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1 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC -
2 лазер
laser oscillator, optical maser* * *ла́зер м.
laserв ла́зере возбужда́ются (напр. [m2]продо́льные) ти́пы колеба́ний — (e. g., longitudinal) modes oscillate in a laser, a laser generates (e. g., longitudinal) modesла́зер генери́рует в, напр. бли́жней инфракра́сной о́бласти спе́ктра — a laser emits in the, e. g., near infra-redла́зер генери́рует (свет) не́скольких часто́т — a laser oscillates at several frequenciesла́зер генери́рует свет с длино́й волны́ λ — a laser emits light of wavelength λ [emits at wavelength λ ]нака́чивать ла́зер с торца́ ди́ска — face-pump the (disk of a) laserла́зер рабо́тает в непреры́вном режи́ме — a laser emits continuously [in the CW mode]ла́зер рабо́тает в о́бласти длин волн от … до … — a laser emits in the wavelength range from … to …ла́зер рабо́тает в одномо́довом режи́ме генера́ции — a single mode oscillates in a laser, a laser generates a single mode, a laser is used in unimodal operationла́зер рабо́тает в режи́ме генера́ции — a laser operates as an oscillatorла́зер рабо́тает в режи́ме усиле́ния — a laser operates as an amplifierла́зер рабо́тает на перехо́дах, напр. 1 2 — a laser operates by, e. g., 1 2 transitionsарго́новый ла́зер — argon laserла́зер бегу́щей волны́ — travelling wave laserла́зер взрывно́го ти́па — explosion laserла́зер, возбужда́емый постоя́нным то́ком — dc-excited laserга́зовый ла́зер — gas laserгазоразря́дный ла́зер — gas discharge laserге́лий-нео́новый ла́зер — helium-neon (gas) [He-Ne] laserла́зер, генери́рующий в беспи́чковом режи́ме — non-spiking pulse laserла́зер, генери́рующий в зелё́ной о́бласти ви́димого спе́ктра — green (light) laserла́зер, генери́рующий в кра́сной о́бласти ви́димого спе́ктра — red (light) laserла́зер, генери́рующий в пи́чковом режи́ме — regularly pulsating laserла́зер гига́нтских и́мпульсов — giant-pulse laser, GPLла́зер гига́нтских и́мпульсов с селе́кцией мод — mode-controlled giant-pulse laserла́зер далё́кого ИК диапазо́на — far infrared laserдвухмо́довый ла́зер — double-mode [two-mode] laserдвухпри́месный ла́зер — double-doped laserдвухрезона́торный ла́зер — dual-cavity laserдвухфото́нный ла́зер — two-photon laserжи́дкостный ла́зер — liquid laserзадаю́щий ла́зер — initiating laserла́зер ИК диапазо́на — infra-red laser, iraser, IR laserи́мпульсный ла́зер — pulsed [pulsing] laserинжекцио́нный ла́зер — injection [diode] laserио́нный ла́зер — ion laserкольцево́й ла́зер — ring laserкомбинацио́нный ла́зер — Raman laserлави́нный ла́зер — avalanche laserла́зер миллиметро́вого диапазо́на — millimeter (wave) laserмонои́мпульсный ла́зер — giant-pulse laser, GPLмногомо́довый ла́зер — multimode [multimodal] laserмо́щный ла́зер — high-power [high-light] laserла́зер на враща́тельных энергети́ческих у́ровнях — rotation laserла́зер на осно́ве фотодиссоциа́ции — photodissociation laserла́зер на руби́не, неоди́мовом стекле́ и т. п. — ruby, neodymium-doped glass, etc., laserла́зер непреры́вного излуче́ния — continuous wave [CW] laserнесинхронизи́рованный ла́зер — free-running laserодномо́довый ла́зер — single-mode [unimodal] laserодночасто́тный ла́зер — single-frequency laserперестра́иваемый ла́зер — tunable laserполупроводнико́вый ла́зер — semiconductor laserрезона́торный ла́зер — cavity [resonant] laserла́зер рентге́новского диапазо́на — X-ray laserсамосинхронизи́рующийся ла́зер — self-locked laserсверхизлуча́ющий ла́зер — superradiant laserла́зер с вне́шней модуля́цией — externally modulated laserла́зер с вне́шними зеркала́ми — external-mirror laserла́зер с вну́тренней модуля́цией — internally modulated laserла́зер с вну́тренними зеркала́ми — internal-mirror laserла́зер с возбужде́нием электро́нным пучко́м — electron-beam-pumped laserла́зер с ВЧ нака́чкой — RF excited laserла́зер с вы́деленной мо́дой — mode-selected laserла́зер с высокочасто́тной генера́цией — high-PRF laserла́зер с двойно́й поляриза́цией (излуче́ния) — dual-polarization laserла́зер с двухфото́нным возбужде́нием — two-photon laserла́зер с модуля́цией добро́тности — Q-switching [Q-switched, Q-spoiled, Q-sw] laserла́зер с непреры́вной генера́цией — CW laserла́зер с ограниче́нием числа́ генери́рующих мод — mode-limited laserла́зер с опти́ческой нака́чкой — optically pumped laserла́зер со свя́занными мо́дами — mode-coupled [mode-locked] laserла́зер с переда́чей нака́чки — cross-pumped laserла́зер с резона́тором Фабри́-Перо́ — Fabry-Perot [FP] laserла́зер с составны́м сте́ржнем — composite rod laserла́зер, стабилизи́рованный по амплиту́де — amplitude stabilized laserла́зер с тунне́льной инже́кцией — tunnel(-injection) laserла́зер с хими́ческой нака́чкой — chemicaly pumped laserла́зер с электри́ческим возбужде́нием — electrically exited laserла́зер с электроопти́ческой настро́йкой — electrooptically tuned laserтвердоте́льный ла́зер — solid-state laserтермостати́рованный ла́зер — temperature-controlled [thermostatted] laserтороида́льный ла́зер — toroidal laserтреуго́льный ла́зер — triangular laserтрёху́ровневый ла́зер — three-level laserузкополо́сный ла́зер — narrow-band laserла́зер ультрафиоле́тового диапазо́на — ultraviolet [UV] laserхими́ческий ла́зер — chemical laserчасто́тно-модули́рованный ла́зер — frequency-modulated [FM] laserэпитаксиа́льный ла́зер — epitaxial(-grown) laser -
3 лампа
lamp
- (осветительная арматура) — light (lt)
-, вкпюченная — illuminating light
- "внимание" (на уви инерциальной системы) — alert lamp
лампа "в" загорается если продолжительность полета до ппм составляет 2 мин. — the alert lamp lights when time to go to a wpt is 2 min.
- "внимание" (на уви инерциальной системы) — warn lamp
загорается при неисправности или нарушении нормального электропитания системы. — the warn lamp lights when the system detects а malfunction or potential degraded performance.
- вспомогательного освещения (кабины) — utility light
- вспомогательного освещения кабины экипажа — cockpit miscellaneous light (cockpit misc lt)
- вспомогательного освещения (пассажирского салона) "- горит - ген. не работает" (надпись у сигнальной лампы) "готовность" (системы) — cabin miscellaneous light (cabin misc lt) light on - gen out ready lamp /light/
- дневного света — fluorescent lamp
- дневного света, двухконтактная — two-terminal fluorescent lamp
-, желтая — amber light
- заливающего (красного) подсвета панели — panel (red) flood light
- (электрическая), запасная — spare lamp
-, импульсная (маяка) — condenser-discharge lamp
- индивидуального освещения (пассажирского места) — reading light
- индивидуального освещения (пассажирского места), поворотная — swivel-socket reading light
- клсрк — cabin wander light
- (-) кнопка — switchlight,switch-light
- (-) кнопка (контроля цепи) — press-to-test indicating light
- контроля — monitor light
check the slat monitor lights illuminated.
-, контрольная — indicating light
-, люминисцентная — fluorescent lamp
- накаливания — incandescent lamp
- не гаснет (продолжает) гореть в течение (30) сек. — light-off does not occur within (30) seconds
- освещения аварийного выхода — emergency exit light
- освещения входа (в самолет) — courtesy light
- освещения грузового (багажнаго) отсека — cargo compartment light (cargo lt)
- освещения зеркала (в туалете) — lavatory mirror light (lav mirror lt)
- освещения крыла — wing flood light
- освещения отсека передней стойки шасси — nosewheel compartment (well) light
лампа освещения зоны замков выпущенного положения шасси. — а floodlight in the nosewheel well lights the area of the nose gear downlocks.
- освещения пола (кабины экипажа) — cockpit floor light
-, паяльная — blow lamp
-, перегоревшая — blown /burned-out/ lamp
-, переносная — portable lamp
- подсвета панели (белым светом) — panel (white) light
- подсвета панели (красным светом), встроенная — panel integral (red) light
- подсвета прибора — instrument light
- подсвета прибора, встроенная — instrument /indicator/ integral light /lamp/
- подсвета приборной доски — instrument panel light
- подсвета пульта — panel light
- подсвета пульта управления автопилота — autopilot controller light
- подсвета сетки прицела — sight reticle light
- подсвета эмблемы (авиакомпании) — insignia light
- признака готовности — (operational) status light
- разрешенной дальности — in range light
- с желтым светофильтром — amber light
- с зеленым (красным, синим) светофильтром — green (red, blue) light
- сигнализации ввода информании (системы "омега") — data entry light /lamp/ the data entry light illuminates during data insertion.
- сигнализации высоты принятия решения — dh (decision height) light set radio altimeter bug to 20 feet and the dh light should be illuminated.
- сигнализации готовности включения цепи автофлюгирования — automatic propeller feather arming light
- сигнализации закрытого положения люка (двери) — door closed position indicating light
- сигнализации "исправhoctb пиропатрона" — squib ok light
- сигнализации нахождения шины под током — hot bus warning light do not open doors when hot bus warning lights are on.
- сигнализации наличия зл. питания от наземного источника — external power available light ехт pwr avail light)
- сигнализации непараллельной работы генераторов — generator unparalleled light if the gen unparl'd light does not go out, press the generator parallel button.
- сигнализации отказа — failure warning /indicating/ ligt
- сигнализации отказа (напр., автомата торможения) — anti-skid failure light (antiskid fail light)
- сигнализации отказа (эл.) шины — bus power fai(ure) light
- сигнализации открытого попожения люка — door open position warning light
- сигнализации параллельной работы генераторов — generator parallel light (gen parallel lt)
- сигнализации перегрева двигателя — engine overtemperature light, engine hot light
- сигнализации подхода к конечному пункту маршрута — destination alert light
- сигнализации подхода к ппм — waypoint alert light indicates proximity to wpt or destination.
- сигнализации положения шасси — landing gear position indicating light
лампы, сигнализирующие о фиксации стоек шасси замками убранного и выпущеннаго положения. — l.g. position indicating lights are used to show when the wheels are locked up or down.
- сигнализации пролета мapкерного маяка — marker light
- сигнализации работы (системы) — (system) operation /operating/ indicating /indicator/ light
- (табло) сигнализации рекомендуемых действий — advisory light
- сигнализации рекомендуемых действий по сигналам высотомера — altimeter advisory light
- сигнализации состояния системы — (system) status light
- сигнализации сравнения работы двух инерциальных навигационных систем — ins (system) comparison warning light comes on when the ins is out of tolerance with other ins.
-, сигнальная (аварийной сигнализации) — warning light
-, сигнальная (предупреждающей сигнализации) — caution light
-, сигнальная (уведомляющей сигнализации) — indicating light
- с конденсаторным разрядом — condenser-discharge lamp
- с нажимным устройством для проверки исправности (лампы), сигнальная — warning (ог indicating) light with push-to-test feature
- со встроенным (нажимным) контролем, сигнальная — warning (ог indicating) light with push-to-test feature
- ультрафиолетового облучения (уфо) — ultraviolet light (uvl)
- (-) фара (посадочная, рулежная) — (landing/taxi) light
- (-) фара (оптический злемент) — sealed-beam unit
- центральной (аварийной) сигнализации (цсо) — master warning light (mwl)
- центральной (предупредительной) сигнализации — master caution light
-, электрическая — lamp, bulb
-, электронная — (electron) tube
электронное устройство, в котором электроны проходят через вакуум или газонаполненную среду внутри герметичной оболочки. — an electron device in which the electrons move through a vacuum or gaseous medium within а gas-tight envelope.
выполненный (или собранный) на лампе (л1) — based on tube (л1), using /employing/ tube (л1)
гаснуть (о лампе) — go out
гаснуть и более не загораться (о л.) — go out and stay out come on, illuminate, light (up)Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > лампа
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4 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph
[br]b. 22 February 1857 Hamburg, Germanyd. 1 January 1894 Bonn, Germany[br]German physicist who was reputedly the first person to transmit and receive radio waves.[br]At the age of 17 Hertz entered the Gelehrtenschule of the Johaneums in Hamburg, but he left the following year to obtain practical experience for a year with a firm of engineers in Frankfurt am Main. He then spent six months at the Dresden Technical High School, followed by year of military service in Berlin. At this point he decided to switch from engineering to physics, and after a year in Munich he studied physics under Helmholtz at the University of Berlin, gaining his PhD with high honours in 1880. From 1883 to 1885 he was a privat-dozent at Kiel, during which time he studied the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. In 1885 he succeeded to the Chair in Physics at Karlsruhe Technical High School. There, in 1887, he constructed a rudimentary transmitter consisting of two 30 cm (12 in.) rods with metal balls separated by a 7.5 mm (0.3 in.) gap at the inner ends and metallic plates at the outer ends, the whole assembly being mounted at the focus of a large parabolic metal mirror and the two rods being connected to an induction coil. At the other side of his laboratory he placed a 70 cm (27½ in.) diameter wire loop with a similar air gap at the focus of a second metal mirror. When the induction coil was made to create a spark across the transmitter air gap, he found that a spark also occurred at the "receiver". By a series of experiments he was not only able to show that the invisible waves travelled in straight lines and were reflected by the parabolic mirrors, but also that the vibrations could be refracted like visible light and had a similar wavelength. By this first transmission and reception of radio waves he thus confirmed the theoretical predictions made by Maxwell some twenty years earlier. It was probably in his experiments with this apparatus in 1887 that Hertz also observed that the voltage at which a spark was able to jump a gap was significantly reduced by the presence of ultraviolet light. This so-called photoelectric effect was subsequently placed on a theoretical basis by Albert Einstein in 1905. In 1889 he became Professor of Physics at the University of Bonn, where he continued to investigate the nature of electric discharges in gases at low pressure until his death after a long and painful illness. In recognition of his measurement of radio and other waves, the international unit of frequency of an oscillatory wave, the cycle per second, is now universally known as the Hertz.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Rumford Medal 1890.BibliographyMuch of Hertz's work, including his 1890 paper "On the fundamental equations of electrodynamics for bodies at rest", is recorded in three collections of his papers which are available in English translations by D.E.Jones et al., namely Electric Waves (1893), Miscellaneous Papers (1896) and Principles of Mechanics (1899).Further ReadingJ.G.O'Hara and W.Pricha, 1987, Hertz and the Maxwellians, London: Peter Peregrinus. J.Hertz, 1977, Heinrich Hertz, Memoirs, Letters and Diaries, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.R.Appleyard, 1930, Pioneers of Electrical Communication.See also: Heaviside, OliverKFBiographical history of technology > Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph
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