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1 VOWEL
\#ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested), also \#óma-tengwë, \#ómatengwë (this term refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested), óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for omandi, VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies may in any case be obsoleted by the above-mentioned forms), \#lehta tengwë (lit. "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN \#ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma, VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition). Yet another term for "vowel", \#penna pl. pennar, is given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. – The term \#mussë tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417, VT39:17 -
2 DETERMINANT VOWEL
sundóma (lit. *"base-vowel, root-vowel". Christopher Tolkien notes: "Very briefly indeed, the Quendian consonantal base or sundo was characterized by a 'determinant vowel' or sundóma: thus the sundo KAT has a medial sundóma 'A', and TALAT has the sundóma repeated. In derivative forms the sundóma might be placed before the first consonant, e.g. ATALAT.") –WJ:319 -
3 SEMI-VOWEL
– the term \#mussë tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:17 -
4 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
5 CARRIER
(the sign used to "carry" short vowel-symbols in the Tengwar system) anar (the word for "sun", which would require an initial vowel-carrier in the Tengwar mode used for Quenya) –VT45:6 -
6 DEPRIVED
\#racina (only pl. racinë is attested) (stripped); DEPRIVED OF úna (destitute, forlorn); DEPRIVED SIGN \#racina tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also translated "stripped sign", this was in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with no following vowel; the vowel was held to have disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16, 14 -
7 FULL
quanta (+ genitive to express "full of", as in quanta Eruanno "full of grace", VT43:28); FULL TO THE BRIM, WITH MOUTH FULL penquanta ("peñ-). Adverb FULLY aqua (completely, altogether, wholly); FULL WRITING (= writing with separate symbols for vowels) quanta sarmë, FULL STOP (in Tengwar punctuation a dot placed under a consonant to indicate that it is not followed by a vowel, VT46:10, 33) pusta (stop), FULL SIGN \#quanta tengwë (only pl. quantë tengwi is attested). In early Elvish analysis of Quenya, this was the term for a consonant + a vowel (this was analyzed as a kind of unitary phoneme rather than two phonemes; hence a stem like mata- "eat" was analyzed as two quantë tengwi: ma + ta). –KWAT/VT43:28, VT39:11, WJ:392, VT39:8, PUS -
8 STOP
hauta- (take a rest, cease), pusta- (put a stop to, but also intr: cease), \#tap- (cited in the form tapë, 3rd person sg. aorist; misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:17. The pa.t. tampë is given) (block), STOP SHORT nuhta- (stunt, prevent from coming to completion, not allow to continue). FULL STOP ("in punctuation" – according to VT46:10, 33 a dot placed under a consonant to indicate that it is not followed by a vowel) putta, pusta; STOPPED CONSONANT (i.e. consonant with such an underposed dot) punta; STOPPER tampa –KHAW, PUS/VT46:10, 33, TAP/VT46:17, WJ:413 -
9 STRIPPED
\#racina (only pl. racinë is attested) (deprived). STRIPPED SIGN \#racina tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also translated "deprived sign", this was in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with no following vowel; the vowel was held to have disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16 -
10 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. -
11 VOCALIC EXTENSION
ómataina (i.e., the addition to the base of a final vowel identical to the base vowel [sundóma]) –WJ:417 -
12 ACUTE
tereva (fine, piercing); ACUTE, ACUTENESS laicë (In the printed Etymologies, a similar word is also the adjective "keen, sharp, acute", but according to VT45:25, this is a misreading; the final vowel of the adjective should be -a, not -ë. However, the conceptual validity of the adjective laica, and therefore also the corresponding noun laicë, is questionable; see PIERCING.) –TER, LAIK -
13 AFTER
apa (also attested in compounds like Apanónar, see below), \#ep- (used in compounds when the second part of the compound begins with a vowel, only attested in epessë "after-name" – see NICKNAME.) This ep- is a shorter form of epë, which means “before” of spatial relationships but “after” of time (since the Eldar imagined time coming after their present as being before them, VT49:12); apa and epë may be seen as variants of the same word. Other variant forms of apa "after" include opo and pó/po (VT44:36, VT49:12). According to VT44:26, the preposition apa may also appear as pa, pá (cf. yéni pa yéni "years after years" in VT44:35), but pa/pá is in other manuscripts defined as "touching, as regards, concerning". THE AFTER-BORN Apanónar (sg \#Apanóna) (i.e., an Elvish name of Men, according to WJ:387 "a word of lore, not used in daily speech") –Silm:122/WJ:387, UT:266 -
14 APPROPRIATE
(to a special purpose or owner) \#sat- (set aside). The verb \#sat- is cited in the form "sati-", evidently including the connecting vowel of the aorist, as in *satin "I appropriate". –VT42:20 -
15 AT
sé, se (the form with a long vowel may be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd person pronoun) (in). The locative case may also express “at”, e.g. lúmissen “at the times”. –VT43:30, 34, VT49:47 -
16 BLOCK
\#tap- (stop). (Cited in the form tapë, 3 pers sg aorist; misreading "tápe" with a long vowel in the Etymologies as printed in LR: see VT46:17). The pa.t. tampë is given. –TAP/VT46:17 -
17 CHILD
hína, also vocative hina with a short vowel, used when addressing a (young) child. Pl. híni rather than ?hínar; see CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR below. CHILD NOT YET FULLY GROWN, see BABY. "Child" as the last element in compounds: -hin (-hín-, pl. -híni), e.g. CHILDREN OF ERU Eruhíni from sg. \#Eruhin; CHILDREN OF ILÚVATAR Híni Ilúvataro; MY CHILD hinya (short for hinanya, used as a vocative only). (For "child", Etym also has seldë; Tolkien changed the meaning from "daughter". Possibly, seldë is meant to have the meaning "female child", hence "girl". Selda was apparently introduced as a gender-neutral word for "child".) The word onna, elsewhere defined as “creature” and etymologically meaning *”something” begotten, is used for “child” in one late text (onnalya/onnalda “your [sg. and pl.] child”, VT49:41). –WJ:403, Silm:387/432, VT44:35, SEL-D-/VT46:13, VT49:41 -
18 CHRIST
Hristo (variant Hrísto with a long vowel, though long vowels in front of consonant clusters do not normally occur in Quenya). Another form, apparently an attempt at translating this title rather than merely adapting to Quenya phonology the word "Christ", was Elpino of uncertain etymology. However, Tolkien may have abandoned this form. –VT44:15-16, 18 -
19 CONSONANT
\#pataca (only pl. patacar is attested), \#lambetengwë (literally "tongue-sign"; only pl. lambetengwi is attested; this refers to consonants as tengwi or phonemes), also náva-tengwë ("ñava-") (literally "mouth-sign"; only pl. náva-tengwi is attested; the shorter form \#návëa pl. návëar was also used, but Fëanor replaced these terms with \#pataca). Yet another term for "consonant" was \#tapta tengwë "impeded element". (Only pl. tapta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *taptë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective. The nominal pl. of the adjective, taptar, was used in the same sense as tapta tengwi.) Tolkien also notes: "Since...in the mode of spelling commonly used the full signs were consonantal, in ordinary non-technical use tengwar [sg tengwa, see LETTER] became equivalent to 'consonants'." Cf. also surya "spirant consonant" and punta "stopped consonant", i.e. a consonant sign with an underposed dot to indiate that it is not followed by a vowel. –VT39:8, VT39:16, 17, WJ:396, SUS, PUT (see PUS), VT46:10, 33 -
20 CROWN
ríë; CROWNED rína; STAR-CROWNED, CROWNED WITH STARS (a name of Taniquetil) Elerrína (so in Silm; Etym has Elerína) –RIG/VT46:11 (VT confirming that the proper reading is ríë with a long vowel, not "rie" as in the Etymologies as printed in LR), EL, Silm:42
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