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1 wai
what the primitive element ¤wei "wind, weave" became in Quenya; therefore confused with the stem WAY "enfold" WEY -
2 mana
interogative, a word translated "what is" in the sentence mana i-coimas Eldaron? "what is the coimas lembas of the Eldar?" PM:395, a variant reading in PM:403 Either this is *ma "what" + ná "is", or mana may itself be a unitary word "what", and there is not really any word meaning "is" in the sentence. Since ma is assigned other meanings elsewhere, the latter interpretation may be the more likely. -
3 tai
1 pron. "that which, what", which fact VT42:34, VT49:12, 20. The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" VT49:12, ta + i cf. ta \#1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun. In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements VT49:12 and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai \#2, see below. 2 pron. they, them, 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things VT49:32, see ta \#3 above. Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai that which, the pronoun tai they, them was altered to te in at least one manuscript VT49:33, so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned see te. 3 adv. then, also tá which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well VT49:33 -
4 man
pron. "who" Nam, RGEO:67, FS, LR:59, Markirya, MC:213, 214; cf. PM:357 note 18, where a reference is made to the Eldarin interrogative element ma, man. However, man is translated "what" in LR:59: man-ië? "what is it?" LR:59; the stative-verb suffix -ië is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. also mana, manen. -
5 yé
1 interjection "lo!" VT47:31, also occurring in Aragorn's exclamation when he found the sapling of the White Tree. Compare yéta-. Also in the ejaculation yé mána ma = what a blessing or what a good thing! VT49:41. The more literal meaning would seem to be *behold the blessing! 2 conj.? "what is more", also yëa VT47:31 3 = ye \#3, q.v. -
6 mána
1 adj. "blessed" FS; also manna, q.v. 2 noun any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána ma = what a blessing, what a good thing! VT49:41 -
7 ma
1 neuter personal pronoun "something, a thing" VT42:34. It may occur with the meaning thing in the ejaculation yé mána ma = what a blessing or what a good thing! VT49:41 2 Ma has also been theorized to be a particle used to turn declarative statements into yes/no questions. -
8 heren
1 noun "order"; Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards" UT:388 2 noun "fortune", etymologically "governance" "and so what is in store for one and what one has in store" KHER.Herendil masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin, Audoin LR:52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems KHER-, NIL/NDIL -
9 Coroloisi
"k", noun: possibly an empheral name of the Elves "not of Kor" in the Blessed Realm. Tolkien changed this plural from Coroloiti VT45:29. It is not quite clear what the intended singular is. -
10 é
adverbial particle "indeed" that may be prefixed to a sentence VT45:11. Short e in the sentence e man antaváro? "what will he give indeed?" LR:63. -
11 Ingwë
masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18. Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves so in PM:340, but in PM:332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi. Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king PM:340. In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a symbol used in writing: a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i VT45:18. -
12 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
13 an
1 conj. and prep. "for" Nam, RGEO:66, an cé mo quernëfor if one turned VT49:8, also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express one more of the thing concerned: an quetta a word more, PE17:91. The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" SD:290 however seems to denote motion towards the speaker: the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup. The phrase an i falmalīPE17:127 is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar upon the foaming waves Nam, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending and if falmalīis seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case.In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an moreover, furthermore, to proceed VT49:18-19 or properly further, plus, in addition PE17:69, 90. According to one late source ca. 1966 or later, an is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament: An sí Tintallë, etc. = For now the Kindler, etc This is translated by me for, side an is as here often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said. Related is the use of an + noun to express one more; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition. -
14 ava-
2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n I in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense was not, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens the text was revised. -
15 entë
1 conj. "moreover, further, furthermore, what is more" VT47:15, VT48:14. Compare yunquentë as a variant of yunquenta, q.v. 2 noun "center" VT41:16; endë is perhaps to be preferred, see entya -
16 quetta
noun "word" SA:quen-/quet-, GL:28, pl. quettar WJ:391. An quetta a word more phrase used = to add to what has been said PE17:91 -
17 ara
prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë he is out, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *beside me, astyë *beside you informal, allë *besides you formal, arsë *beside him/her, plural anwë armë *beside us exclusive, arwë *beside us inclusive, astë ardë *beside you plural, astë artë *beside them; dual anwet armet *beside us two. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *beside the VT49:24-25 -
18 anca
noun "jaws, row of teeth" ÁNAK there spelt anca in Etym as printed in LR, but according to VT45:5, Tolkien's own spelling in the Etym manuscript was anka, NAK there spelt anka, Appendix E, SA - despite what Christopher Tolkien says in the entry anca in SA, the Quenya word anca as such does NOT appear in the Sindarin dragon-name Ancalagon, but its Sindarin cognate anc does. See ÁNAK in the Etymologies. Also name of tengwa \#15 Appendix E. Despite its English gloss, anca is a singular word in Etym the gloss is indeed "jaw", not "jaws". -
19 or-
vb. "urge, impel, move", only of "mental" impulse. Constructed as an impersonal verb: orë nin caritas "I would like/feel moved to do so" VT41:13, literally *"it impels for me to do so" notice that what is the subject in English appears in the dative in Quenya. Elsewhere this verb is presented as an A-stem ora- instead so that the aorist would be ora instead of orë, cf. ora nin "it warns me" in VT41:15, with past tense oranë or ornë, future tense oruva, present tense órëa and a form orië that may be the gerund; the forms orórië and ohórië were rejected but may have been intended as perfect forms VT41:13, 18, VT49:54 -
20 a-
1 prefix occurring in the word Atalante, said to denote "complete". Probably just a prefixed stemvowel; cf. a root like ANÁR, said to be derived from NAR. TALÁT 2 a prefix occurring in the Markirya poem Tolkien first used na-, then changed it. It may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva lumbor ahosta? changed from na-hosta, "who shall see the clouds gather?" hosta = "gather".
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