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21 Small, James
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. c. 1742 Scotlandd. 1793 Scotland[br]Scottish engineer who was first to apply scientific experiment and calculation to the design of ploughs.[br]James Small served his apprenticeship as a wright and blacksmith at Hutton in Berwickshire, and then travelled for a time in England. It is possible that he learned his trade from the ploughwright Pashley, who ran the "Manufactory" in Rotherham. On his return to Scotland he settled at Blackadder Mount, Berwickshire, and there began to make his ploughs. He used a spring balance to determine the draft of the plough and fashioned the mouldboard from a soft wood so that the wear would show quickly on its surface. Repeated trials indicated the best shape to be adopted, and he had his mouldboards cast at the Carron Ironworks. At trials held at Dalkeith, Small's plough, pulled by two horses, outperformed the old Scotch plough hauled by as many as eight oxen, and his ploughs were soon to be found in all areas of the country. He established workshops in Leith Walk, where he made ploughs and other implements. It was in Edinburgh in 1784 that he published Treatise on Ploughs, in which he set out his methods and calculations. He made no attempt to patent his ideas, feeling that they should be available to all, and the book provided sufficient information for it to be used by his rivals. As a result he died a poor man at the age of 52. His family were supported with a £1,500 subscription raised on their behalf by Sir John Sinclair, President of the Board of Agriculture.[br]Bibliography1784, A Treatise on Ploughs and Wheel Carriages.Further ReadingJ.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century, and deals in detail with Small's work).AP
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См. также в других словарях:
Scotch — Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as, a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Scotch — Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Scotched}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Scotching}.] [Cf. Prov. E. scote a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
scotch — scotch1 [skäch] vt. [ME scocchen, prob. < Anglo Fr escocher < OFr coche, a notch, nick < VL * cocca, knob at the end of a spindle (later, groove below this knob) < L coccum, berry < Gr kokkos] 1. to cut; scratch; score; notch 2.… … English World dictionary
scotch — scotch1 /skoch/, v.t. 1. to put a definite end to; crush; stamp out; foil: to scotch a rumor; to scotch a plan. 2. to cut, gash, or score. 3. to injure so as to make harmless. 4. to block or prop with a wedge or chock. n. 5. a cut, gash, or score … Universalium
scotch — [[t]skɒtʃ[/t]] v. t. 1) to put an end to; crush; foil: to scotch a rumor[/ex] 2) to cut, gash, or score 3) to injure so as to make harmless 4) bui to block or prop with a wedge or chock 5) a cut, gash, or score 6) bui a block or wedge put under a … From formal English to slang
scotch — /skɒtʃ / (say skoch) verb (t) 1. to injure so as to make harmless. 2. to cut, gash, or score. 3. to put an end to; stamp out; suppress: the spokesperson soon scotched the rumours about a strike. 4. to block or prop with a scotch. –noun 5. a cut,… …
scotch — Mawdesley Glossary to put a stop to incorrect rumours or tales, a wedge put to a wheel … English dialects glossary
scotch — skÉ‘tʃ / skÉ’tʃ n. wedge or wooden block used to prevent a wagon from rolling on a slope v. injure, wound; cut, slash; destroy, put an end to; place a wedge or wooden block under a wheel to prevent rolling … English contemporary dictionary
scotch — I. v. a. 1. Cut (slightly), wound (superficially), score, notch, scot, jag. 2. Stop (as a wheel, to prevent it from rolling back), block, prop, support. II. a. Scottish. III. n. Incision, cut, slit … New dictionary of synonyms
scotch a wheel — to stop it from going backward. Lane … A glossary of provincial and local words used in England
Hindrance — (Roget s Thesaurus) < N PARAG:Hindrance >N GRP: N 1 Sgm: N 1 prevention prevention preclusion obstruction stoppage Sgm: N 1 embolus embolus Sgm: N 1 interruption interruption interception interclusion| Sgm: N 1 hindrance … English dictionary for students
