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1 WE, US
The relevant Quenya pronouns make two distinctions not found in English. “We” can be either inclusive or exclusive, depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we” or not. Furthermore, “we” can be either plural (involving at least three persons) or dual (involving only two persons, the speaker and one other). Tolkien repeatedly revised the relevant endings. According to VT49:16, 51 one late resolution goes like this: The ending for plural exclusive “we” is -lmë, corresponding to dual exclusive -mmë. Hence e.g. carilmë *“we [not including you] do”, carimmë *“the two of us do; I and one other [not you] do”. The ending for plural inclusive “we” is to be -lwë or -lvë, corresponding to -ngwë for dual inclusive “we” (VT49:16; variant -nquë in VT49:51): Carilwë “we [including you] do”, caringwë “the two of us do; thou and I do”. The corresponding independent pronouns were pl. exclusive me, pl. inclusive we or later ve with variant vi (PE17:130); when stressed these could have long vowels (mé and wé > vé, VT49:51). They may also appear in object position (“us” rather than “we”), e.g. suffixed to ála “do not” in the negative command álamë tulya, "do not lead us" (VT43:12, 22). If these pronouns are to be dual, they receive the dual ending -t (exclusive met, inclusive wet > *vet; compare imbë met “between us [two]” in Namarië). The dual pronouns do not have a long vowel even when stressed. The pronouns me, we/*ve and their long variants can also receive case endings, like dative men or véna “for us” (VT43:27, 28, 33, VT49:14) or locative messë "on us" (VT44:12). An emphatic pronoun is attested as emmë “we” (VT43:20), this reflects an earlier conceptual stage where Tolkien used the forms in -mmë for plural rather than dual exclusive “we” (VT49:48, cf. forms like vammë, WJ:371); presumably he would later regard emmë as a dual exclusive form, corresponding to pl. *elmë (and with *elwë > *elvë and *engwë as the emphatic pronouns for inclusive “you”, plural and dual, respectively). These emphatic pronouns can also receive case endings; the dative form emmen “for us” is attested (VT43:12, 20). – Genitive forms, see OUR; reflexive pronouns, see OURSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
with regard to — 1. Concerning 2. So far as relates to • • • Main Entry: ↑regard * * * in/with/regard to phrase concerning a particular subject a change in the laws with regard to food safety … Useful english dictionary
with\ regard\ to — • with reference to • in regard to • with regard to prep. In connection with; from the standpoint of; concerning; regarding; about. I am writing with reference to your last letter. He spoke in reference to the Boy Scouts. I spoke to him with… … Словарь американских идиом
with regard to — (something) considering or relating to something. Parents are concerned about protecting their kids with regard to stuff that is available on the Internet. It certainly should make the law clearer with regard to what is and what is not a… … New idioms dictionary
with regard to — index comparative Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
with regard to sb — in/with regard to sb/sth ► in connection with someone or something: »I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March. Main Entry: ↑regard … Financial and business terms
with regard to something — with regard to (something) considering or relating to something. Parents are concerned about protecting their kids with regard to stuff that is available on the Internet. It certainly should make the law clearer with regard to what is and what is … New idioms dictionary
with regard to — ► with (or in or having) regard to as concerns. Main Entry: ↑regard … English terms dictionary
with regard to sth — in/with regard to sb/sth ► in connection with someone or something: »I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March. Main Entry: ↑regard … Financial and business terms
with regard to somebody — in/with regard to sb/sth idiom (formal) concerning sb/sth • a country s laws in regard to human rights • The company s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts. Main entry: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
with regard to something — in/with regard to sb/sth idiom (formal) concerning sb/sth • a country s laws in regard to human rights • The company s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts. Main entry: ↑ … Useful english dictionary
with regard to — phrasal in regard to … New Collegiate Dictionary
