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  • 61 escala salarial

    f.
    salary scale, wage scale, pay range, pay scale.
    * * *
    salary o wage scale
    * * *
    (n.) = salary scale, pay scale, salary schedule, salary range, salary band, sliding pay scale
    Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex. This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex. This performance-based pay scheme is based on a job classification and salary schedule and pay rises are flexible rather than automatic.
    Ex. By city-administered examination and promotion, his current salary range would be equalled and surpassed within a year to a year and a half.
    Ex. Salary breakdown in relation to continent showed that many people in senior posts in Western Europe, Africa and the Far East were in the lowest salary band, i.e. earning less than USD 20,000 per annum.
    Ex. We offer a sliding pay scale that quickly increases as you reach performance-related goals.
    * * *
    salary o wage scale
    * * *
    (n.) = salary scale, pay scale, salary schedule, salary range, salary band, sliding pay scale

    Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

    Ex: This article considers the strengths of a pay scale as a work incentive.
    Ex: This performance-based pay scheme is based on a job classification and salary schedule and pay rises are flexible rather than automatic.
    Ex: By city-administered examination and promotion, his current salary range would be equalled and surpassed within a year to a year and a half.
    Ex: Salary breakdown in relation to continent showed that many people in senior posts in Western Europe, Africa and the Far East were in the lowest salary band, i.e. earning less than USD 20,000 per annum.
    Ex: We offer a sliding pay scale that quickly increases as you reach performance-related goals.

    Spanish-English dictionary > escala salarial

  • 62 franja salarial

    (n.) = salary scale, salary band
    Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex. Salary breakdown in relation to continent showed that many people in senior posts in Western Europe, Africa and the Far East were in the lowest salary band, i.e. earning less than USD 20,000 per annum.
    * * *
    (n.) = salary scale, salary band

    Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.

    Ex: Salary breakdown in relation to continent showed that many people in senior posts in Western Europe, Africa and the Far East were in the lowest salary band, i.e. earning less than USD 20,000 per annum.

    Spanish-English dictionary > franja salarial

  • 63 muy a diferencia de

    = in marked contrast to/with
    Ex. In marked contrast to attitudes in Western Europe, Russians back hardline policies.
    * * *
    = in marked contrast to/with

    Ex: In marked contrast to attitudes in Western Europe, Russians back hardline policies.

    Spanish-English dictionary > muy a diferencia de

  • 64 muy diferente de

    = far different... from, in marked contrast to/with
    Ex. But Elizabeth Steinhagen was attracted to Santiago for far different reasons than its agreeable weather.
    Ex. In marked contrast to attitudes in Western Europe, Russians back hardline policies.
    * * *
    = far different... from, in marked contrast to/with

    Ex: But Elizabeth Steinhagen was attracted to Santiago for far different reasons than its agreeable weather.

    Ex: In marked contrast to attitudes in Western Europe, Russians back hardline policies.

    Spanish-English dictionary > muy diferente de

  • 65 neutralizar

    v.
    1 to neutralize.
    Su fuerza neutraliza su actitud His strength neutralizes his attitude.
    La pandilla neutralizó a Ricardo The gang neutralized=eliminated Richard.
    2 to passivate, to make unreactive.
    El ácido neutraliza el acero Acid passivates steel.
    3 to buffer.
    * * *
    1 to neutralize
    * * *
    1.
    VT [gen] to neutralize; [+ tendencia, influencia] to counteract
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to neutralize
    * * *
    = neutralise [neutralize, -USA], dope, counteract, balance out.
    Ex. These subdivisions could be neutralized by changing 'Civilization of' to 'Relations with (colonizing people)' and by changing 'Discovery and exploration' to 'First knowledge of in (Western Europe)'.
    Ex. A photolithographic process selectively dopes minute areas of the silicon and so builds up circuits.
    Ex. Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    Ex. If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.
    ----
    * neutralizar la acidez = deacidify [de-acidify].
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to neutralize
    * * *
    = neutralise [neutralize, -USA], dope, counteract, balance out.

    Ex: These subdivisions could be neutralized by changing 'Civilization of' to 'Relations with (colonizing people)' and by changing 'Discovery and exploration' to 'First knowledge of in (Western Europe)'.

    Ex: A photolithographic process selectively dopes minute areas of the silicon and so builds up circuits.
    Ex: Closed system tendencies, such as invoking system controls designed to counteract differences and correct deviations (thus scoring creativity as error), only push the institution more rapidly toward extinction.
    Ex: If you do this it should balance out some of the negative thoughts you're having and know that in the end que sera sera, what's meant to be will be.
    * neutralizar la acidez = deacidify [de-acidify].

    * * *
    vt
    to neutralize
    * * *

    neutralizar ( conjugate neutralizar) verbo transitivo
    to neutralize
    neutralizar verbo transitivo to neutralize: debemos hacer una campaña para neutralizar su influencia, we should carry out a campaign to neutralize his influence
    ' neutralizar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    neutralize
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [efecto] to neutralize
    2. Dep [carrera] to neutralize
    * * *
    v/t neutralize
    * * *
    neutralizar {21} vt
    : to neutralize

    Spanish-English dictionary > neutralizar

  • 66 piadoso

    adj.
    pious, godly, merciful, devoted.
    * * *
    1 pious, devout
    2 (clemente) merciful, compassionate
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (Rel) pious, devout
    2) (=bondadoso) kind, merciful (para, con to)
    mentira 1)
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < personas> devout, pious; < obra> kind
    * * *
    = devotional, prayerful, saintly [saintlier -comp., santiliest -sup,], merciful, pious, God-fearing.
    Ex. With its riverfront orientation and steps leading down to the esplanade, the library evokes a Greek devotional temple.
    Ex. The article 'Man proposes, God disposes' is reminder that all planning should take place in a spirit of prayerful reliance on God.
    Ex. All people, regardless of how saintly or naughty, merited a notice of their important contributions or personal characteristics.
    Ex. Whatever their beliefs, artists who depicted the return of the prodigal son presented the message that God is merciful and willing to forgive repentant sinners.
    Ex. This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex. On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    ----
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo < personas> devout, pious; < obra> kind
    * * *
    = devotional, prayerful, saintly [saintlier -comp., santiliest -sup,], merciful, pious, God-fearing.

    Ex: With its riverfront orientation and steps leading down to the esplanade, the library evokes a Greek devotional temple.

    Ex: The article 'Man proposes, God disposes' is reminder that all planning should take place in a spirit of prayerful reliance on God.
    Ex: All people, regardless of how saintly or naughty, merited a notice of their important contributions or personal characteristics.
    Ex: Whatever their beliefs, artists who depicted the return of the prodigal son presented the message that God is merciful and willing to forgive repentant sinners.
    Ex: This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex: On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.

    * * *
    piadoso -sa
    1 (devoto) devout, pious
    2 (compasivo) ‹obra› kind
    fue piadoso y nos ayudó he took pity on us and helped us
    * * *

    piadoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo ‹ personas› devout, pious;


    ‹ obra› kind
    piadoso,-a adjetivo
    1 (devoto) devout, pious
    2 (caritativo) kind, compassionate
    mentira piadosa, white lie
    ' piadoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    beata
    - beato
    - piadosa
    English:
    pious
    - devout
    * * *
    piadoso, -a adj
    1. [compasivo] kind-hearted
    2. [religioso] pious
    * * *
    adj pious
    * * *
    piadoso, -sa adj
    1) : compassionate, merciful
    2) devoto: pious, devout

    Spanish-English dictionary > piadoso

  • 67 pío

    adj.
    1 pious, godly, religious, devoted.
    2 skewbald, piebald.
    m.
    1 Pius.
    2 Pio.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: piar.
    * * *
    1 pious
    ————————
    1 chirp
    \
    no decir ni pío familiar not to say a word, not open one's mouth
    * * *
    SM Pius
    * * *
    I
    pía adjetivo devout, pious
    II
    masculino peep, tweet

    no decir ni pío — (fam) not to say a word

    * * *
    = twitter, pious, God-fearing.
    Ex. I then heard a twitter of distress immediately above me, and, looking up, was delighted to see the female perched on a twig above me.
    Ex. This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex. On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    ----
    * sin decir ni pío = as quiet as a mouse.
    * * *
    I
    pía adjetivo devout, pious
    II
    masculino peep, tweet

    no decir ni pío — (fam) not to say a word

    * * *
    = twitter, pious, God-fearing.

    Ex: I then heard a twitter of distress immediately above me, and, looking up, was delighted to see the female perched on a twig above me.

    Ex: This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex: On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    * sin decir ni pío = as quiet as a mouse.

    * * *
    devout, pious
    peep, tweet
    no decir ni pío ( fam); not to say a word
    no dijo ni pío he didn't say a word
    no has dicho ni pío en toda la tarde you haven't said a word all afternoon, we haven't heard a peep out of you all afternoon ( colloq)
    * * *

    Del verbo piar: ( conjugate piar)

    pío es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    pió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    Pío    
    piar    
    pío
    piar ( conjugate piar) verbo intransitivo
    to chirp, tweet
    pío 1,
    ◊ pía adjetivo

    devout, pious
    pío 2 sustantivo masculino
    peep, tweet;
    no decir ni pío (fam) not to say a word
    piar vi (pájaro) to chirp, cheep, tweet
    pío,-a adjetivo pious, devout
    pío sustantivo masculino cheep, chirp
    ♦ Locuciones: no decir ni pío, not to say a word

    ' pío' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    entender
    - pía
    English:
    clear off
    - dappled
    - peep
    - squeak
    - utter
    - word
    - mum
    * * *
    Pío n pr
    Pío I/II Pius I/II
    * * *
    1 adj pious
    2 m tweet, chirrup;
    no decir ni pío fam not say a word
    * * *
    pío, pía adj
    1) devoto: pious, devout
    2) : piebald, pied, dappled
    pío nm
    : peep, tweet, cheep

    Spanish-English dictionary > pío

  • 68 religioso

    adj.
    religious, godly, pious, devout.
    m.
    1 priest, monk.
    2 man of God.
    * * *
    1 religious
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (hombre) monk; (mujer) nun
    * * *
    (f. - religiosa)
    adj.
    * * *
    religioso, -a
    1.
    2.
    SM / F monk/nun, member of a religious order
    * * *
    I
    - sa adjetivo religious
    II
    - sa masculino, femenino member of a religious order
    * * *
    = religious, denominational, devotional, pastoral, clerical, prayerful, pious, God-fearing.
    Ex. The authentic name of ethnic, national, religious, social, or sexual groups should be established if such a name is determinable.
    Ex. The mix of religious publishing is widespread including denominational and non-denominational presses, as well as secular and university presses.
    Ex. With its riverfront orientation and steps leading down to the esplanade, the library evokes a Greek devotional temple.
    Ex. This article pays particular attention to the pastor's vulnerability, while carrying out pastoral duties, to civil lawsuits for malpractice.
    Ex. To take George Eliot as an example, her first work of fiction 'Scenes of Clerical Life' was put out in book form in an edition of 1,000 copies.
    Ex. The article 'Man proposes, God disposes' is reminder that all planning should take place in a spirit of prayerful reliance on God.
    Ex. This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex. On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    ----
    * adoctrinamiento religioso = religious indoctrination.
    * antireligioso = anti-religious.
    * desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.
    * discurso religioso = religious discourse.
    * doctrina religiosa = religious doctrine.
    * fanático religioso = religious zealot, religionist, religious bigot.
    * fe religiosa = religious faith.
    * hermana religiosa = religious sister.
    * hermano religioso = religious brother.
    * libertad religiosa = religious freedom.
    * mantis religiosa = praying mantis, praying mantid.
    * música religiosa = religious music.
    * orden religiosa = religious order.
    * persecución religiosa = religious persecution.
    * práctica religiosa = religious practice.
    * religioso-cultural = religious-cultural.
    * religioso practicante = churchgoer.
    * secta religiosa = religious sect.
    * servicio religioso = ceremonial service.
    * * *
    I
    - sa adjetivo religious
    II
    - sa masculino, femenino member of a religious order
    * * *
    = religious, denominational, devotional, pastoral, clerical, prayerful, pious, God-fearing.

    Ex: The authentic name of ethnic, national, religious, social, or sexual groups should be established if such a name is determinable.

    Ex: The mix of religious publishing is widespread including denominational and non-denominational presses, as well as secular and university presses.
    Ex: With its riverfront orientation and steps leading down to the esplanade, the library evokes a Greek devotional temple.
    Ex: This article pays particular attention to the pastor's vulnerability, while carrying out pastoral duties, to civil lawsuits for malpractice.
    Ex: To take George Eliot as an example, her first work of fiction 'Scenes of Clerical Life' was put out in book form in an edition of 1,000 copies.
    Ex: The article 'Man proposes, God disposes' is reminder that all planning should take place in a spirit of prayerful reliance on God.
    Ex: This pious plantation owner wanted to teach Christianity to 12 of his slaves by inviting them to participate in a reenactment of the Last Supper.
    Ex: On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    * adoctrinamiento religioso = religious indoctrination.
    * antireligioso = anti-religious.
    * desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.
    * discurso religioso = religious discourse.
    * doctrina religiosa = religious doctrine.
    * fanático religioso = religious zealot, religionist, religious bigot.
    * fe religiosa = religious faith.
    * hermana religiosa = religious sister.
    * hermano religioso = religious brother.
    * libertad religiosa = religious freedom.
    * mantis religiosa = praying mantis, praying mantid.
    * música religiosa = religious music.
    * orden religiosa = religious order.
    * persecución religiosa = religious persecution.
    * práctica religiosa = religious practice.
    * religioso-cultural = religious-cultural.
    * religioso practicante = churchgoer.
    * secta religiosa = religious sect.
    * servicio religioso = ceremonial service.

    * * *
    religioso1 -sa
    religious
    se educó en un colegio religioso she was educated at a convent school o a religious school
    religioso2 -sa
    masculine, feminine
    religious person, member of a religious order
    un religioso franciscano a Franciscan friar o monk
    las religiosas del convento the nuns in the convent
    * * *

    religioso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    religious
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    member of a religious order
    religioso,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 religious
    2 (puntualidad, exactitud, etc) strict
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino member of a religious order

    ' religioso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adherirse
    - parecerse
    - piedad
    - religiosa
    - civil
    - funeral
    - hábito
    - hermano
    - himno
    - lego
    - matrimonio
    English:
    become
    - religious
    - service
    - revival
    * * *
    religioso, -a
    ♦ adj
    religious
    ♦ nm,f
    [monje] monk; [monja] nun
    * * *
    I adj religious
    II m monk
    * * *
    religioso, -sa adj
    : religious
    religioso, -sa n
    : monk m, nun f
    * * *
    religioso adj religious

    Spanish-English dictionary > religioso

  • 69 temeroso de Dios

    God-fearing
    * * *
    (adj.) = God-fearing
    Ex. On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    * * *
    (adj.) = God-fearing

    Ex: On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.

    Spanish-English dictionary > temeroso de Dios

  • 70 volver al redil

    figurado to return to the fold
    * * *
    (v.) = return to + the fold
    Ex. On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.
    * * *
    (v.) = return to + the fold

    Ex: On this increasingly God-fearing globe, only Western Europe looks like the last bastion of secularism -- or are the faithful here too returning to the fold?.

    Spanish-English dictionary > volver al redil

  • 71 Mont Blanc

       Mountain in the French Alps, near Chamonix. The highest peak in France and in Western Europe, altitude 4807 metres. The Mont Blanc range has the distinction of being home to the only real glacier in Western Europe, the Mer de Glace. The peak of Mont Blanc is on the Franco-Italian border ….(See also Mont Blanc, tunnel du)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Mont Blanc

  • 72 западный

    1) ( лежащий западнее) western; ( обращённый к западу) west; (о курсе, ветре) west, westerly

    за́падная грани́ца — western frontier

    в за́падном направле́нии — westward(s); in a westerly direction

    за́падная часть го́рода — west end; west(ern) part of a town

    За́падная Евро́па — Western Europe

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > западный

  • 73 Architecture

       Portugal maintains an important architectural legacy from a long history of contact with invaders and other visitors who brought architectural ideas from Western Europe and North Africa. Among the migrants were Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Germanic peoples, and Arabs, as well as visitors from France, Italy, Holland, Germany, Spain, and Great Britain.
       Architecture in Portugal has been influenced by the broad Western architectural styles, including Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassicism. Two Portuguese architectural styles are unique, the Manueline architectural style and the Pombaline, named after the dictator the Marquis of Pombal. Pre-Roman-esque styles include early Megalithic structures, Roman styles, and Moorish or Arab styles, when Portugal was occupied by Muslims (711-1290). This period of Moorish castles and mosques, most but not all of which were razed, was followed by the Romanesque period (1100-ca. 1230), when many churches, monasteries, castles, and palaces were constructed.
       There followed the Gothic period (ca. 1200-1450), which was dominated by buildings for the Church, the monarchy, and the nobility. Related to Portugal's overseas empire, the kingdom's new role briefly as a world power, especially on the seas, and to the reign of King Manuel I, is the Manueline architectural style, described by scholars as "Atlantic Baroque" (ca. 1490-1520), a bold Portuguese version of late Gothic style. This was followed by styles of Renaissance and Mannerism (ca. 1520-1650), including the "Plain style," which was influenced by Castilian styles under King Felipe I.
       Following the period 1580 to 1640, when Spain ruled Portugal, there was restoration architecture (1640-1717) and then the Baroque style (1717-55). The largest and most unusual building from this era, the Mafra Palace, is said to be even larger than Spain's El Escorial. Following the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, was Pombaline style (1755-1860), a blend of late Baroque and Neoclassicism, which began when Pombal's government oversaw the reconstruction of large sections of central Lisbon. Modern architecture followed this period, a style influenced in the 20th century by one of Europe's best architecture schools, the so-called Escola do Porto (School of Oporto). This school is the Faculdade de Arquitectura (School of Architecture), and alumni include celebrated architects Fernando Tavora; Álvaro Siza Vieira, designer of the Portuguese pavilion at Expo '98, Lisbon; and Eduardo Souto de Moura. Despite tragic losses of historic structures due to urban development, since the 1930s many Portuguese governments have sought to preserve and restore the remaining historic legacy of architecture.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Architecture

  • 74 Economy

       Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.
       For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.
       Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.
       Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.
       During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.
       After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy

  • 75 Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. c. 23 AD Como, Italy
    d. 25 August 79 AD near Pompeii, Italy
    [br]
    Roman encyclopedic writer on the natural world.
    [br]
    Pliny was well educated in Rome, and for ten years or so followed a military career with which he was able to combine literary work, writing especially on historical subjects. He completed his duties c. 57 AD and concentrated on writing until he resumed his official career in 69 AD with administrative duties. During this last phase he began work on his only extant work, the thirty-seven "books" of his Historia Naturalis (Natural History), each dealing with a broad subject such as astronomy, geography, mineralogy, etc. His last post was the command of the fleet based at Misenum, which came to an end when he sailed too near Vesuvius during the eruption that engulfed Pompeii and he was overcome by the fumes.
    Pliny developed an insatiable curiosity about the natural world. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans made few original contributions to scientific thought and observation, but some made careful compilations of the learning and observations of Greek scholars. The most notable and influential of these was the Historia Naturalis. To the ideas about the natural world gleaned from earlier Greek authors, he added information about natural history, mineral resources, crafts and some technological processes, such as the extraction of metals from their ores, reported to him from the corners of the Empire. He added a few observations of his own, noted during travels on his official duties. Not all the reports were reliable, and the work often presents a tangled web of fact and fable. Gibbon described it as an immense register in which the author has "deposited the discoveries, the arts, and the errors of mankind". Pliny was indefatigable in his relentless note-taking, even dictating to his secretary while dining.
    During the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages in Western Europe, Pliny's Historia Naturalis was the largest known collection of facts about the natural world and was drawn upon freely by a succession of later writers. Its influence survived the influx into Western Europe, from the twelfth century, of translations of the works of Greek and Arab scholars. After the invention of printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, Pliny was the first work on a scientific subject to be printed, in 1469. Many editions followed and it may still be consulted with profit for its insights into technical knowledge and practice in the ancient world.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    The standard Latin text with English translation is that edited by H.Rackham et al.(1942– 63, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann, 10 vols). The French version is by A.
    Ernout et al. (1947–, Belles Lettres, Paris).
    Further Reading
    The editions mentioned above include useful biographical and other details. For special aspects of Pliny, see K.C.Bailey, 1929–32, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on Chemical Subjects, London, 2 vols.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus)

  • 76 غربي

    غَرْبِيّ \ westerly: (of winds) from the west. western: of the west (esp. of western Europe and North America, as regards ideas and customs): western dress. westerner: a native of a western country or area.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غربي

  • 77 westerly

    غَرْبِيّ \ westerly: (of winds) from the west. western: of the west (esp. of western Europe and North America, as regards ideas and customs): western dress. westerner: a native of a western country or area.

    Arabic-English glossary > westerly

  • 78 westerner

    غَرْبِيّ \ westerly: (of winds) from the west. western: of the west (esp. of western Europe and North America, as regards ideas and customs): western dress. westerner: a native of a western country or area.

    Arabic-English glossary > westerner

  • 79 zachodni

    adj
    2) (o wietrze) westerly
    3) (kraj, waluta, towar) western

    Nowy słownik polsko-angielski > zachodni

  • 80 Западная Европа

    1) Business: Western Europe
    2) Makarov: West Europe

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Западная Европа

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