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61 Housing
In a country with a chronic housing shortage, it is ironic that Portugal has preserved and restored one of Europe's finest collections of historic castles and palaces. For decades, well before the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal has endured a shortage of decent, affordable housing, whether rented or purchased, as well as the growth of sprawling urban shantytowns outside Lisbon, Oporto, and smaller towns such as Estoril. Known as bairros da lata, literally, "neighborhoods or boroughs of tin," these poorly constructed dwellings lack electricity, water, or sewage systems. The flimsy buildings are made of any kind of building materials, including sheets of galvanized tin that serve as roofs, walls, and doors. As of the early 1980s, it was estimated that there were at least 700,000 illegally constructed buildings in Portugal, some 200,000 of which were in the greater Lisbon area, an example of the worst kind of urban sprawl. Many of these structures were built on unused private lands or on public lands.Even after Portugal's economy began to benefit from membership in the European Economic Community (EEC; later the European Union), a significant portion of housing remained substandard, whether in rural or urban areas. By the early 1990s, electrification in rural areas was still not complete, and running water and sewage systems were lacking. As of the early 21st century, improvement in housing has occurred, but with population growth and the arrival of migrants from Europe, Brazil, and former colonies in Africa, the basic components of a housing crisis persist: shortage of decent rental or purchased housings; persistent urban shantytowns, which in some areas have expanded; and substandard living conditions.A majority of the Portuguese people (60 percent; and in Lisbon and Oporto, 80 percent) rent their housing. Improving or expanding such rental housing has been challenging in part because of rigid recent control laws that, between 1948 and 1985, tended to discourage either the maintenance and improvement or the construction of apartments. In suburbs outside Lisbon, large apartment houses were built after 1980 for the more prosperous new urbanites, but, as in the past, the supply of good, affordable housing lagged behind demand. Many Portuguese governments confronted and engaged the housing problem, and some excellent reforms were instituted. The contemporary housing crisis nevertheless persists and, after 2007, was complicated by the worldwide economic crisis. -
62 new urbanism
гос. упр., эк. новый урбанизм (концепция градостроительства, возникшая в конце 1980-х — начале 1990-х гг. в США; предполагает объединение усилий по городскому планированию, архитектуре и строительству для того, чтобы люди могли жить, работать и отдыхать на одной и той же небольшой территории; призвана приостановить расползание мегаполисов, разрешить транспортные проблемы за счет создания условий для пешеходов и развития скоростного общественного транспорта)See: -
63 outskirts of town
Синонимический ряд:outlying district (noun) fringe of town; hamlet; neighborhood; outlying district; suburb; suburbia; urban area; urban sprawl; yuppie town -
64 suburb
1. n пригород, окраина2. n окрестности, предместья3. n пригородный посёлокto move to a suburb — переехать в пригород; стать загородным жителем
Синонимический ряд:outlying district (noun) fringe of town; hamlet; neighborhood; neighbourhood; outlying district; outskirts of town; suburbia; urban area; urban sprawl; yuppie town -
65 suburbia
1. n предместья и их жители; пригороды2. n неодобр. мещанство; обывателиСинонимический ряд:outlying district (noun) fringe of town; hamlet; neighborhood; outlying district; outskirts of town; suburb; urban area; urban sprawl; yuppie town -
66 conurbation
- обширная территория городской застройки с включением отдельных близлежащих сельских районов
- большой город с пригородами
большой город с пригородами
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
conurbation
1) A large densely populated urban sprawl formed by the growth and coalescence of individual towns or cities.
2) Large area covered with buildings (houses or factories or public building, etc.)
3) A large area occupied by urban development, which may contain isolated rural areas, and formed by the merging together of expanding towns that formerly were separate.
(Source: CED / PHC / ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
обширная территория городской застройки с включением отдельных близлежащих сельских районов
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > conurbation
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67 suburbia
сущ.1) эк. сабурия, предместья ( от suburb — пригород; спальные поселки в окрестностях больших городов, массово заселенные представителями среднего класса; начали возникать в 1950-е годы, когда произошла массовая автомобилизация населения; результатом возникновения и последующего расширения таких районов стали, в частности, транспортные проблемы)See:2) соц. жители предместий [пригорода\] -
68 next to impossible
фраз. почти невозможно, маловероятно, едва лиUrban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > next to impossible
См. также в других словарях:
Urban sprawl — Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area. [http://www.sprawlcity.org/hbis/wis.html What is Sprawl?] . SprawlCity.org . Retrieved on 2008 02 07.]… … Wikipedia
urban sprawl — n [U] the spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside, or the area in which this has happened ▪ planning policies designed to limit the growth of urban sprawl … Dictionary of contemporary English
urban sprawl — noun uncount a very large area of buildings, industries, etc. that has spread from a city into the countryside surrounding it, especially in a way that is not attractive: We drove through several miles of urban sprawl … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
urban sprawl — ☆ urban sprawl n. the spread of urban congestion into adjoining suburbs and rural areas … English World dictionary
urban sprawl — noun an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities • Syn: ↑conurbation, ↑sprawl • Hypernyms: ↑urban area, ↑populated area • Hyponyms: ↑subtopia … Useful english dictionary
urban sprawl — /ɜbən ˈsprɔl/ (say erbuhn sprawl) noun the outer areas of a city, especially where development is considered to have been unplanned and undesirable: *Nor do they want to see more urban sprawl eating up the farmland and the scenic land on Sydney s …
urban sprawl — UK / US noun [uncountable] a very large area of buildings, industries etc that has spread from a city into the countryside surrounding it, especially in a way that is not attractive We drove through several miles of urban sprawl … English dictionary
urban sprawl — ur′ban sprawl′ n. soc the uncontrolled spread of urban development into neighboring regions • Etymology: 1955–60 … From formal English to slang
urban sprawl — noun Date: 1956 the spreading of urban developments (as houses and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city … New Collegiate Dictionary
urban sprawl — the uncontrolled spread of urban development into neighboring regions. [1955 60] * * * … Universalium
urban sprawl — the unchecked spread in the land area occupied by an urban area when development is low rise and it is felt that space efficiency is not an issue … Geography glossary
