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41 variabel tidsskala
(edb) variable time scale -
42 множитель
coefficient, multiplication factor, ( шкалы) multiplying factor, factor, multiplier* * *мно́житель м.1. multiplier2. factorразлага́ть на мно́жители — present (an expression) in factor form, factor (an expression), factor into componentsмно́житель асимме́трии — asymmetry factorа́томный мно́житель — atomic scattering factorбу́квенный мно́житель — literal (factor)весово́й мно́житель — weight(ing) factorинтегри́рующий мно́житель — integrating factorмно́житель Ланде́ — Lande (splitting) factorмасшта́бный мно́житель — scale factorнагру́зочный мно́житель по вхо́ду — fan-inнагру́зочный мно́житель по вы́ходу — fan-outмно́житель на ЭЛТ — cross-field electron-beam multiplierнормиро́вочный мно́житель — normalization factor, normalization constantо́бщий мно́житель — common multiplierодноквадра́тный мно́житель — one-quadrant multiplierпереводно́й мно́житель — conversion [reduction] factorпереме́нный мно́житель — variable factorпопра́вочный мно́житель — correction factorмно́житель пропорциона́льности — proportionality factor, proportionality constantпрямо́й мно́житель — direct factorстатисти́ческий мно́житель — statistical weight factorупако́вочный мно́житель — packing factorфа́зовый мно́житель — phase factorчи́сленный мно́житель — numerical factorэкспоненциа́льный мно́житель — exponential factor -
43 колебаться
•Populations fluctuate in size.
•The pointer oscillates with respect to the centre of the scale.
•The prices vary (or fluctuate).
•In the steady state, oscillates (or fluctuates, or varies) between upper and lower limiting values.
•The controlled variable will oscillate forever about the desired steady-state value.
* * *Колебаться -- to oscillate, to fluctuate; to vary (изменяться в каких-то пределах)Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > колебаться
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44 смета гибкая
control/flexible/step budget/ estimate, sliding-scale/variable budget -
45 фактор
factor; (действующая сила) agentвременные факторы — transitory / transient factors
долговременно действующий фактор, фактор долговременного действия — long-term / long-run factor
институционный фактор (влияние государства, профсоюзов, объединений на экономическую жизнь общества) — institutional factor
кратковременно действующий фактор, фактор кратковременного действия — short-term factor
определяющий фактор — test / governing factor
основной фактор — major / principal / dominant factor
периодически действующий / циклический фактор — cyclical factor
производственный фактор, фактор производства — factor of production
переменный производственный фактор (напр., рабочая сила) — variable factor
решающий фактор — determinant, decisive factor
явиться решающим фактором — to be a decisive factor, to turn the scale
решающий фактор внешней политики — key determinant of (one's) foreign policy
случайный фактор, фактор случайности — chance / random factor
стимулирующий фактор — motivating / incentive factor
субъективные факторы, факторы субъективного порядка — subjective factors
технологический фактор, фактор технического прогресса — technology factor
человеческий фактор — human factor / dimension
экономические факторы — economic(al) factors / forces
факторы, не поддающиеся количественному выражению — nonquantifiable factors
фактор, обусловливающий колебания курсов эк. — fluctuating principle
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46 клистронный генератор
1. klystron generator2. klystron oscillatorламповый генератор — valve oscillator; vacuum-tube oscillator
магнитогидродинамический генератор на неравновесной плазме — non-equilibrium magnetohydrodynamic generator
генератор накачки — pump oscillator; pump
генератор несущей частоты — carrier oscillator; carrier generator
генератор низкой частоты — audio oscillator; audio signal generator
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > клистронный генератор
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47 размах
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48 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain
[br]b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), Franced. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France[br]French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.[br]Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.[br]Further ReadingAndré Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).KM -
49 Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]bapt. 13 June 1779 Great Asby, Westmoreland, Englandd. 28 February 1844 London, England[br]English machine tool builder and inventor.[br]Although known as Clement in his professional life, his baptism at Asby and his death were registered under the name of Joseph Clemmet. He worked as a slater until the age of 23, but his interest in mechanics led him to spend much of his spare time in the local blacksmith's shop. By studying books on mechanics borrowed from his cousin, a watchmaker, he taught himself and with the aid of the village blacksmith made his own lathe. By 1805 he was able to give up the slating trade and find employment as a mechanic in a small factory at Kirkby Stephen. From there he moved to Carlisle for two years, and then to Glasgow where, while working as a turner, he took lessons in drawing; he had a natural talent and soon became an expert draughtsman. From about 1809 he was employed by Leys, Mason \& Co. of Aberdeen designing and making power looms. For this work he built a screw-cutting lathe and continued his self-education. At the end of 1813, having saved about £100, he made his way to London, where he soon found employment as a mechanic and draughtsman. Within a few months he was engaged by Joseph Bramah, and after a trial period a formal agreement dated 1 April 1814 was made by which Clement was to be Chief Draughtsman and Superintendent of Bramah's Pimlico works for five years. However, Bramah died in December 1814 and after his sons took over the business it was agreed that Clement should leave before the expiry of the five-year period. He soon found employment as Chief Draughtsman with Henry Maudslay \& Co. By 1817 Clement had saved about £500, which enabled him to establish his own business at Prospect Place, Newington Butts, as a mechanical draughtsman and manufacturer of high-class machinery. For this purpose he built lathes for his own use and invented various improvements in their detailed design. In 1827 he designed and built a facing lathe which incorporated an ingenious system of infinitely variable belt gearing. He had also built his own planing machine by 1820 and another, much larger one in 1825. In 1828 Clement began making fluted taps and dies and standardized the screw threads, thus anticipating on a small scale the national standards later established by Sir Joseph Whitworth. Because of his reputation for first-class workmanship, Clement was in the 1820s engaged by Charles Babbage to carry out the construction of his first Difference Engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of Arts Gold Medal 1818 (for straightline mechanism), 1827 (for facing lathe); Silver Medal 1828 (for lathe-driving device).BibliographyExamples of Clement's draughtsmanship can be found in the Transactions of the Society of Arts 33 (1817), 36 (1818), 43 (1925), 46 (1828) and 48 (1829).Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (virtually the only source of biographical information on Clement).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London (repub. 1986); W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (both contain descriptions of his machine tools).RTSBiographical history of technology > Clement (Clemmet), Joseph
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50 шкала видимости
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > шкала видимости
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51 cnelai
Construction: cenba+klani a variable Structure: x1 = klani1 (quantity), x2 = klani2 (quantifier) = cenba2 (varying property), x3 = klani3 (scale of quantity) [ = domain]
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