without+refinement

1) (violently) roh; grob

2) (crudely) leidlich; grob [skizzieren, bearbeiten, bauen]

3) (approximately) ungefähr; grob [geschätzt]

* * *

adverb rauh

* * *

1. (harshly) grob, roh

2. (without refinement)

\roughly built roh [o grob] zusammengezimmert

3. (approximately) grob

to calculate \roughly grob kalkulieren [o überschlagen]

\roughly speaking ganz allgemein gesagt

\roughly similar [or the same] ungefähr gleich

\roughly about ungefähr, schätzungsweise

* * *

1) (= not gently) grob, roh; play rau; speak grob; answer, order grob, hart

2) (= crudely) make, sew, sketch, chop, slice grob

3) (= approximately) ungefähr

* * *

roughly [ˈrʌflı] adv

1. rau, roh, grob

2. grob, ungefähr, annähernd:

a) etwa, ungefähr, über den Daumen gepeilt umg,

b) ganz allgemein (gesagt)

* * *

1) (violently) roh; grob

2) (crudely) leidlich; grob [skizzieren, bearbeiten, bauen]

3) (approximately) ungefähr; grob [geschätzt]

* * *

annähernd adv.

grob adv.

ungefähr adv.

rough·ly [ʼrʌfli] adv

1) ( harshly) grob, roh

2) ( without refinement)

\roughly built roh [o grob] zusammengezimmert

3) ( approximately) grob;

to calculate \roughly grob kalkulieren [o überschlagen];

\roughly speaking ganz allgemein gesagt;

\roughly similar [or the same] ungefähr gleich;

\roughly about ungefähr, schätzungsweise

1) (making a difference) Unterscheidung, die

2) (difference) Unterschied, der

3)

4)

* * *

1) ((the making of) a difference: He makes no distinction between male and female employees with regard to pay.) die Unterscheidung

2) (a grade awarded that indicates outstanding ability or achievement: She passed her exams with distinction.) die Auszeichnung

* * *

1. (difference) Unterschied m ( between zwischen + dat)

class \distinctions Klassenunterschiede pl

\distinction without a difference künstlich geschaffener Unterschied, wo eigentlich gar keiner besteht

clear [or sharp] \distinction deutlicher Unterschied

to blur a \distinction Unterschiede verwischen

to draw [or make] a \distinction between sth zwischen etw dat unterscheiden [o einen Unterschied machen

2. no pl (eminence)

of [great] \distinction von hohem Rang [o herausragender Bedeutung

3. no pl (honour) Ehre f

she has the \distinction of being one of the few people to... sie hat die Ehre, zu den wenigen Menschen zu gehören, die...

to hold the dubious [or doubtful] \distinction of doing sth die etwas zweifelhafte Ehre besitzen, etw zu tun

4. (award) Auszeichnung f

to be granted a \distinction eine Auszeichnung verliehen bekommen

5. BRIT SCH die bestmögliche Note

▪ with \distinction ausgezeichnet

to gain a \distinction in sth in etw dat die bestmögliche Note bekommen

to pass [an exam] with \distinction [ein Examen] mit Auszeichnung bestehen

* * *

1) (= difference) Unterschied m; (= act of distinguishing) Unterscheidung f

2) no pl (= preeminence) (hoher) Rang m, Distinktion f (dated geh); (= refinement) Vornehmheit f

3) (SCH, UNIV: grade) Auszeichnung f

* * *

distinction [dıˈstıŋkʃn] s

1. Unterscheidung f:

a distinction without a difference eine spitzfindige Unterscheidung, ein nur nomineller Unterschied

2. Unterschied m:

in distinction from im Unterschied zu, zum Unterschied von;

draw ( oder make) a distinction between einen Unterschied machen oder unterscheiden zwischen (dat);

without distinction ohne Unterschied, unterschiedslos;

without distinction of person(s) ohne Unterschied der Person

3. Unterscheidungsmerkmal n, Kennzeichen n

4. Auszeichnung f:

a) Ehrung f

b) Ehrenzeichen n

5. Ruf m, Ruhm m, Ehre f

6. hervorragende Eigenschaft

7. (hoher) Rang:

of distinction von Rang (u. Namen)

8. Vornehmheit f, Würde f

9. → distinctiveness

* * *

1) (making a difference) Unterscheidung, die

2) (difference) Unterschied, der

3)

4)

* * *

Auszeichnung f.

Unterscheidung f.

1) (a decorative edging to a piece of cloth, made of a strip of cloth gathered along one side and sewn on: She sewed a frill along the bottom of the skirt.) volante

2) ((often in plural) something unnecessary added as decoration: the frills of business (= having expensive dinners etc).) adorno

•

- frilled

tr[frɪl]

noun

1 (on dress) volante nombre masculino

plural noun frills

1 (decorations) adornos nombre masculino plural

\

with no frills sencillo,-a, sin adornos

frill ['frɪl] n

1) ruffle: volante m

2) embellishment: floritura f, adorno m

• faralá s.m.

• guirindola s.f.

• ringorrango s.m.

• volante s.m.

• escarolar v.

1) ( of fabric) volante m or (RPl) volado m or (Méx) olán m or (Chi) vuelo m

2) (colloq)

a) ( pretension) floritura f

b) ( refinement) detalle m

[frɪl]

1) (on dress etc) volante m

2) frills (fig) adornos mpl

* * *

1) ( of fabric) volante m or (RPl) volado m or (Méx) olán m or (Chi) vuelo m

2) (colloq)

a) ( pretension) floritura f

b) ( refinement) detalle m

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

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At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.

In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.

In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).

As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.

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SUBJECT AREA: Horology, Ports and shipping

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John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.

In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.

Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.

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See also: Burgi, Jost; Huygens, Christiaan