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1 I
(1st pers. sg): This pronoun normally appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must be used if another pronominal ending is to be added after it: utúvienyes, "I [-nye-] have found it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with long vowel (VT49:51), as in ní nauva tanomë “I will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more emphasis on “I” than nauvan, with the pronoun expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative ending -n; other case endings may also be added to ni. It may be that ni, ní can also function as object (“me”), though a distinct form nye has also been proposed. The longer pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is emphatic, and presumably can also take case endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, LR:61 -
2 AGAINST
According to VT44:26, Tolkien in some documents glosses apa or pá as "touching, against", but apa is normally the preposition "after" instead (see AFTER). The allative case in -nna is normally sufficient to express motion towards or against something. Possibly this ending can also take on the meaning of “against” with connotations of enmity and confrontation, as when the pl. allative valannar is used in the phrase *“made war on/against the Valar” (LR:47). -
3 WED
verya-; the verb is intransitive and the person wedded appears in the allative (veryanen senna *”I married him/her”, compare English “get married to”). The word verya- also means “dare”, but since this is transitive and would always be followed by a direct object, the two verbs can be distinguished. – Transitive verta- means “to give in marriage” or “to take as husband or wife” (to oneself). In an earlier source, Tolkien gave the verb “to wed” as vesta-. Noun WEDDING veryanwë (going with verya- and verta-); in an earlier source, Tolkien gave this word as vestalë. Veryanwë is also attested with pronominal suffixes: veryanwesta, genitive veryanwesto “(of) your wedding”, with a dual form of “your”; also veryanweldo with a plural “your”. –VT49:45, BES, WED
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