschäft leading firm;
    • gut fundiertes Geschäft sound business [firm];
    • glänzend gehendes (glänzendes) Geschäft booming (roaring) business, gold mine, [business] bonanza;
    • dem Betrieb gehöriges Geschäft captive shop (US), company store (US);
    • in der Hauptgeschäftsgegend (im Stadtzentrum) gelegenes Geschäft central area shop, downtown (inner-city) store (US);
    • gewagtes Geschäft risky undertaking, speculation, speculative enterprise;
    • Gewinn bringendes Geschäft profitable enterprise (business),paying business;
    • glattes Geschäft (Börse) swimming market;
    • grenzüberschreitende Geschäfte cross-border transactions;
    • große Geschäfte (Börse) large trade;
    • gutes Geschäft pennyworth, [good] bargain, good [stroke of] business, big (good) deal;
    • leidlich gute Geschäfte fair business;
    • gut gehendes Geschäft flourishing business (trade), going concern (firm), business bonanza (US);
    • illegale Geschäfte illegal transactions;
    • stark konjunkturbedingtes Geschäft highly cyclical business;
    • konjunkturempfindliches Geschäft highly cyclical business;
    • konzerneigene Geschäfte interassociation transactions (US);
    • laufende Geschäfte regular (day-to-day, current, daily, pending) business, current transactions;
    • lebhaftes Geschäft (Börse) brisk trading (business);
    • zugrunde liegendes Geschäft underlying transaction;
    • lohnendes Geschäft paying (remunerative, lucrative) business;
    • lukratives Geschäft lucrative transaction (business);
    • mattes Geschäft dull business;
    • mittelgroßes Geschäft medium-sized store (US);
    • nachbörsliches Geschäft interoffice deal, afterhours dealing (Br.), business in the street (Br.);
    • nutzbringendes Geschäft profitable business;
    • preisgünstiges Geschäft economy-priced shop, cheap-Jack (-John) (coll.);
    • reelles Geschäft fair dealing firm;
    • renommiertes Geschäft well-reputed firm;
    • rentables Geschäft paying concern (business, enterprise), profitable business (enterprise), lucrative business (transaction), (Einzelgeschäft) paying transaction;
    • riskantes Geschäft touch-and-go business;
    • ruhiges Geschäft slack business;
    • schlechtes Geschäft bad (losing) bargain, poor business, no catch;
    • schmutziges Geschäft dirty business;
    • schrumpfendes Geschäft contracting business;
    • schwaches Geschäft little doing;
    • seriöses Geschäft sound business house;
    • sicheres Geschäft safe business;
    • sittenwidriges Geschäft transaction contrary to the policy of the law;
    • solides Geschäft solid enterprise (firm), substantial house, (Einzelgeschäft) sound business;
    • stagnierendes Geschäft stagnating business;
    • steuerbegünstigtes Geschäft tax-shelter deal;
    • steuerpflichtiges Geschäft taxable transaction;
    • stilles Geschäft slack business;
    • sich selbst tragendes Geschäft self-promoter;
    • überseeisches Geschäft overseas business;
    • unbedeutendes Geschäft picayune business;
    • undurchsichtige Geschäfte hole-and-corner dealings;
    • unreelles Geschäft dishonest business;
    • unrentables Geschäft business that does not pay, not a paying business, white elephant;
    • unsaubere Geschäfte underhand dealings;
    • unsittliches Geschäft unconscionable bargain (transaction);
    • unvollständiges Geschäft uncompleted transaction;
    • unvorteilhaftes Geschäft losing bargain;
    • väterliches Geschäft father’s business;
    • verbandseigene Geschäfte interassociation transactions (US);
    • verbotene Geschäfte illegal sales;
    • verdächtiges Geschäft queer transaction;
    • Verlust bringendes Geschäft losing business;
    • vorteilhaftes Geschäft bargain, deal, paying (profitable) business, catch, good deal (US);
    • wenig Geschäfte (Börse) little trade (doing);
    • wichtiges Geschäft serious business;
    • zunehmendes Geschäft improvement in trade;
    • an Bedeutung zunehmendes Geschäft wax job;
    • zweideutige Geschäfte funny business;
    • zweifelhaftes Geschäft shady transaction (business);
    • zwielichtiges Geschäft shady deal;
    • Geschäfte mit dem Ausland foreign trade;
    • Geschäft mit erstklassiger Bedienung high-class service store (US);
    • Geschäft in dem nur mit Devisen eingekauft werden kann hard-currency shop;
    • Geschäft in kleinen Effektenabschnitten odd business (US);
    • Geschäfte mit illegalen Einwanderern illegal-alien trafficking;
    • Geschäft auf Geben und Nehmen put and call;
    • Geschäft im Großen business transacted at large;
    • Geschäft mit Industriekundschaft industrial outlet;
    • Geschäfte auf Kommissionsbasis commission dealings, transactions for third account;
    • Geschäft mit erstklassigem Kundenkreis business with first-rate connections;
    • Geschäft unter dem Ladentisch under-the-counter trading;
    • Geschäft in guter Lage well situated business;
    • Geschäft auf feste Lieferung time bargain;
    • Geschäft mit kleiner Marge tight bargain;
    • Geschäft um jeden Preis hard-nosed business;
    • Geschäft mit Produkten des täglichen Bedarfs neighbo(u)rhood shop;
    • Geschäft für eigene Rechnung transaction for own account;
    • Geschäfte für fremde Rechnung transaction on third account;
    • Geschäfte auf laufende Rechnung dealings for the account;
    • Geschäft im Stadtzentrum central area shop, downtown store (US);
    • Geschäfte im großen Stil business transacted at large;
    • Geschäfte nach etw. abklappern to go from shop to shop looking for s. th.;
    • Geschäft um jeden Preis abnehmen to steal business at any price;
    • Geschäft absagen to call off a deal;
    • Geschäft abschließen to drive (strike, close, conclude, enter into) a bargain, to conclude (settle, transact) a business, to enter into a transaction;
    • Geschäft mit Gewinn abschließen to make a profit out of a transaction;
    • Geschäft abtreten to give up one’s business
    • Geschäft abwickeln to settle a business, (liquidieren) to wind up [one’s affairs], to straighten one’s affairs, to regulate disordered finances;
    • umfangreiche Geschäfte abwickeln to trade in a large way;
    • Geschäft schwarz abwickeln to conduct business off the books;
    • seine Geschäfte in ausländischen Währungen abwickeln to carry out one’s trade in offshore currencies;
    • Geschäft ankurbeln to drum up business;
    • in einem Geschäft anlegen to invest in a business;
    • wieder im Geschäft anlegen to plough (plow, US) back into the business;
    • j. für das Geschäft anlernen to train s. o. to business;
    • Geschäft annullieren to vitiate a transaction;
    • Geschäft anregen to enliven a business;
    • Geschäft aufgeben to go out of (give up one’s, discontinue a, cut) business, to get out, to give up (leave off) trade, to shut up shop (US), to wind (fold) up, (sich zur Ruhe setzen) to retire from business;
    • sein Geschäft auflösen to liquidate a business, to give up one’s business, to wind (shut) up (US);
    • Geschäft aufmachen to set up shop (a business);
    • Geschäft großzügig aufziehen to open a business on a large scale;
    • sein Geschäft ausdehnen to expand one’s business;
    • sich überhaupt nicht mehr im Geschäft auskennen to be out of the whole business;
    • aus dem Geschäft ausscheiden to retire from business;
    • aus einem Geschäft aussteigen to go out of business, to fold up (US);
    • Geschäft beeinträchtigen to affect business;
    • Geschäft begründen to settle down [in business], to establish o. s.;
    • sein Geschäft besorgen to ply one’s trade;
    • jds. Geschäfte besorgen to look after s. one’s affairs;
    • bankmäßige Geschäfte besorgen to supply banking facilities;
    • j. an einem Geschäft beteiligen to give s. o. a financial interest in a business;
    • sich an einem Geschäft beteiligen to have a share in a venture;
    • Geschäft betreiben to conduct (operate) a business, to run a shop, to carry on (ply) a trade;
    • Geschäfte betreiben to do business;
    • eigenes Geschäft betreiben to operate one’s own business, to be one’s own master;
    • seine Geschäfte freizügig betreiben to deal at arm’s length;
    • Geschäfte mit geliehenem Kapital betreiben to trade on the equity (US);
    • Geschäfte in großem Maßstab betreiben to carry on business on a large scale;
    • Geschäft zu Kreditauskunftszwecken beurteilen to rate a business;
    • im Geschäft tätig bleiben to remain active (stay) in business;
    • Geschäft zu einem erfolgreichen Abschluss bringen to put through a business deal, to bring a business to a successful conclusion;
    • vorteilhaftes Geschäft zum Abschluss bringen to drive a good bargain;
    • Geschäft auf die Beine bringen to set a business on foot;
    • Geschäft wieder in die Höhe bringen to put a business back on its feet again;
    • Geschäft zustande bringen to secure a business;
    • immer (ganze Zeit stets) nur ans Geschäft denken to always have an eye to business, to be businessman all the time;
    • j. aus dem Geschäft drängen to squeeze (force) s. o. out of business;
    • Geschäfte weiterführen dürfen to remain in possession of the business;
    • ins Geschäft einbringen to bring into business;
    • sich [erneut] auf ein Geschäft einlassen to embark [again] upon a business;
    • sich auf gewagte Geschäfte einlassen to dabble in speculative concerns;
    • Geschäft einleiten to initiate a deal;
    • Geschäft einrichten to fit out a shop;
    • seinem Sohn ein Geschäft einrichten to set up a son in trade;
    • in ein Geschäft einsteigen to start a business;
    • in ein gut gehendes Geschäft einsteigen to get on the bandwaggon;
    • j. in sein Geschäft einstellen to give s. o. a job;
    • Geschäft erledigen to dispatch a business;
    • Geschäfte aller Art erledigen to handle any sort of business;
    • laufende Geschäfte erledigen to deal with current business;
    • Geschäft eröffnen to open a trade (business), to set up shop, to start a business;
    • Geschäft wieder eröffnen to resume business;
    • Geschäft errichten to set up (start) in business, to establish o. s. (in business);
    • sein Geschäft erweitern to expand one’s business;
    • Geschäft mit der gesamten Ausstattung erwerben to buy a shop with all fixtures;
    • j. im Geschäft etablieren to set s. o. up in business;
    • Geschäft finanzieren to finance a business;
    • Geschäft fortführen to continue a business;
    • Geschäft des Gemeinschuldners (Konkursschuldners) fortführen to carry on the bankrupt’s business;
    • Geschäft im eigenen Interesse fortführen to continue a business for one’s own ends;
    • Geschäft bis zur Liquidierung fortführen to continue the business for the purpose of winding up;
    • Geschäft eines Verstorbenen fortführen to continue a deceased’s business;
    • Geschäft führen to carry on (conduct) a business, to carry on a trade, to manage the concern, to run (manage) a shop;
    • Geschäft unter seinem Namen führen to carry on the business under one’s name;
    • ins (in sein) Geschäft gehen to go to the office;
    • Geschäft rentabel gestalten to put business on a payable basis;
    • Geschäft gründen to set up shop [for o. s.], to establish (start) a business;
    • neues Geschäft gründen to launch a new business enterprise;
    • Geschäfte mit jem. haben to have business with s. o.;
    • bedeutendes Geschäft haben to be in a large way of business;
    • sein eigenes Geschäft haben to be in business on one’s own account;
    • gut gehendes Geschäft haben to drive a good trade;
    • kleines Geschäft haben to be in a small way of business;
    • Nase für [gute] Geschäfte haben to have a keen eye for a bargain;
    • Geschäft offen halten to keep a shop open;
    • aus dem Geschäft herausdrängen to squeeze out of business;
    • Geschäft hochbringen to work up a business;
    • j. für ein Geschäft interessieren to enlist s. o. in an enterprise;
    • sich nur für sein Geschäft interessieren to be intent on one’s business, to be businessman all the time, to be all business;
    • Geschäft in Bausch und Bogen kaufen to buy the whole stock [of a business];
    • Geschäft von der Pike auf kennen to know the business inside out;
    • sich nur um sein Geschäft kümmern to be intent on one’s (attend strictly to) business;
    • sich nicht um sein Geschäft kümmern to neglect one’s business;
    • sich bei einem Geschäft registrieren lassen (für Marken) to register with a tradesman;
    • Geschäft leiten to be at the head of the business;
    • Geschäft liquidieren to wind up one’s affairs (a business company);
    • Geschäfte machen to transact (do) business, to merchandise, to deal, to monger;
    • gewagte Geschäfte machen to speculate;
    • glänzende Geschäfte machen to drive a roaring trade;
    • große Geschäfte machen to do a large business;
    • gutes Geschäft machen to strike a bargain (it rich, US), to get in on a good deal, to find s. th. a good pennyworth, to get (secure) a purchase;
    • gute Geschäfte machen to have a good run (be in a good way) of business, to have a good season;
    • reißende Geschäfte machen to do a roaring trade;
    • Geschäft rückgängig machen to set aside a transaction, to break off an engagement;
    • schlechtes Geschäft machen to bring one’s eggs (hogs) to the wrong market, to do badly, to be in a bad way of business;
    • unerlaubte Geschäfte machen to indulge in illicit transactions;
    • seinen Geschäften nachgehen to attend to (go about) one’s business;
    • ungesetzlichen Geschäften nachgehen to carry on an illegal transaction;
    • bei einem Geschäft profitieren to profit by a bargain;
    • mit einem guten Geschäft rechnen to calculate on a good trade;
    • von Geschäften reden to talk shop (about business);
    • sein Geschäft schließen to close down a shop, to put up the shutters, to shut up shop (US);
    • an einem Geschäft beteiligt sein to have an interest (a share) in a business;
    • nach dem Krieg groß ins Geschäft gekommen sein to boom after the war;
    • in Geschäften großzügig sein to be liberal in business;
    • hinter seinen Geschäften her sein to be a keen businessman;
    • einen Tag nicht im Geschäft sein to get away from the office for a day;
    • in Geschäften unterwegs sein to be on one’s tour (away, out), to travel on business;
    • in Geschäften zuverlässig sein to be exact in business, to pass for as good as one’s word;
    • im Geschäft stecken to be invested in a business;
    • Geld in ein Geschäft stecken to invest money in a business, to put money into an undertaking, to embark capital in a trade;
    • gutes Geschäft tätigen to make a good deal by, to get a purchase;
    • im laufenden Monat keine Geschäfte mehr tätigen to write no new business for the next month;
    • Geschäft übernehmen to take over (succeed to) a business;
    • Geschäft voll übernehmen to purchase the sole interest in a business;
    • Geschäft auf seinen Sohn übertragen to make over the business to one’s son;
    • j. bei einem Geschäft übervorteilen to jockey s. o. in a transaction;
    • kleines Geschäft unterhalten to carry on business in a small way;
    • Geschäfte einer Gesellschaft der Revision unterziehen to investigate the affairs of a company;
    • bei seinen Geschäften verdienen to gain by one’s business;
    • an einem Geschäft groß verdienen to be a great gainer by a bargain;
    • grenzüberschreitende Geschäfte vereinfachen to simplify cross-border business[es];
    • sein Geschäft vergrößern to expand one’s business;
    • sein Geschäft verkaufen to sell out one’s business;
    • Geschäft um die Hälfte verkleinern to reduce a business one half;
    • Geschäft vermitteln to broker a deal;
    • seine Geschäfte vernachlässigen to neglect (shirk) one’s business;
    • sein Geschäft verstehen to know one’s business (trade, how to turn a penny);
    • sein Geschäft aus dem Effeff verstehen to have the whole business at one’s fingertips;
    • Geschäfte über das Internet vornehmen to execute securities transactions on (through) the Internet;
    • Geschäfte wegschnappen to grab business;
    • laufende Geschäfte weiterführen to deal with current business;
    • Geschäft nicht weiterführen to cease to carry on business;
    • sich seinen Geschäften widmen to attend to (go about) one’s business;
    • gute Geschäfte machen wollen to carry pigs to market;
    • Geschäft rückgängig machen wollen to rue a bargain;
    • von einem Geschäft zurücktreten to rescind a bargain;
    • sich vom (aus dem) Geschäft zurückziehen to give up one’s (withdraw from, quit) business;
    • sich von einem Geschäft zurückziehen to declare a bargain off, to back out (fam.);
    • sein Geld aus einem Geschäft zurückziehen to withdraw one’s money from a business;
    • sich wieder seinen Geschäften zuwenden to turn one’s thoughts to business again;
    • die Geschäfte gehen schlecht there is very little doing.

    Business german-english dictionary > Geschäft

  • 36 आत्मन् _ātman

    आत्मन् m. [अत्-मनिण् Uṇ 4.152 said to be from अन् to breathe also] 'आत्मा यत्नो धृतिर्बुद्धिः स्वभावो ब्रह्मवर्ष्म च' इत्यमरः
    1 The soul, the individual soul, the breath, the principle of life and sensation; किमात्मना यो न जितेन्द्रियो भवेत् H.1; आत्मानं रथिनं विद्धि शरीरं रथमेव तु Kaṭh.3.3. (In आत्मा नदी संयमपुण्यतीर्था H.4.87 आत्मन् is compared to a river).
    -2 Self, oneself; in this sense mostly used reflexively for all three persons and in the singular number, masculine gender, whatever be the gender or number of the noun to which it refers; अनया चिन्तयात्मापि मे न प्रतिभाति Ratn.1; आश्रमदर्श- नेन आत्मानं पुनीमहे Ś.1; गुप्तं ददृशुरात्मानं सर्वाः स्वप्नेषु वामनैः R.1.6,4.35,14.57; Ku.6.2; देवी... प्राप्तप्रसवमात्मानं गङ्गादेव्यां विमुञ्चति U.7.2; गोपायन्ति कुलस्त्रिय आत्मानमात्मना Mb.; K.17; sometimes used in pl. also; आत्मनः स्तुवन्ति Śi.17.19; Māl.8.
    -3 Supreme deity and soul of the universe, Supreme Soul, Brahman; तस्माद्वा एतस्मादात्मन आकाशः संभूतः T. Up.2.1.1; Ms.1.15,12.24.
    -4 Essence, nature; काव्यस्यात्मा ध्वनिः S. D., see आत्मक below.
    -5 Character, peculiarity; आत्मा यक्ष्मस्य नश्यति Rv.1. 97.11.
    -6 The natural temperament or disposition; Bhāg.11.22.2.
    -7 The person or whole body (con- sidered as one and opposed to the separate members of it); स्थितः सर्वोन्नतेनोर्वीं क्रान्त्वा मेरुरिवात्मना R.1.14; योस्या- त्मनः कारयिता Ms.12.12; Ki.9.66.
    -8 Mind, intellect; मन्दात्मन्, नष्टात्मन्, महात्मन् &c. अथ रामः प्रसन्नात्मा श्रुत्वा वायु- सुतस्य ह Rām.6.18.1.
    -9 The understanding; cf. आत्म- संपन्न, आत्मवत् &c.
    -1 Thinking faculty, the faculty of thought and reason.
    -11 Spirit, vitality, courage; त्यक्त्वा$$त्मानमथाब्रवीत् Mb.12.18.6.
    -12 Form, image; आत्मानमाधाय Ku.3.24 assuming his own form; 2.61; संरोपिते$प्यात्मनि Ś.6.24 myself being implanted in her.
    -13 A son; 'आत्मा वै पुत्रनामासि' इति श्रुतेः । तस्यात्मा शितिकण्ठस्य Śi.2.61.
    -14 Care, efforts, pain.
    -15 The sun.
    -16 Fire.
    -17 Wind, air.
    -18 Mental quality; बाहुश्रुत्यं तपस्त्यागः श्रद्धा यज्ञक्रिया क्षमा । भावशुद्धिर्दया सत्यं संयमश्चात्मसंपदः ॥ Mb.12.167.5. आत्मन् is used as the last member of comp. in the sense of 'made or consisting of'; see आत्मक. The form त्मन् is also found to be used; कृतार्थं मन्यते त्मानं Mb. [cf. Gr. atmos, aitmen]
    -Comp. -अधीन a.
    1 dependent on oneself, independent.
    -2 sentient, existing.
    (-नः) 1 a son.
    -2 a wife's brother.
    -3 the jester or विदूषक (in dramatic literature).
    -अनुरूप a. worthy of oneself; तस्यामात्मानुरूपायामात्मजन्मसमुत्सुकः Ku. 1.18; R.1.33.
    -अनुगमनम् peronal attendance; शश्वदा- त्मानुगमनेन गाम् R.1.88.
    -अपहारः concealing oneself; कथं वा आत्मापहारं करोमि Ś.1.
    -अपहारकः one who pre- tends to belong to a higher class than his own, an impostor, a pretender; यो$न्यथा सन्तमात्मानमन्यथा सत्सु भाषते । स पापकृत्तमो लोके स्तेन आत्मापहारकः ॥ Ms.4.255.
    -आदिष्ट a. self-counselled. (
    -ष्टः) a treaty dictated by the party wishing it himself; स्वसैन्येन तु संघानमात्मादिष्ट उदाहृतः H.4.121.
    -आनन्द a. Rejoicing in the soul or Supreme Spirit; आत्ममिथुनः आत्मानन्दः Ch. Up.7.25.2.
    -आराम a.
    1 striving to get knowledge; (as an ascetic or योगिन्), seeking spiritual knowledge; आत्मारामा विहितरतयो निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Ve.1.23.
    -2 selfpleased, delighted in self; आत्मारामः फलाशी. see आत्मानन्द Bh.3.93; cf. Bg.5.24.
    -आशिन् m. a fish supposed to feed on its young, or on the weakest of its species; cf. मत्स्या इव जना नित्यं भक्षयन्ति परस्परम् Rām.
    -आश्रय a.
    1 dependent on oneself or on his own mind.
    -2 About or relating to oneself; कौलीनमात्माश्रयमाचचक्षे R.14.36.
    (-यः) 1 self dependence.
    -2 innate idea, abstract knowledge independent of the thing to be known.
    -ईश्वर a. Self-possessed, master of self; आत्मेश्वराणां न हि जातु विघ्नाः समाधिभेदप्रभवो भवन्ति Ku.3.4.
    -उदयः self-exaltation or elevation; आत्मोदयः परज्यानिर्द्वयं नीतिरितीयति Śi.2.3
    -उद्भव a. born or produced from oneself.
    (-वः) 1 a son; आत्मोद्भवे वर्णचतुष्टयस्य R.18.12.
    -2 Cupid.
    -3 sorrow, pain.
    (-वा) 1 daughter.
    -2 intellect.
    -3 N. of a plant (माषपर्णी; Mar. रानउडीद).
    -उपजीविन् m.
    1 one who lives by his own labour; Ms.7.138.
    -2 a day-labourer.
    -3 one who lives by his wife (Kull. on Ms.8.362).
    -4 an actor, public performer.
    -उपनिषद् f. N. of an उपनिषद् which treats of the Supreme Spirit.
    - उपम a. like oneself. (
    -मः) a son.
    -औपम्यम् Likeness to self. आत्मौपम्येन सर्वत्र Bg.6.32.
    -कर्मन् One's own duty; आत्मौपकर्मक्षमं देहं क्षात्रो धर्म इवाश्रितः R.
    -काम a.
    1 loving oneself, possessed of self-conceit, proud; आत्मकामा सदा चण्डी Rām.2.7.1.
    -2 loving Brahman or the Supreme Spirit only; भगवन् वयमात्मकामाः Maitr. Up.7.1.
    -कार्यम् one's own business, private affair.
    -कृत a.
    1 self-executed, done by oneself; पौरा ह्यात्मकृताद्दुःखाद्विप्रमोच्या नृपात्मजैः Rām.2.46.23.
    -2 done against one's own self; Vāj.8.13.
    -गत a. produced in one's mind; ˚तो मनोरथः Ś.1. (
    -तम्) ind. aside (to oneself) being considered to be spoken privately (opp. प्रकाशम् aloud); frequently used as a stage-direction in dramas; it is the same as स्वगतम् which is thus defined; अश्राव्यं खलु यद्वस्तु तदिह स्वगतं मतम् S. D.6.
    -गतिः f.
    1 course of the soul's existence.
    -2 one's own course; Bhāg.5.17.3. ˚गत्या by one's own act.
    -गुप्ता The plant Mucuna Pruritus Hook (Mar. कुयली).
    -गुप्तिः f. a cave, the hiding place of an animal, lair.
    -ग्राहिन् a. selfish, greedy.
    -घातः 1 suicide.
    -2 heresy.
    -घातकः, -घातिन् 1 a suicide, a self-destroyer; K.174; व्यापादयेद् वृथात्मानं स्वयं यो$गन्युदका- दिभिः । अवैधेनैव मार्गेण आत्मघाती स उच्यते ॥
    -2 a heretic.
    -घोषः 1 a cock (calling out to himself).
    -2 a crow.
    -3 One who flatters himself. cf. आत्मघोषो वायसे स्यादात्म- स्तुतिपरे$पि च Nm.
    -जः, -जन्मन् m.
    -जातः, -प्रभवः, -संभवः, -समुद्भवः 1 a son; यः स वासवनिर्जेता रावणस्यात्म- संभवः Rām.6.86.33; हतान्निहन्मेह नरर्षभेण वयं सुरेशात्मसमु- द्भवेन Mb.7.118.2; तमात्मजन्मानमजं चकार R.5.36; तस्यामात्मानुरूपायामात्मजन्मसमुत्सुकः R.1.33; Māl.1; Ku.6.28.
    -2 Cupid; ममायमात्मप्रभवो भूयस्त्वमुपयास्यति Rām.4.1.34.
    -3 a descendant; मृगयां वि<?>रन्काश्चिद्विजने जनकात्मजः Mb.12.39.1.
    -जा 1 a daughter; वन्द्यं युगं चरणयोर्जनकात्मजायाः R.13.78; cf. नगात्मजा &c.
    -2 the reasoning faculty, understanding.
    -जयः 1 one's own victory.
    -2 victory over oneself, self-denial or abnega- tion.
    -ज्योतिस् n. The light of the soul or Supreme Spirit (चैतन्य); कौस्तुभव्यपदेशेन स्वात्मज्योतिर्बिभर्त्यजः Bhāg. 12.11.1.
    -ज्ञः, -विद् m. a sage, one who knows himself; तस्मादात्मज्ञं ह्यर्चयेद्भूतिकामः Muṇḍ.3.1.1.
    -ज्ञानम् 1 self-knowledge.
    -2 spiritual knowledge, knowledge of the soul or the Supreme Spirit; सर्वेषामपि चैतेषामात्मज्ञानं परं स्मृतम् Ms.12.85,92.
    -3 true wisdom.
    -तत्त्वम् 1 the true nature of the soul or the supreme spirit; यदात्म- तत्त्वेन तु ब्रह्मतत्त्वं प्रपश्येत Śvet.2.15.
    -2 the highest thing. ˚ज्ञः a sage versed in the Vedānta doctrines.
    -तृप्त a. Self-satisfied; आत्मतृप्तश्च मानवः Bg.3.17.
    -तुष्टि a. self-satisfied. (
    -ष्टिः f.) self-satisfaction.
    -त्यागः 1 self-sacrifice.
    -2 suicide.
    -त्यागिन् m. a.
    1 suicide; आत्मत्यागिन्यो नाशौचोदकभाजनाः Y.3.6.
    -2 a heretic, an unbeliever.
    -त्राणम् 1 self-preservation.
    -2 a body-guard; Rām.5.
    -दर्शः a mirror; प्रसादमात्मीयमिवात्म- दर्शः R.7.68.
    -दर्शनम् 1 seeing oneself.
    -2 spiritual knowledge, true wisdom; सर्वभूतात्मदर्शनम् Y.3.157; cf. Ms.12.91. see आत्मयाजिन.
    -दा a. Ved. granting one's existence or life; य आत्मदा बलदा यस्य विश्व Rv.1.121.2.
    -दानम् self-sacrifice, resigning oneself.
    -दूषि a. Ved. corrupting the soul; self-destroying; Av.16.1.3.
    -देवता a tutelary deity.
    -द्रोहिन् a.
    1 self-tormenting, fretful.
    -2 suicide.
    -नित्य a. being constantly in the heart, greatly endeared to oneself.
    -निन्दा self-reproach.
    -निवेदनम् offering oneself (as a living sacrifice to the deity).
    -निष्ठ a. one who constantly seeks for spiritual knowledge.
    -पराजित a. one who has lost himself (Ved.) Av.5.18.2.
    -पुराणम् N. of a work elucidating the Upaniṣads (consisting of 18 chapters).
    -प्रत्ययिक a. knowing from one's experience; आत्मप्रत्ययिकं शास्त्रमिदम् Mb.12.246.13.
    -प्रबोधः 1 cognition of the soul; self-consciousness.
    -2 title of an उपनिषद्.
    -प्रभ a. self-illuminated.
    -प्रवादः 1 conversation about the Supreme Spirit.
    -2 N. of the seventh of the fourteen Pūrvas of the Jainas.
    -प्रशंसा self-praise.
    -बन्धुः, -बान्धवः 1 one's own kinsman; आत्ममातुः स्वसुः पुत्रा आत्मपितुः स्वसुः सुताः । आत्ममातुलपुत्राश्च विज्ञेया ह्यात्मबान्धवाः Śabdak. i. e. mother's sister's son, father's sister's son, and mother's brother's son.
    -2 the soul, the self.
    -बोधः 1 spiritual knowledge.
    -2 knowledge of self.
    -3 N. of a work of Śaṅkarāchārya.
    -भावः 1 existence of the soul; संयोग एषां न तु आत्मभावात् Śvet.1.2.
    -2 the self proper, peculiar nature.
    -3 the body.
    -भू a. self-born, self-existent. (
    -भूः) वचस्यवसिते तस्मिन् ससर्ज गिरमात्मभूः Ku.2.53,3.16,5.81.
    -योनिः 1 N. of Brahmā;
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -3 N. of Śiva; Ś.7.35.
    -4 Cupid, god of love.
    -5 a son. (
    -भूः f.)
    1 a daughter.
    -2 talent, understanding.
    -भूत a.
    1 self-produced; peculiar, belonging to.
    -2 attached, devoted, faithful; तत्रात्मभूतैः कालज्ञैरहार्यैः परिचारकैः Ms.7.217 (Kull. = आत्मतुल्य).
    (-तः) 1 a son.
    -2 Cupid.
    (-ता) 1 a daughter.
    -2 talent.
    -भूयम् 1 peculiarity, own nature.
    -2 Brahman.
    -मात्रा a portion of the Supreme Spirit.
    -मानिन् a. self-respecting, respectable.
    -2 arro- gant, proud; विवेकशून्यः प्रभुरात्ममानी, महाननर्थः सुहृदां बतायम् Bk.12.83.
    -मूर्तिः 1 a brother; भ्राता स्वमूर्तिरात्मनः
    -2 soul, Supreme Spirit.
    -मूल a. self-luminous, shining (God); स आत्ममूलो$वतु मां परात्परः Bhāg.8.3.4.
    -मूलि n. the universe.
    -मूली N. of a plant (दूरालभा; Mar. धमासा).
    -याजिन् 1 sacrificing for oneself or himself. m. a learned man who studies his own nature and that of the soul (of others) to secure eternal felicity, one who looks upon all beings as self; सर्व- भूतेषु चात्मानं सर्वभूतानि चात्मनि । समं पश्यन्नात्मयाजी स्वाराज्यम- धिगच्छति ॥ Ms.12.91.
    -योनिः = ˚भू m. a. v. ददर्श चक्रीकृतचारुचापं प्रहर्तुमभ्युद्यतमात्मयोनिम् Ku.3.7.
    -रक्षा 1 N. of a plant (इन्द्रवारुणीवृक्ष).
    -2 self protection.
    -लाभः birth, production, origin; यैरात्मलाभस्त्वया लब्धः Mu.3.1, 5.23; Ki.3.32,17.19,18.34; K.239.
    -लोमन् 1 the hair of the body.
    -2 the beard.
    -वञ्चक a. self-deceiver.
    -वञ्चना self-delusion; self-deception.
    -वधः, -वध्या, -हत्या suicide.
    -वर्ग्य a. of one's party or class; उद्बाहुना जुहुविरे मुहुरात्मवर्ग्याः Śi.5.15.
    -वश a. depending on one's own will; यद्यत्परवशं कर्म तत्तद्यत्नेन वर्जयेत् । यद्यदात्मवशं तु स्यात्तत्तत्सेवेत यत्नतः ॥ Ms.4.159, सर्वमात्मवशं सुखम् 16.
    (-शः) 1 self-control, self-government.
    -2 one's control, subjection; ˚शं नी, ˚वशीकृ to reduce to subjection, win over.
    -वश्य a. having control over self, self-possessed, self-restrained; आत्मवश्यैर्विधेयात्मा Bg.2.64.
    -विक्रयः sale of oneself or one's own liberty; Ms.11.59.
    -विद् m.
    1 a wise man, sage; as in तरति शोकमात्मवित्; सो$हं भगवो मन्त्रविदेवास्मि नात्मविच्छ्रुत<?>ह्येव Ch. Up.7.1.3.
    -2 knowing one's own self (family &c.); य इहात्मविदो विपक्षमध्ये Śi.2.116.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -विद्या knowledge of the soul, spiritual knowledge; आन्वीक्षिकीं चात्मविद्याम् Ms.7.43.
    -विवृद्धिः, -वृद्धिः f. self-exaltation.
    -वीर a.
    1 mighty, powerful, strong.
    -2 appropriate, suitable, good for oneself (as diet &c.).
    -3 existent, sentient.
    (-रः) 1 a son.
    -2 wife's brother.
    -3 a jester (in dramas); आत्मवीरः प्राणवति श्यालके च विदूषके.
    -वृत्तम्, -वृत्तान्तः account of one's own self, autobiography.
    -वृत्ति a. dwelling in Atman or soul. (
    -त्तिः f.)
    1 state of the heart; किमेभिराशोपहतात्मवृत्तिभिः Ku.5.76.
    -2 action as regards oneself, one's own state or circum- stance; विस्माययन् विस्मितमात्मवृत्तौ R.2.33.
    -3 practising one's own duties or occupation.
    -शक्तिः f. one's own power or ability, inherent power or effort; दैवं निहत्य कुरु पौरुषमात्मशक्त्या Pt.1.361 to the best of one's power.
    -2 illusion.
    -शल्या N. of a plant (शतावरी).
    -शुद्धिः f. self-purification; Ms.11.164; योगिनः कर्म कुर्वन्ति संगं त्यक्त्वा$त्मशुद्धये Bg.5.11.
    -श्लाघा, -स्तुतिः f. self-praise, boasting, bragging.
    -संयमः self-restraint; आत्मसंयमयो- गाग्नौ जुह्वति ज्ञानदीपिते Bg.4.27.
    -संस्थ a. Based upon or connected with the person; आत्मसंस्थं मनःकृत्वा Bg.6.25.
    -सतत्त्वम् See आत्मतत्त्वम्; आत्मसतत्त्वं विगणयतः Bhāg.5.13.24.
    -सद् a. Ved. dwelling in oneself; आत्मसदौ स्तं मा मा हिंसिष्टम् Av.5.9.8.
    -संतुष्ट a. self-sufficient.
    -सनि a. Ved. granting the breath of life.
    -सम a. worthy of oneself, equal to oneself; कार्ये गुरुण्यात्मसमं नियोक्ष्ये Ku.3.13.
    -संदेहः 1 internal or personal doubt.
    -2 risk of life, personal risk.
    -संभवः, -समुद्भवः 1 a son; चकार नाम्ना रघुमात्मसंभवम् R.3.21,11.57,17.8.
    -2 Cupid, god of love.
    -3 epi- thet of Brahmā, Viṣṇu, or Śiva.
    -4 the Supreme Being (परमात्मन्).
    (-वा) 1 a daughter.
    -2 understanding, intellect.
    -संपन्न a.
    1 self-possessed; Pt.1.49.
    -2 talented, intelligent; तमात्मसंपन्नमनिन्दितात्मा कृत्वा युवानं युवराजमेव R.18.18.
    -संभावना self-conceit; K.
    -सिद्धिः f. self-aggrandizement, attainment of object or purpose; आगच्छदात्मसिद्ध्यर्थं गोकर्णस्याश्रमं शुभम् Rām.7.9.47.
    -सुख a. self-delighted. (
    -खम्) the highest bliss.
    -स्थ a. At one's own disposal (स्वाधीन); तावदेव मया सार्धमात्मस्थं कुरु शासनम् Rām.2.21.8.
    -हन् a.
    1 one who kills his own soul (neglects its welfare &c.); ये के चात्महनो जनाः Śvet.3.
    -2 a suicide, self-destroyer.
    -3 a heretic, unbeliever.
    -4 a priest in a temple, a servant or attendant upon an idol.
    -हननम्, -हत्या suicide.
    -हित a. beneficial to oneself. (
    -तम्) one's own good or welfare.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > आत्मन् _ātman

  • 37 exécuter

    exécuter [εgzekyte]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
       a. [+ plan, ordre, mouvement, mission, instruction] to carry out ; [+ travail] to do ; [+ tâche] to perform ; (Computing) [+ programme] to run
       b. [+ tableau] to paint
       c. [+ morceau de musique] to perform
       d. ( = tuer) to execute
    * * *
    ɛgzekyte
    1.
    1) ( faire) to carry out [tâche, travaux]; to do [exercice]
    2) ( appliquer) to carry out [ordre, dessein, menace]; to fulfil [BrE] [promesse]; Commerce to fill [commande]; Droit to fulfil [BrE] [contrat]; to enforce [loi, jugement]
    3) ( tuer) to execute [condamné, otage]
    4) Musique to perform, to play [morceau]
    5) Informatique to run [programme]; to execute [instruction]

    2.
    s'exécuter verbe pronominal ( obéir) to comply
    * * *
    ɛɡzekyte vt
    1) [prisonnier] to execute

    Le prisonnier a été exécuté à l'aube. — The prisoner was executed at dawn.

    2) [tâche] to execute, to carry out
    3) MUSIQUE (= jouer) to perform, to execute

    Le pianiste va maintenant exécuter une valse de Chopin. — The pianist is now going to perform a waltz by Chopin.

    4) INFORMATIQUE to run
    * * *
    exécuter verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( faire) to carry out, to accomplish [tâche, mission]; to carry out [travaux, projet]; to do [exercice, travail, dessin, plongeon]; to execute [saut]; faire exécuter des travaux to have work done;
    2 ( appliquer) to carry out [consigne, ordre, dessein, menace]; to fulfilGB [promesse]; Comm to fill [commande]; Jur to fulfilGB [contrat, obligation]; to enforce [loi, jugement]; to implement [traité]; Pharm to make up [ordonnance];
    3 ( tuer) to execute [condamné, otage]; to kill [victime]; fig to polish off○ [adversaire]; to slate GB, to pan○ [auteur, acteur, politicien]; to demolish [œuvre]; se faire exécuter par les critiques to be slated GB ou panned○ by the critics;
    4 Mus to perform, to play [morceau];
    5 Ordinat to run [programme]; to execute [instruction];
    6 Jur ( saisir) to distrain upon [débiteur].
    B s'exécuter vpr ( obéir) to comply; il a fini par s'exécuter he eventually complied.
    [ɛgzekyte] verbe transitif
    1. [mouvement, cabriole] to do, to execute
    2. [confectionner - maquette, statue] to make ; [ - tableau] to paint
    3. [interpréter - symphonie] to perform, to play ; [ - chorégraphie] to perform, to dance
    4. [mener à bien - consigne, ordre, mission] to carry out (separable), to execute ; [ - projet] to carry out
    5. [commande] to carry out (separable)
    6. [tuer - condamné] to execute, to put to death ; [ - victime] to execute, to kill
    7. (familier) [vaincre - joueur] to slaughter, to trounce
    8. (familier) [critiquer] to slate (UK), to pan
    9. DROIT [testament] to execute
    [arrêt, jugement, traité] to enforce
    [débiteur] to distrain upon (inseparable)
    ————————
    s'exécuter verbe pronominal intransitif
    je lui demandai de sortir, il s'exécuta de mauvaise grâce I asked him to go out, he did so ou complied reluctantly

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > exécuter

  • 38 torché

    adj.
      a (of pcrson): Uncouth, ill-mannered. En voilà un mal torché! What an uncivilized nurk!
      b (of work, task): 'Botched', bungled.
    2. Bien torché (of task, sometimes of a work of art): Neatly executed. Il nous sort des dessins bien torchés! He's been churning out some really crisp drawings!

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > torché

  • 39 Waymouth, Bernard

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. unknown
    d. 25 November 1890 London, England
    [br]
    English naval architect, ship surveyor and designer of the clipper ship Thermopylae.
    [br]
    Waymouth had initial training in shipbuilding at one of the Royal Dockyards before going on to work at a privately owned shipyard. With this all-round experience he was accepted in 1854 by Lloyd's Register of Shipping as a surveyor, and was to serve the Society well during a period of great change in ship design. In 1864 he was charged with the task of framing the Rules for the Construction of Composite Built Vessels, i.e. ships with main structural members such as keel, frames and deck beams of iron and with the hull sheathing or planking of timber. Although long superseded, these rules were of considerable consequence at the time and they were accompanied by beautiful drawings executed by Harry J.Cornish, who became Chief Ship Surveyor of Lloyd's from 1900 until 1909. In 1870 revolutionary proposals were made for iron ships that led to the adoption of a new form of rules where the scantlings or size of individual parts were related to the overall dimensions of the vessel. The symbol 100A1 was then adopted for the first time.
    Waymouth was more than a theoretical naval architect: in the late 1860s he was commissioned by the shipbuilders Walter Hood to design the famous Aberdeen Clipper Thermopylae. This was one of the fastest sailing ships of the nineteenth century and, along with its Clyde-built counterpart Cutty Sark, proved the efficacy of composite construction for these specialist vessels.
    Waymouth was appointed Principal Surveyor of Lloyd's in 1870 and was Secretary of the Society from 1872 until his death at work in 1890. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Tonnage and of the Enquiry into the loss of HMS Atlanta, and at the time of his death was Vice-President of the Institution of Naval Architects.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Naval Architects.
    Further Reading
    Annals of Lloyd's Register, 1934, London.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Waymouth, Bernard

  • 40 акт приёмки работ

    2) Power engineering: acceptance bill

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > акт приёмки работ

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  • Work order — A work order (WO) is an order received by an organization from a customer or client, or an order created internally within the organization. A work order may be for products or services. In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted… …   Wikipedia

  • work of art — noun 1. a piece of creative work in the arts, especially a painting or a piece of sculpture. 2. anything executed extremely well or in particularly good taste …  

  • pok|er|work — «POH kuhr WURK», noun. ornamental work executed by burning designs, as on wood or leather, with a hot instrument, originally a poker; pyrography …   Useful english dictionary

  • List of people executed by the Holy See — This is a list of people executed by the Holy See. It includes individuals executed by the Papal States and/or on the orders of the Pope. Although capital punishment in Vatican City was legal from 1929 to 1969, no executions took place. This list …   Wikipedia

  • Berlin wool work — is a style of embroidery. It is a subtype of canvas work. Typically it is executed with tapestry wool on canvas, in petit point stitch only. It was traditionally executed in many colours and hues, producing intricate three dimensional looks by… …   Wikipedia

  • Drawn thread work — Linen towel with drawn thread work accented with embroidery in stem and satin stitch. Drawn thread work is a form of counted thread embroidery based on removing threads from the warp and/or the weft of a piece of even weave fabric. The remaining… …   Wikipedia

  • Hand work — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • stone|work — «STOHN WURK», noun. 1. work done in or with stone. 2. a) a wall or other structure made of stone. b) the part of a building made of stone. 3. artistic work of any kind executed in stone …   Useful english dictionary

  • wool work — n. needlework executed in wool on a canvas foundation …   Useful english dictionary

  • workmanship — work•man•ship [[t]ˈwɜrk mənˌʃɪp[/t]] n. 1) the art or skill of a workman or workwoman 2) the quality or mode of execution, as of a thing made 3) the product or result of labor and skill; work executed • Etymology: 1325–75 …   From formal English to slang

  • pottery — /pot euh ree/, n., pl. potteries. 1. ceramic ware, esp. earthenware and stoneware. 2. the art or business of a potter; ceramics. 3. a place where earthen pots or vessels are made. [1475 85; POTTER1 + Y3] * * * I One of the oldest and most… …   Universalium

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