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21 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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equipment nоборудованиеacoustical equipmentакустическая аппаратураaeronautical equipmentавиационное оборудованиеaeroplane equipmentсамолетное оборудованиеairborne equipmentбортовое оборудованиеairborne equipment errorпогрешность бортового оборудованияairborne identification equipmentбортовая аппаратура опознаванияairborne search equipmentбортовое поисковое оборудованиеairborne weather equipmentбортовое метеорологическое оборудованиеair-conditioning equipmentоборудование системы кондиционированияaircraft communication equipmentбортовое связное оборудованиеaircraft equipmentбортовое оборудованиеaircraft equipment overhaulремонт оборудования воздушного суднаaircraft fixed equipmentбортовое стационарное оборудованиеaircraft navigation equipmentбортовое навигационное оборудованиеaircraft parking equipmentоборудование места стоянки воздушного суднаaircraft portable equipmentпереносное бортовое оборудованиеaircraft recorder equipmentбортовая контрольно-записывающая аппаратураaircraft servicing equipmentоборудование для обслуживания воздушного суднаangle measurement equipmentугломерное оборудованиеarea navigation equipmentбортовое оборудование зональной навигацииautoflare equipmentавтомат выравниванияautomated equipmentавтоматизированное оборудованиеautomatic data transfer equipmentоборудование автоматической передачи данныхautomatic direction-finding equipmentавтоматическое радиопеленгационное оборудованиеautomatic flight control equipmentоборудование автоматического управления полетомautomatic stabilization equipmentоборудование автоматической стабилизацииavionies equipmentрадиоэлектронное оборудованиеblind flight equipmentоборудование для полетов по приборамbuilt-in test equipmentоборудование встроенного контроляcarburetor heat equipmentоборудование подогрева карбюратораcargo-handling equipmentоборудование для обслуживания грузовcargo-loading equipmentоборудование для загрузкиcatering equipmentбуфетно-кухонное оборудованиеceiling measurement equipmentоборудование для измерения высоты облачностиchange-over equipmentоборудование коммутацииcockpit equipmentоборудование кабины экипажаcollision warning equipmentоборудование предупреждения столкновенийdistance measuring equipmentдальномерное оборудованиеditching equipmentоборудование для аварийного приводненияdomestic equipmentбытовое оборудованиеdusting equipmentопыливательelectrical equipmentэлектрооборудованиеemergence escape equipmentаварийно-спасательное оборудованиеemergency equipmentаварийное оборудованиеenvironmental control system equipmentоборудование системы контроля окружающей средыequipment compartmentотсек оборудованияequipment final disposalсписание оборудованияequipment procurementзакупка оборудованияfire fighting equipmentпротивопожарное оборудованиеfirst-aid equipmentсредства первой помощиfixed equipmentнесъемное оборудованиеflight crew equipmentснаряжение самолетного экипажаflight pick-up equipmentприспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полетаfueling equipmentтопливозаправочное оборудованиеglide-path equipmentоборудование глиссадной системыglider launch equipmentоборудование для запуска планераglider tow equipmentоборудование для буксировки планераground equipmentназемное оборудованиеground service equipmentназемное оборудование для обслуживанияguidance equipmentоборудование наведенияhand safety equipmentручное аварийно-спасательное оборудованиеinertial navigational equipmentнавигационное оборудование инерциального типаintercommunication equipmentсамолетное переговорное устройствоlife-saving equipmentаварийно-спасательное оборудованиеlifting and transporting equipmentподъемно-транспортное оборудованиеloading equipmentоборудование для загрузкиloose equipmentнекомплектное оборудованиеmaster minimum equipment listперечень необходимого бортового оборудованияmeasuring equipmentизмерительная аппаратураmetering equipmentоборудование дозировкиminimum equipment itemперечень необходимого исправного оборудования для полетаnight-flying equipmentоборудование для полетов в темное время сутокoxygen dispensing equipmentкислородное оборудованиеpassenger-handling equipmentоборудование для обслуживания пассажировradio communication equipmentрадиотехнические средства связиradio equipmentрадиооборудованиеrecording equipmentзаписывающая аппаратураrecovery equipmentспасательное оборудованиеreliable equipmentоборудование повышенной надежностиremote control equipmentоборудование дистанционного управленияreproducing equipmentвоспроизводящая аппаратураrescue equipmentспасательное оборудованиеrigging equipmentнивелировочное оборудованиеsafety equipmentаварийно-спасательное оборудованиеsecurity equipmentпротивоугонное оборудованиеsensing equipmentвысокочувствительная аппаратураsign towing equipmentоборудование для демонстрационных полетовsnow clearing equipmentснегоочистительное оборудованиеsnow removal equipmentснегоочистительное оборудованиеspray equipmentраспылительsurvival equipmentаварийно-спасательное оборудованиеsuspended equipmentподвесное оборудованиеtest equipmentиспытательное оборудованиеtool and equipment listперечень инструмента и приспособленийtransmit equipmentприемо-передающая аппаратураturbulence detection equipmentоборудование для обнаружения турбулентностиwaste equipmentсанитарное оборудование -
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n1) обладнання, оснащення, апаратура2) арматура3) техніка4) часто мн.; військ. матеріальна частина; бойова техніка◊•- aerial equipment - aeronautical equipment - aeroplane equipment - aerospace ground equipment - airborne equipment - airborne direction finding equipment - airborne electronics equipment - airborne identification equipment - airborne radar equipment - airborne search equipment - airborne weather equipment - air-conditioning equipment - aircraft equipment - aircraft communication equipment - aircraft fixed equipment - aircraft navigation equipment - aircraft parking equipment - aircraft portable equipment - aircraft recorder equipment - aircraft servicing equipment - airslide equipment - angle measurement equipment - area navigation equipment - autoflare equipment - automated equipment - automatic equipment - automatic data transfer equipment - automatic direction-finding equipment - automatic flight control equipment - automatic stabilization equipment - automatic test equipment - avionics equipment - backup equipment - bathroom-and-lavatory equipment - blind flight equipment - built-in test equipment - carburetor heat equipment - cargo handling equipment - cargo loading equipment - catering equipment - ceiling measurement equipment - change-over equipment - cockpit equipment - collision warning equipment - communication equipment - computer equipment - data circuit-terminating equipment - data terminal equipment - distance measuring equipment - ditching equipment - domestic equipment - dusting equipment - electrical equipment - emergency escape equipment - emergency equipment - environmental control system equipment - enhanced X-ray equipment - fire-fighting equipment - first aid equipment - fixed equipment - flight crew equipment - flight pick-up equipment - fueling equipment - glide-path equipment - glider launch equipment - glider tow equipment - ground equipment - ground service equipment - guidance equipment - hand safety equipment - high-altitude equipment - ILS equipment - inertial navigational equipment - intercommunication equipment - jamming equipment - life-saving equipment - life support equipment - lifting and transporting equipment - loading equipment - loose equipment - measuring equipment - metering equipment - military equipment - modern equipment - navigation equipment - night-flying equipment - oxygen dispensing equipment - passenger handling equipment - pneumatic equipment - power equipment - primary and secondary beacon radar equipment - radar equipment - radio equipment - radio communication equipment - recording equipment - recovery equipment - reliable equipment - remote control equipment - reproducing equipment - rescue equipment - restraint equipment - rigging equipment - safety equipment - security equipment - sensing equipment - sign towing equipment - snow clearing equipment - snow removal equipment - spray equipment - standby equipment - survival equipment - survival radio equipment - suspended equipment - TACAN equipment - tactical air navigation equipment - test equipment - transmit/receive equipment - turbulence detection equipment - VOR equipment - waste equipment
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