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61 Isis
Īsis, idis, f. (Ἶσις), ägyptische Halbgottheit, die allerzeugende u. allernährende Natur, Gemahlin des Osiris, Mutter des Horus, nach griechischer Deutung mit der Jo, nach ägyptischer mit der Demeter identifiziert, wegen der leinenen Kleidung ihrer Diener auch dea linigera gen. (Ov. met. 1, 747); ihr Dienst (Aegyptia sacra, Aegyptii ritus, bestehend in Lustrationen, Festzügen u. geheimen, mißbrauchten Weihen) wurde frühzeitig nach Rom verpflanzt und artete dort so aus, daß von der Regierung zuweilen eingeschritten werden mußte, Val. Max. 1, 3, 4 (vgl. Tac. ann. 2, 85. Suet. Tib. 36). – seltener Genet. Isis, Varro bei Charis. 89, 29. Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 2234, 2: Dat. Isi, Corp. inscr. Lat. 5, 779: Akk. Isim, Cic. de nat. deor. 3, 47. Ov. am. 2, 2, 25 M. u. R. Lucan. 8, 831 u. 9, 158 (Weber weniger gut Isin). Serv. Verg. georg. 3, 152: Akk. Isem, Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 8707 (vgl. Serapem unter Serapis): Vok. Isi, Ov. am. 2, 13, 7; met. 9, 773: Abl. Isi, Serv. Verg. Aen. 10, 166. – Isidis crinis, die schwarze Koralle, Plin. 13, 142: Isidis sidus, der Planet Venus, nach Plin. 2, 37. – Dav. Īsiacus, a, um (Ἰσιακός), zur Isis gehörig, isisch, coniectores, v. den Isispriestern, Cic. de div. 1, 132: focus, Ov.: sistrum, Manil.: lena, eine Dienerin im Isistempel als Kupplerin, Iuven. – subst., Īsiacus, ī, m. (sc. sacerdos), ein Priester der Isis, Val. Max.————u.a. -
62 diribeo
dir-ibeo, buī, ēre ( statt dis-hibeo d.i. habeo), auseinander teilen, I) der Reihe nach verteilen, austeilen, gentes et regna, Plin. 36, 118. – II) die in die Lostöpfe geworfenen Stimmtäfelchen bei den Komitien od. bei Gerichten sondern, tabellas, Cic. ad Q. fr. 3, 4, 1 u. Pis. 96: suffragia, Varro r.r. 3, 2, 1 (vgl. absol. 3, 5, 18): suffragia plebis, *Lucan. 5, 393: sententias, Val. Max. 9, 12, 7. Vgl. Weber Lucan. 5, 393.
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63 diribeo
dir-ibeo, buī, ēre ( statt dis-hibeo d.i. habeo), auseinander teilen, I) der Reihe nach verteilen, austeilen, gentes et regna, Plin. 36, 118. – II) die in die Lostöpfe geworfenen Stimmtäfelchen bei den Komitien od. bei Gerichten sondern, tabellas, Cic. ad Q. fr. 3, 4, 1 u. Pis. 96: suffragia, Varro r.r. 3, 2, 1 (vgl. absol. 3, 5, 18): suffragia plebis, *Lucan. 5, 393: sententias, Val. Max. 9, 12, 7. Vgl. Weber Lucan. 5, 393. -
64 Georg-Augustus-Universität Göttingen
fГёттингенский университет им. Георга Августа, один из самых старых университетов Германии. Обучение ведётся на факультетах евангелической теологии, медицины, истории и филологии, математики, физики, химии, геологии, биологии, лесного и сельского хозяйства, экономики, обществоведения. В 1737 г. основан Королём Георгом II (König Georg II. von England), который одновременно был управляющим Ганновера (Kurfürst von Hannover, Herzog von Braunschweig-Lüneburg). Учреждение университета вне резиденции короля было событием чрезвычайным. Здесь обучались дети богатых немецких, английских и русских аристократов. Из четырех "классических" факультетов теологии, юриспруденции, медицины и философии развились 13 специальностей. За исключением технических, здесь получили развитие практически все научные направления. В университете преподавали Гейне, Александр Гумбольдт, братья Гримм, Шлёцер, Форкель, Гаус, Вебер, Гервинус, Молье. В 1875 г. здесь защитила диссертацию Софья Ковалевская, став первой женщиной с докторской степенью. В 2002 г. в Германии учреждена в её честь самая большая научная премия → Göttingen, Göttinger Sieben, Grimm Jacob und Wilhelm, Schlözer August Ludwig von, Forkel Johann Nikolaus, Gauß Carl Friedrich, Weber Wilhelm Eduard, Gervinus Georg Gottfried, Mollier Richard, Lepsius Karl Richard, Gänseliesel-Brunnen, Feuerzangenbowle-Fete, Born MaxГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Georg-Augustus-Universität Göttingen
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65 våldsmonopol
substantiv1. voldsmonopol, magtmonopolI en rättsstat är det endast vissa begränsade myndigheter, t.ex. militär och polis, som utövar våldsmonopolet - med garantier för att inte monopolet skall missbrukas
I en retsstat er det kun visse begrænsede myndigheder, fx militær og politi, der udøver voldsmonopolet - med garantier for at monopolet ikke må misbrugesTysken Max Weber har myntat begreppet våldsmonopol. Enligt honom är våldsmonopol och ett avgränsat territorium två faktorer som särskiljer en stat från andra organisationer i ett samhälle
Tyskeren M. W. har præget begrebet voldsmonopol. Iflg. ham er voldsmonopol og et afgrænset territorium to faktorer, der adskiller en stat fra andre organisationer i et samfund (M.W. 1864-1920, sociolog, filosof, politisk økonom) -
66 authority
Gen Mgtthe right to act or command. People willingly obey a person in authority, because they believe he or she has a legitimate entitlement to exercise power. Max Weber distinguishes three types of legitimate authority: rational-legal, derived from the office held; traditional, from custom, an ancient tradition of obedience; and charismatic, exerted by those whose exceptional abilities confer the right to lead. The third form is the basis for the charismatic authority leadership theory. -
67 bureaucracy
Gen Mgtan organization structure with a rigid hierarchy of personnel, regulated by set rules and procedures. Max Weber believed that a bureaucracy was technically the most efficient form of organization. He described a bureaucracy as an organization structured around official functions that are bound by rules, each function having its own specified competence. The functions are structured into offices, which are organized into a hierarchy that follows technical rules and norms. Managers in a bureaucracy possess a rational-legal type of authority derived from the office they hold. Bureaucracies have been criticized for eradicating inspiration and creativity in favor of impersonality and the mundaneness and regularity of corporate life. This was best described in William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man, published in 1956, in which the individual was taken over by the bureaucratic machine in the name of efficiency. A more recent and humorous interpretation of life in a bureaucracy has been depicted by Scott Adams in The Dilbert Principle (1996). The term bureaucracy has gradually become a pejorative synonym for excessive and time-consuming paperwork and administration. Bureaucracies fell subject to delayering and downsizing from the 1980s onward, as the flatter organization became the target structure to ensure swifter market response and organizational flexibility. -
68 business efficiency
Gen Mgta situation in which an organization maximizes benefit and profit, while minimizing effort and expenditure. Maximization of business efficiency is a balance between two extremes. Managed correctly, it results in reduced costs, waste, and duplication. Max Weber, who developed the concept of the bureaucracy, believed that efficiency was the goal of all bureaucratic organizations, which were designed to run like smooth machines. The greater the efficiency, the more impersonal, rational, and emotionally detached a bureaucracy becomes. The flatter organizations more prevalent today attempt to be more customer-responsive than efficient in this sense, and the notion of such an ordered and impersonal efficiency has lost favor in an era when creativity and innovation are valued as a competitive advantage. -
69 charismatic authority
Gen Mgta style of leadership based on the leader’s exceptional personal qualities. Charismatic authority is one of Max Weber’s three types of legitimate authority. A charismatic leader is set apart from others by special qualities that inspire employees to follow and obey of their own free will. This is similar to the great man theory of leadership. -
70 Glacier studies
Gen Mgtresearch experiments conducted at the Glacier Metal Company in London from 1948 to 1965 to investigate the development of group relations, the effects of change, and employee roles and responsibilities. The Glacier studies were conducted by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with the research being headed by Elliot Jaques and Fred Emery. Findings from the initial study came from a methodology called “working-through,” which examined possible social and personal factors at play in any potential dispute. From this arose an early form of works council where employees could participate in setting policy for their department. It was also discovered that employees felt the need to have their role and status defined in a way acceptable to both themselves and their colleagues. This research into job roles led Jaques to come up with the notion of the time span of discretion, according to which all jobs, no matter how strictly defined, have some level of content that requires judgment and therefore discretion by the jobholder. Jaques then examined this phenomenon in bureaucratic organizations. In defining a bureaucracy as a hierarchical system in which employees are accountable to their bosses for the work they do, he took a different stance from Max Weber. Much like the Hawthorne experiments, the Glacier studies had far-reaching implications for the way organizations were managed. The initial findings were written up by Jaques in The Changing Culture of a Factory (1951). In 1965, Jaques published the Glacier Project Papers with Wilfred Brown, the managing director of Glacier. -
71 leadership
Gen Mgt, HRthe capacity to establish direction and to influence and align others toward a common goal, motivating and committing them to action and making them responsible for their performance. Leadership theory is one of the most discussed areas of management, and many different approaches are taken to the topic. Some notions of leadership are related to types of authority delineated by Max Weber. It is often suggested that leaders possess innate personal qualities that distinguish them from others: great man theory and trait theory express this idea. Other theories, such as Behaviorist Theories of Leadership, suggest that leadership is defined by action and behavior, rather than by personality. A related idea is that leadership style is not fixed but should be adapted to different situations, and this is explored in contingency theory and situational theory. A further branch of research that examines relationships between leaders and followers is found in transactional, transformational, attribution, and power and influence theories of leadership. Perhaps the most simple model of leadership is action-centered leadership, which focuses on what an effective leader actually does. These many approaches and differences of opinion illustrate the complexity of the leadership role and the intangibility of the essence of good leadership. -
72 management
Gen Mgt, HRthe use of professional skills for identifying and achieving organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources. Management involves identifying what needs to be done, and organizing and supporting others to perform the necessary tasks. A manager has complex and ever-changing responsibilities, the focus of which shifts to reflect the issues, trends, and preoccupations of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the emphasis was both on supporting the organization’s administration and managing productivity through increased efficiency. Organizations following the models of Henri Fayol and Max Weber built the functional divisions of personnel management, production management, marketing management, operations management, and financial management. At the beginning of the 21st century, those original drivers are still much in evidence, although the emphasis has moved to the key areas of competence such as people management. Although management is a profession in its own right, its skill-set often applies to professionals of other disciplines. -
73 organization structure
Gen Mgtthe form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments, functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages, and may be represented by an organization chart. The complexity of an organization’s structure is often proportional to its size and its geographic dispersal. The traditional organization structure for many businesses in the 20th century was the bureaucracy, originally defined by Max Weber. More recent forms include the flat, network, matrix, and virtual organizations. These forms have become more prevalent during the last decades of the 20th century as a result of the trend toward restructuring and downsizing and developments in telecommunications technology. According to Harold J. Leavitt, organization structure is inextricably linked to the technology and people who perform the tasks. Charles Handy has shown that it is also directly linked to corporate culture. -
74 power
Gen Mgtthe ability to compel others to obey. Power refers to an authority or influence over others which, in an organizational context, may be derived from the holder’s rank or status, or from their personality. According to Max Weber, power refers to the probability of imposing your own will despite resistance. It is closely linked to, but not the same as, leadership, authority, and responsibility. Organizational power is linked to organization structure and is an inherent part of any hierarchy or bureaucracy.
См. также в других словарях:
WEBER, MAX — (1881–1961), U.S. painter. Weber was born in Bialystok, Poland, and taken to New York at the age of ten. From 1905 to 1909 he worked and exhibited in Paris. He was a pupil of Henri Matisse and a close friend of Henri Rousseau. Back in New York,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Weber, Max — born April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Prussia died June 14, 1920, Munich, Ger. German sociologist and political economist. Son of a wealthy liberal politician and a Calvinist mother, Weber was a compulsively diligent scholar who suffered occasional… … Universalium
Weber, Max — (1864 1920) Weber, together with Émile Durkheim, is generally regarded as the founder of modern sociology as a distinct social science. Of the two, his work is the more complex and ambitious, still providing a rich source for interpretation and… … Dictionary of sociology
Weber, Max — (1864 1920) sociologist; the widely acknowledged father of modern sociology. He was born the first of eight children in Erfurt; his father was a lawyer who served as an Erfurt magistrate. From age five he grew up in Berlin* (his father had… … Historical dictionary of Weimar Republik
Weber, Max — (1864–1920) German sociologist and philosopher. Born in Berlin into a liberal legal family, Weber studied law and the history of law at various universities. He had a brief academic career as professor of economics in Freiburg and Heidelberg,… … Philosophy dictionary
Weber,Max — I. We·ber1 (vāʹbər), Max. 1864 1920. German sociologist and a pioneer of the modern analytical method of sociology. His works include The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904 1905). II. We·ber2 (wĕbʹər), Max. 1881 1961. Russian… … Universalium
Weber, Max — (1864 1920) Sociólogo y economista alemán. Su método sociológico se basa en la observación de la vida social; postula unos «tipos ideales», puntos de referencia que permiten comprender y situar la diversidad de los hechos sociales. Escribió el… … Enciclopedia Universal
WEBER, Max — (1864 1920) German SOCIOLOGIST whose influential works including The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1920) did much to promote the SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION. His important contributions include the use of IDEAL TYPES, discussions of … Concise dictionary of Religion
Weber, Max — (1881 1961) American painter and sculptor. He emigrated to the US from Russia in 1891. He studied at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn and later in Paris. After returning to the US, he exhibited at Alfred Stiegliz s Gallery in New York. His abstract … Dictionary of Jewish Biography
Weber — Weber, Max … Philosophy dictionary
Weber — Weber, Max … Dictionary of sociology
