-
21 Blickensderfer, George Canfield
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1850 Erie, Pennsylvania, USAd. 14 August 1917[br]American maker of the first successful portable typewriter and the first electric typewriter.[br]Blickensderfer was educated at the academy in Erie and at Allegheny College. He seems to have followed a business career, and in the course of his travels he became aware of the need for a simple, durable, but portable typewriter. He was in business in Stanford, Connecticut, where he developed but did not patent a number of typewriters, including a machine in which a type wheel could print short words such as "an" and "as" by depressing a single key. In 1889 he set up the Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company to perfect and mass-produce the machine he had in mind. He needed two years to test and perfect the model, and in 1891 work started on the factory that was to manufacture it. On the verge of mass-production in 1893, he produced a few machines for the Chicago World Exhibition in that year. Their success was sensational, and the "Blickensderfer" received the highest accolades from the judges, who hailed it as "extraordinary progress in the art of typewriting". The "Blickensderfer" appeared with successive modifications in the following years: they were durable, lightweight machines, with interchangeable type wheels, and were the first widely-used readily-portable typewriters.Around 1902 Blickensderfer produced the first electric typewriter. A few electric machines were produced and some were sent to Europe, including England, but they are now very rare. One Blick Electric has been preserved in the Beeching Typewriter Collection in Bournemouth, England.[br]Further ReadingM.H.Adler, 1973, The Writing Machine, London: Allen \& Unwin.Historische Burowelt 10 (July 1985):11 (provides brief biographical details in German with an English summary).LRDBiographical history of technology > Blickensderfer, George Canfield
-
22 Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 23 November 1851 Plainville, Connecticut, USAd. 27 October 1942 Plainville, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool designer.[br]After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCity of Philadelphia, John Scott Medal 1925.BibliographyNorton was granted more than one hundred patents and was author of Principles of Cylindrical Grinding, 1917, 1921, Worcester, Mass.Further ReadingRobert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (contains biographical information and details of the machines designed by Norton).RTSBiographical history of technology > Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
-
23 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
-
24 سار
سَارَ \ do: to go (at a certain speed, or for a certain distance): This car can do 80 miles an hour. We did 150 miles before breakfast. drive (drove, driven): (of any kind of power) to make a machine work: This engine is driven by electricity. follow: to go along (a road). go: (also go off) to take a certain course: All went (off) well at our meeting, work This clock goes by electricity. run: (of a vehicle or ship) to go: Trains run every hour from here to Glasgow. The car ran off the road. travel: to move; go: Light travels faster than sound. walk: to move along on one’s feet at a natural speed. \ See Also مشى (مَشَى) \ سَارَ \ race: to rush; go at full speed: The car raced past me. \ See Also عدا بأقصى سُرْعَة \ سَارَ \ plod: to walk with slow heavy steps: The farmer plodded across the muddy field. \ See Also عَمِلَ ببطُء وتَثَاقَل \ سَارَ بِبُطْء \ drag: to move slowly: The sick donkey dragged behind the others. \ سَارَ بِخُطًى مُنْتَظِمَة \ pace: to walk with regular steps: He paced anxiously up and down the room. \ سَارَ بِخُطًى واسِعة \ stride: to walk with long steps. \ سَارَ بسُرعةٍ عادية \ cruise: (of cars or aeroplanes) to travel at a speed that uses a reasonable amount of petrol, not at top speed. \ سَارَ بِغَيْرِ اتّزَانٍ فوقَ طريقٍ وَعِر \ bump: to move unsteadily over rough ground: The car bumped along the track. \ سَارَ رُوَيدًا \ amble: to walk slowly. \ سَارَ سِيرتَهُ \ follow in sb.’s footsteps: to follow sb.’s example, esp. one’s way of life: He wants to follow in his father’s footsteps and become a doctor. \ سَارَ على دواليب أو عجلات \ roll: to move on wheels: The train rolled slowly into the station. \ سَارَ قُدُمًا \ advance: to go forward; move forward: The army advanced towards the enemy. \ سَارَ مُتَعَرِّجًا \ zigzag: to go in zigzag manner. \ سَارَ الهُويْنَا \ jog: (of people, animals, vehicles, etc.) to move unsteadily or with little progress: We jogged along on our donkeys.
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
spin one's wheels — {v. phr.} 1. Said of cars stuck in snow or mud whose wheels are turning without the car moving forward. * /There was so much snow on the driveway that my car s wheels were spinning in it and we couldn t get going./ 2. To exert effort in a job… … Dictionary of American idioms
spin one's wheels — {v. phr.} 1. Said of cars stuck in snow or mud whose wheels are turning without the car moving forward. * /There was so much snow on the driveway that my car s wheels were spinning in it and we couldn t get going./ 2. To exert effort in a job… … Dictionary of American idioms
Anti-friction wheels — Friction Fric tion, n. [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See {Fray} to rub, arid cf. {Dentifrice}.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
friction wheels — Friction Fric tion, n. [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See {Fray} to rub, arid cf. {Dentifrice}.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
spin\ one's\ wheels — v. phr. 1. Said of cars stuck in snow or mud whose wheels are turning without the car moving forward. There was so much snow on the driveway that my car s wheels were spinning in it and we couldn t get going. 2. To exert effort in a job without… … Словарь американских идиом
spin your wheels — US informal : to stay in the same condition or position without making progress I need to look for a new job. I feel like I m just spinning my wheels here. • • • Main Entry: ↑spin spin your wheels see ↑spin, 1 • • • Main Entry: ↑wheel … Useful english dictionary
spin one's wheels — verb To make no progress despite making an effort; to get nowhere. Ive been spinning my wheels on this problem all week, with nothing to show for it … Wiktionary
spin your wheels — waste effort, not progress If you don t have a career goal you ll just spin your wheels … English idioms
spin one's wheels — phrasal to make futile efforts to achieve progress … New Collegiate Dictionary
Penny-farthing — For other uses, see Penny farthing (disambiguation). A penny farthing photographed in the Škoda Auto Museum in the Czech Republic … Wikipedia
wheel — [hwēl, wēl] n. [ME whele < OE hweol, earlier hweogol < IE * kwekwlo , wheel (> Gr kyklos, a circle) < base * kwel , to turn, be around, dwell > Gr telos, turning point, end, polos, axis, L colere, to till, dwell, Ger hals, neck] 1 … English World dictionary
