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border, bound, boundary, edge, fringe, frontier, limit, margin, tether, threshold* * *грани́ца ж.1. ( линия раздела) boundary2. мат. bound, limitве́рхняя грани́ца мат. — upper boundграни́ца вихрево́й зо́ны — wake boundaryграни́ца возмо́жного вы́пуска проду́кции — production-possibility frontierграни́ца возмуще́ний аргд. — Mach lineграни́ца гру́ппы ( в гистограммах) — class intervalграни́ца двойникова́ния — twin boundaryграни́ца диффу́зии — diffusion barrierдовери́тельная грани́ца — confidence limitграни́ца доме́на — (magnetic) domain wall, domain boundaryграни́ца до́пуска — tolerance limitграни́ца зерна́ ( кристаллической структуры) — grain boundary… по грани́цам зё́рен — at the grain boundariesграни́ца зри́тельного ощуще́ния — limit of visionграни́ца зумми́рования — singing pointграни́ца измере́ния масси́ва вчт. — bound of an arrayграни́ца интерва́ла измене́ний переме́нной — bound on a variableграни́ца кипе́ния фра́кций — cut pointграни́ца компто́новского поглоще́ния — Compton edgeграни́ца луча́ — beam boundaryмежфа́зная грани́ца — phase boundaryграни́ца нару́жной пове́рхности шва метал. — toeграни́ца о́бласти мат. — domain boundaryграни́ца оши́бок — error boundграни́ца поглоще́ния — absorption edgeграни́ца погре́шности — error boundграни́ца по́иска вчт. — search limitграни́ца по́лной сольвата́ции — complete solvation limitграни́ца прозра́чности — transmission cut-offграни́ца пропуска́ния — transmission cut-offграни́ца разде́ла — interface, boundary, line of demarcationграни́ца разде́ла фаз — phase boundary, interfaceграни́ца разруше́ния хим. — interfacial failureграни́ца раствори́мости метал. — miscibility gapре́зкая грани́ца — sharp cut-offграни́ца Ферми́ — Fermi level, Fermi limitграни́ца фотопроводи́мости — photoconduction limitграни́ца фотоэффе́кта, кра́сная — photoelectric thresholdэлектро́нно-ды́рочная грани́ца — p-n boundary (in a semiconductor)грани́ца я́ркости — brightness contrast border* * * -
22 интервал
distance, domain, ( выделенный для принятия решения) dwell, gap, ( на транспорте) head, headway, interspace, open interval, interval, latitude, range, period, separation, space, spacing, ( линии связи) span, ( шкалы) step, window, ( ствола скважины) zone* * *интерва́л м.
intervalв интерва́ле — in the intervalпереме́нная принима́ет не́которое значе́ние в интерва́ле (a x b [m2]) — the variable takes a value in the interval (a x b)на интерва́ле — on the intervalфу́нкция за́дана на интерва́ле (O [m2], T [m2]) — a function is defined on the interval (O, T) -
23 przestrze|ń
Ⅰ f 1. (obszar nieskończony) space- ruchy ciał w przestrzeni movement of bodies in space- zjawiska fizyczne są zmienne w czasie i w przestrzeni physical phenomena are variable in time and space2. (obszar) space, room- mieszkali na niewielkiej przestrzeni they lived in (relatively) cramped conditions- wypełnić wolne przestrzenie w mieszkaniu to fill in the empty spaces in the flat3. (rozległa powierzchnia) expanse- rozległa przestrzeń stepów/oceanu the vast expanse of the steppes/ocean- dalekie/niezmierzone przestrzenie far-off/vast expanses- otwarta przestrzeń an open space- na otwartej przestrzeni in the open- zagospodarować przestrzeń wokół domu to make some use of the area around a house4. (odstęp) space, gap- wąskie przestrzenie między wysokimi domami narrow gaps a. spaces between high buildings- przestrzeń między domem a stajnią the area between the house and the stables5. książk. (ogół zjawisk) sphere- przestrzeń publiczna/polityczna the public/political sphere- w swej książce próbował ogarnąć jak największą przestrzeń kulturową in his book he tried to cover the widest cultural spectrum6. Astron. space- przestrzeń kosmiczna (cosmic a. outer) space- przestrzeń kosmiczna daleka deep space- spacer w przestrzeni kosmicznej a space walk- przestrzeń międzyplanetarna interplanetary space- przestrzeń powietrzna airspace- przestrzeń powietrzna i kosmiczna aerospaceⅡ na przestrzeni adv. 1. (na obszarze) over a distance a. an area of- lasy ciągnęły się na przestrzeni kilku kilometrów the woods stretch over an area of several kilometres2. (w czasie) in a. within the space of- na przestrzeni wieków over the centuries- na przestrzeni dziejów throughout history- na przestrzeni ostatnich pięciu lat in a. within the space of the last five years- □ przestrzenie międzykomórkowe Bot. intercellular space- przestrzeń dyskowa Komput. disc space- przestrzeń fazowa Techn. phase space- przestrzeń ładunkowa Transp. stowage, cargo space- przestrzeń pozaotrzewnowa Med. extraperitoneal cavity- przestrzeń wielowymiarowa multidimensional space■ przestrzeń życiowa przen. (living) space- potrzebować przestrzeni życiowej to need (one’s own) spaceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > przestrze|ń
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24 граница
1. ж. boundaryграничная длина волны; граница спектра — boundary wavelength
2. ж. мат. bound, limitСинонимический ряд:пределов (сущ.) водоразделов; граней; мер; пределов; рубежей; черт -
25 катушка
1. ж. эл. coil2. ж. полигр. proof press3. ж. текст. bobbin, spool, reelкатушка возбуждения — excitation coil; launching coil; drive coil
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26 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
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