windows

* * *

1) glass;

háll sem gler, slippery as glass;

bresta í gleri, to break into shivers;

2) looking-glass.

* * *

n. [A. S. glæs; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas seem to be borrowed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler ( glass) and glas ( a small glass bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the word is akin to Glasir, glys, glæsa, q. v.]:—the word originally meant amber, ‘succinum’ quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit. Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found in the great deposits (in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in a single instance in a deposit of the Brass Age (which ends about the beginning of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such is the sense of the word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes were written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, now those stones are turned into gler, of an altar ‘glassed’ with sacrificial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading, bresta í gleri, to be shivered, to break into shivers, Hým. 29,—the reading of Kb., ‘í tvau,’ is a gloss on the obsolete phrase:— glæs also occurs twice or thrice in A. S. poetry, but not in the oldest, as Beowulf, vide Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, and came into use with the building of cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel. the first panes brought into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the cathedral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows in the walls, but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the roof, covered with the caul (of a new-born calf, called skjall or líkna-belgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjár: these are still used in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (skjár or skjá-gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar):—háll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in eccl. and later writings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan brýtr gæfu-maðr gler.

COMPDS: gleraugu, glergluggr, glerhallr, glerhálka, glerhiminn, glerkaleikr, glerker, glerlampr, glerpottr, glersteinar, glertölur, Glerá.

pp. with windows.

* * *

part. with windows, Ísl. ii. 402.

(-s, pl. -ar), m. opening (in a wall, roof, etc.), esp. window.

* * *

m., and gluggi, a, m., Stj. 171, 207, Fms. ix. 427, and so always in mod. use; (glyggr, m., pl. ir, Sks. 427 B, rare):—a window, Nj. 114, Eg. 420, 421, vide gler above; according to Nj. ch. 78 the windows were placed above the wall plate in the roof; gler-gluggi, skjá-g., baðstofu-g., skemmu-g., stofu-g., búr-g., eldhús-g;.

COMPDS: gluggagrind, gluggakista, gluggatjald, gluggatópt.

II. prop. an opening, a hole, Ó. H. 152; inn um þann glugg er hann hafði rofit, Fbr. 66 new Ed.; einn laup ok skar allan gluggum, he took a box and cut holes in it all over, Fms. viii. 342; var gluggr yfir ofninum, Eb. 136; létta steini af brunnsins glugga, Stj. 171. Gen. xxix. 10 (‘the well’s mouth’); marga glyggi (acc. pl.) ok smá, Sks. l. c.; höfðu þeir brotið á stóran glugg, Bárð. 180: metaph., glugga-þykn, n. dense clouds with openings in them, Grett. 114 A.

a, m. or hlöri, but hleði in Korm. 10, Ísl. ii. 113; that hleri or hlöri is the better form is borne out by the mod. usage as well as by the derived hler and hlera:— a shutter or door for bedrooms and closets in old dwellings, which moved up and down in a groove or rabbet, like windows in Engl. dwellings, and locked into the threshold: the passage in Korm. S. is esp. decisive, where Kormak sees Steingerda’s feet outside between the half-shut door (hleri) and the threshold,—hann rak kerli fyrir hleðann svá at eigi gékk aptr, viz. between the threshold and the shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; hence comes the law phrase, standa á hleri (hlera?), to stand at the shutter, i. e. to stand listening, eaves-dropping, Bjarn. 43: freq. in mod. usage, as also standa of hleðum, id., Hðm. 23: in mod. usage a shutter for a window is called hleri.

(hníg; hné and hneig, hnigum; hniginn), v.

1) to fall gently, sink down (hné Guðrún höll við bólstri); h. at armi e-m, to sink into one’s arms;

2) to flow (hnigu heilög vötn af himinfjöllum);

3) to sink down, fall dead (= h. at velli); h. at grasi, í gras, to bite the grass;

4) to incline, turn; eigi mátti sjá hvernig h. mundi, which way the scale would turn (in a battle);

5) h. til e-s, to turn towards (var jafnan þeirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu); h. til liðs, hjálpar við e-n, to side with one pp., hniginn, advanced (stricken) in years, = h. á aldr, h. at aldri; of a door, shut; var hurð hnigin, the door was down; hurð hnigin á hálfa gátt, á miðjan klofa, half shut, half down.

* * *

pres. hníg; pret. hné, hnétt, hné, pl. hnigu; sing. hneig is very rare in old vellum, e. g. Sks. 112, Fms. vi. 280, viii. 21, Mork. 60, Fb. i. 106, Ó. H. 89, else always hné, as also in mod. poets—Jesú blóð hér til jarða hné | jörðin aptur svo blessuð sé, Pass. 3. 10; part. hniginn: with neg. suff., pret. hnék-at, Og. 11; pres. hnígr-a, Hm. 159, Eg. (in a verse); [Ulf. hneivan = κλίνειν, Luke ix. 12; A. S. hnîgan, pret. hnâh; O. H. G. hnîgan; cp. hneig-ja]:—to bow down, sink, fall gently; of a stream, the sun, a felled tree, a dying man, etc., heilög vötn hnigu af fjöllum, Hkv. 1. 1; fóru þar til er vötn hnigu til vestr-ættar af fjöllum, Orkn. 4; tré tekr at hníga ef höggr tág undan, Am. 56: to sink, fall dead, h. at velli, Hkv. 2. 8; Baldr er hné við bana-þúfu, Hdl.; Hamðir hné at húsbaki, Hðm. 32; hnígra sá halr fyrir hjörum, Hm. 159, Skm. 25, Hkm., Nj. 191; hniginn fyrir oddum, Darr.; hniginn í hadd jarðar, Bm.; hné hans um dólgr til hluta tveggja, hendr ok höfuð hné á annan veg, Skv. 3. 23; ok kvað annan-hvárn verða at h. fyrir öðrum, Ísl. ii. 263; sinn veg hné hvárr þeirra af húsmæninum, 195; síðan hné hann aptr ok var þá dauðr, Ó. H. 223; þá hné (hneig Ed.) hann á bak aptr ok var þá andaðr, Lv. 70; Hjálmarr hnígr at (þúfunni) upp, Fas. ii. 216; þá hné hann aptr ok sprakk af harmi, i. 357 (Fb. i. 106); hné margr maðr fyrir honum ok lét sitt líf, Fb. i. 193: the phrase, hníga at velli, h. í gras, h. at grasi, to sink to the ground, bite the grass, Hkv. 2. 8; áðr en ek hníga í gras, Ísl. ii. 366; mann mun ek hafa fyrir mik áðr ek hníg at grasi, Njarð. 378; mannfólkit greipsk í bráða-sótt, svá at innan fárra nátta hnigu ( died) sjau menn, Bs. ii. 35; Einarr sat svá at hann hneig upp at dýnunum, ok var þá sofnaðr, Fms. vi. 280, (hneg, Mork. 60, l. c.); hann hné niðr höfði sínu, he drooped with his head, Karl. 489; þá hné Guðrún höll við bólstri, G. sank back in the bed, Gkv. 1. 15.

2. poët.,

α. of ships, to rise and fall, toss on the waves; skip hnigu um lög, Lex. Poët., Fms. vi. (in a verse).

β. hníga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4; h. at armi e-m, to sink into his arms, Hkv. 2. 23.

3. with prepp.; h. til e-s, to swerve towards; þeim er hníga vilja til hans vináttu, Fms. viii. 239; sá er yður þjónosta hneig til, whom you served, 21; var jafnan þeirra hlutr betri er til hans hnigu, 47, vi. 414; ok því á hann heldr til vár at hníga en yðar, Stj. 540; allir konungar þeirra landa hnigu undir hans vald, 560: to bow down, pay homage to another, allir menn er þar vóru hnigu þeim manni, Eb. 330; Emundr gekk fyrir hann ok hneig honum ok kvaddi hann, Ó. H. 85; hinir hæstu turnar hafa nú numit honum at hníga, Al. 90; hann hnígr ( yields) eigi fyrir blíðu né stríðu, 625. 95.

II. metaph., h. til liðs, hjálpar við e-n, to side with one; þessir hnigu allir til liðs við Karl inn Rauða, Lv. 137; hnékat ek af því til hjálpar þér, Og. 11; hneig mikill fjölði engla til hans, Sks. 112 new Ed.: to incline, turn, of a scale in the balance, þá hnígr mannfallit í þeirra lið, of a battle, Al. 134; ok var þat lengi at eigi mátti sjá hvernig hníga myndi, which way the scale would turn (in a battle), Orkn. 70, 148; hnígr nú sýnt á Frankismenn, the day turns visibly against the F., Karl. 193.

III. part. act., at hníganda degi, at the fall of day, Sks. 40; vera hnígandi, to be failing, on the decline, Karl. 162; með hníganda yfirbragði, with a falling, drooping face, 542.

2. pass. hniginn, stricken in years; Þorsteinn var þá hniginn, Ld. 24; mjök h., well stricken in years, Fms. ix. 501; hann görðisk þá heldr hniginn at aldri, Eg. 187; hniginn á aldr, id., Orkn. 216, 346; h. í efra aldr, Fb. i. 346.

β. of a door, shut; the word hnigin shews that in olden times the door was shut up and down, as windows at the present time, and not moved on hinges; var hurð hnigin, Rm. 23; hnigin á gátt, sunk in the groove, Gísl. 16; h. á hálfa gátt, half shut, half down the groove; hurð h. á miðjan klofa, id., Fms. iii. 74; h. eigi allt í klofa, 125; hnigin er helgrind, Fas. i. (in a verse).

m. the caul, esp. of calves, lambs, used instead of glass in the windows of ancient houses, see gluggr.

m. louver or opening in the roof (for the smoke to escape by, and also for admitting light).

* * *

a, m. [from ljós; Swed. liure; Norse liore]:— a louvre or opening in the roof of ancient halls for the smoke to escape by, and also for admitting light, as the walls of such dwellings had no windows; falla eitrdropar inn um ljóra, Vsp. 44; hann komsk út um ljórann ok svá brott, Hkr. i. 267; ef hús verðr íelda í kaupangi, ok verðr eigi logi ljórum hæri, N. G. L. ii. 248; einn morgin kom hrafn á ljóra ok gall hátt, Landn. 161; hann lét snúa fjöl fyrir ljórann svá at lítið op var á, Fms. vi. 281. The men who kept watch used to sit by the louvre; sá er við ljórann sat ok vörð hélt, ix. 364; þat var siðr hans, þá hann drakk, at maðr skyldi sitja við ljóra ok horfa í gegn veðri á drykkju-skála hans ok halda vörð, Fas. ii. 81.

* * *

(pl. skjáir), m. a window-frame with a transparent membrane over it, fitting to the opening (ljóri) in the roof, or to the window in the sidewall (cf. hliðskjár).

* * *

m. (the older form was prob. ské, analogous to lé, klé, q. v.):— a window (the opening). In old dwellings the openings were round, fitted with a hoop or frame (called skjá-grind), which had a membrane (skjall) stretched over it, and this was used instead of glass, and could be taken out at pleasure-; such windows are still found in Icel. farm-houses, all such openings being in the roof, not in the walls, cp. Nj. ch. 78 (init.); and when the frame was taken out, these openings served as outlets for smoke. In some instances skjár seems to be used synonymously with ljóri (q. v.); the hlið-skjár (q. v.), or ‘side-skjar,’ would then answer to the window or opening in mod. Icel. dwellings; hristust skjáir ( chimney-pot = mod. strompr. q. v.)á húsum sem fyrir vindi hvössum, Ann. 1341; Þorbjörn þreif upp stokk ok reisti undir skjáinn ok fór þar út, Gullþ. 19; taka af skjána ok láta leggja út reykinn, Fbr. 99 new Ed.; ef menn sitja í húsum þeim er skjáir eru á, þá er svá ljóst inni, at hverr maðr kennir annan, Sks. 47 new Ed.; konungr hafði gört skjá fyrir stofuna, Fms. vii. 34; fara upp á stofuna ok taka af skjáinn (i. e. the frame), Fbr. 170; hann kastaði því inn um skjáinn, Fas. ii. 81; brutu þeir stofuna um skjána, Sturl. i. 168; hlið-skjár, Sturl. ii. 85; hann hlörar við hliðskjáinn er á var stofunni, Bs. i. 628: the phrase, nú gengr eigi skjall á skjá, N. G. L. i. 384 (see skjall); krumminn á skjá, skjá, skekr belgi þrjá, a nursery rhyme.

COMPDS: skjágluggi, skjágrind, skjávindauga.

f. pl. the windows of heaven.