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1 method
1) метод; приём; способ2) методика3) технология4) система•- accelerated strength testing method-
benching method-
bullhead well control method-
electrical-surveying method-
electromagnetic surveying method-
long-wire transmitter method-
operational method-
rule of thumb method-
straight flange method of rolling beams-
symbolical method-
tee-test method-
testing method-
triangulation method-
value-iteration method -
2 method
метод, способ; система; методикаaffected sibs method — метод неродственных [гистонесовместимых] сибсов ( метод анализа HLA-гаплотипов)
albumin method — альбуминовый метод (реакция агглютинации резус-положительных эритроцитов для определения титра блокирующих антител)
ammonium sulfate avidity index method — сульфатаммонийный метод определения показателя авидности ( антител)
anticomplement method — антикомплементный метод (выявления белков с использованием комплемента и комплементсвязывающих антител)
bridged avidin-biotin method — «мостиковый» авидин-биотиновый метод, ( иммуноферментный) метод с биотин-авидиновым усилением
bulk depletion methods — методы тотальной [исчерпывающей] элиминации (напр. лимфоцитов); методы тотального истощения ( клеточной популяции)
carbonyl iron treatment method — метод обработки карбонильным железом ( метод выделения лимфоцитов из крови)
cascade immunization method — метод каскадной иммунизации ( метод иммунизации различными антигенами в определённой последовательности)
Chou-Fasman method — (предикативный) метод Чоу-Фасмана ( для расчёта наиболее вероятной вторичной структуры белков)
class-capture method — ( иммуноферментный) метод с захватом класс-специфических иммуноглобулинов
concentrated immunization method — метод интенсивной иммунизации дробными дозами ( антигена), метод «концентрированного удара»
double-antibody method — метод двойных антител, сэндвич-метод
dye-binding method — метод связывания красителя, метод фиксации красителя
EAC-rosette method — метод EAC-розеток (с использованием бараньих эритроцитов, специфических антител и комплемента)
EA-rosette method — метод EA-розеток ( с использованием бараньих эритроцитов и специфических антител)
excess reagent methods — методы бесконкурентного анализа, методы анализа с бесконкурентным связыванием
Franklin-Duke method — безжелатиновый метод спермагглютинации, метод Франклина-Дьюка ( метод определения антиспермальных антител в сыворотке)
frustrated phagocytosis method — метод «незавершённого фагоцитоза» (метод анализа скорости дегрануляции нейтрофилов путём блокады процесса фагоцитоза агрегированного IgG на стадии секреции лизосомальных ферментов)
glutaraldehyde method — метод глютаральдегидных сшивок (метод конъюгирования небольших пептидов с белками-носителями с целью увеличения иммуногенности пептидов)
hapten help method — метод гаптеновой помощи, гаптен-хелперный метод
Heidelberger-Kabat method — метод Гейдельбергера-Кэбата ( метод количественной оценки бактериальных агглютининов)
immersion method — метод иммобилизации ( антител на твёрдой фазе в гибридомной технологии), иммерсионный метод
immune complex depletion method — метод элиминации иммунных комплексов, иммунокомплексный клиренс-метод
immunofluorescence method — метод флуоресцирующих антител, иммунофлуоресцентный метод
indirect immune complex depletion method — непрямой метод элиминации иммунных комплексов, непрямой иммунокомплексный клиренс-метод
kappa-lambda method — метод лёгких цепей (метод оценки клоногенности B-клеток по наличию либо kappa-, либо lambda-цепей)
Koski's method — метод Коски (для определения неспецифической эстеразной активности в тканях с использованием в качестве субстрата alpha-нафтилбутирата и p-розанилина)
Lambris-Ross method — метод Ламбри-Росса (ujметод получения C3b-субкомпонента комплемента путём гидролиза исходной молекулы C3 трипсином в присутствии активированной тиол-сефарозы)
limited reagent methods — методы конкурентного анализа, методы анализа с конкурентным связыванием
loop closing method — метод (молекулярной) динамики «закрытия петли» (метод изучения конформационных переходов в активном центре ферментов путём насыщения «карманов» субстратом)
Lowry method — метод Лоури, метод Фолина-Чикальтеу ( метод определения содержания белка с использованием реагента Фолина)
Maxam-Gilbert method — метод Maксама-Джильберта ( метод секвенирования ДНК с помощью последовательной химической деградации)
Medawar's method — метод Медавара, метод «двух стимулов» ( метод приготовления антилимфоцитарной антисыворотки)
method of nearest neighbour base frequencies — метод ( частоты встречаемости) ближайших соседей ( в нуклеотидной последовательности)
microplating method — метод микроразведений (напр. в культуре клеток)
nearest-neighbour method — метод (частоты встречаемости) ближайших соседей ( в нуклеотидной последовательности)
Nei-Gojobori method — метод Нея-Гожбори (компьютерный метод оценки частоты нуклеотидных замен в расчёте на одну замену с изменением смысла и одну замену без изменения смысла)
ninhydrin colorimetric method — цветная реакция с нингидрином, нингидриновый колориметрический метод
Parnas-Wagner method — метод Парнаса-Вагнера (микромодификация метода Кьельдаля для определения азота в комплексе антиген-антитело)
plate count method — чашечный метод подсчёта, метод пластинчатых разведений
plate lysate method — метод лизиса в чашках; метод планшет-лизатов, метод Маниатиса ( метод выделения фаговой ДНК)
primer-extension method — метод удлинения затравки [праймера] ( метод получения ДНК-копий на матрице мРНК)
priming method — метод с затравкой, прайминг-метод
profile method — метод профилей (метод сравнительной оценки эволюционной близости двух белков на основе данных об их аминокислотных последовательностях)
Rinkel's method — метод Ринкеля (метод лечения аллергозов путём многократных инъекций небольших доз аллергена в течение длительного срока)
roll-bottle method — метод вращающихся колб, роллерный метод ( культивирования)
roll immunoblot method — роллер-иммуноблоттинг ( метод получения иммунных отпечатков с использованием роллера)
roll-tube method — метод вращающихся пробирок, роллерный метод
rosette method — метод розеткообразования, метод розеток
Rowe's method — радиоиммунодиффузия, метод Руа
sandwich method — метод двойных антител, сэндвич-метод
size-filtration method — метод гель-фильтрации, метод гель-хроматографии
spinhaler method — бронхопровокация, бронхопровокационная проба, аэрозольный тест
spinner-culture method — метод вращающихся пробирок, роллерный метод
Sprent's method — метод Спрента (метод оценки интенсивности реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» по пролиферации донорских клеток)
stationary culture method — метод стационарных ( клеточных) культур
Steinman-based methods — методы Стейнмана (методы выделения дендритных клеток и макрофагов из паренхиматозных органов, основанные на последовательной адгезии с утратой, в итоге, адгезивных свойств)
Tsuda's method — метод Суды (для определения секреции лизоцима в клеточных культурах с использованием клеток Micrococcus lysodeikticus)
two-pulse method — метод «двух стимулов», метод Медавара ( метод приготовления антилимфоцитарной антисыворотки)
Uhlenguth's method — ( преципитационная) методика Уленгута ( для биологического дифференцирования белков); ( судебно-медицинский) тест Уленгута
Westphal-Jann method — метод Вестфола-Джанна ( метод экстракции липополисахарида на границе раздела фаз фенол-вода)
Wu-Kabat method — метод Ву-Кэбата (метод оценки вариабельности антигенов главного комплекса гистосовместимости)
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3 two
12 -
4 technique
1) метод, спосіб (див. т-ж арproach, method) 2) технологія (див. т-ж technology) - alloying technique
- annular sawing technique
- assembly technique
- automatic layout technique
- automatic test generation technique
- BIMOS technique
- bond etchback technique
- boron etch stop technique
- bump-metallization technique
- CAD technique
- GDI technique
- chip floorplan technique
- chip processing technique
- circuit technique
- CMOS technique
- cold-crucible technique
- cold-processing technique
- collector-diffusion isolation technique
- commutating auto-zeroing technique
- computerized design technique
- CVD technique
- decomposition technique
- definition technique
- development advanced rate technique
- diffused planar technique
- diffusion technique
- double-diffusion technique
- dry processing technique
- electrochemical passivation technique
- electron-beam technique
- electroplating technique
- etch-and-refill technique
- etchback technique
- etch-stop technique
- evaporation technique
- fabrication technique
- film technique
- flip-chip technique
- floating crucible technique
- folding technique
- four-point probe technique
- growth technique
- implant-isolation technique
- incremental time technique
- integrated technique
- interconnection technique
- internal trace technique
- ion-implantation technique
- isolation technique
- laser selective photoionisation technique
- laser-trimming technique
- lifting technique
- lift-off technique
- light-scattering technique
- liquid encapsulation Czochralski technique
- liquid-phase epitaxy technique
- liquid epitaxy technique
- lithographic technique
- masked diffusion technique
- masking technique
- mask-making technique
- masterslice technique
- mesa-fabrication technique
- Minimod technique
- mixed-level technique
- mixed-mode technique
- modified horizontal Bridgman technique
- modified Bridgman technique
- molecular-beam epitaxy technique
- monolithic technique
- mounting technique
- multichip assembly technique
- multiwire technique
- native охide technique
- node tearing technique
- n-type doping technique
- open-tube diffusion technique
- open-tube technique
- optical alignment technique
- oxide masking technique
- oxygen-plasma охidation technique
- packaging technique
- peripheral sawing technique
- photolithographic technique
- photomasking technique
- photomechanical technique
- photoresist lift-off technique
- piecewise linear modeling technique
- planar-epitaxial technique
- plasma-охidation technique
- plasma-spraying technique
- p-n junction isolation technique
- positive photoresist masking technique
- probe technique
- processing technique
- production technique
- production soldering technique
- reduction technique
- resist technique
- SBC technique
- scaling technique
- screen-printing technique
- screen-stencil technique
- self-aligned double-diffusion technique
- serial-writing technique
- shallow V-groove technique
- shrinking technique
- silk-screeningtechnique
- silk-screentechnique
- single-layer interconnection technique
- single-level interconnection technique
- sinking technique
- slice technique
- solder reflow technique
- solute-diffusion technique
- SOS isolation technique
- sparse matrix technique
- staged-diffusion technique
- staining technique
- stencil technique
- step-and-repeat reduction technique
- tape-carrier technique
- test technique
- thermal wave technique
- trench-etch technique
- tri-mask technique
- trimming technique
- two-layer resist technique
- two-phase technique
- two-step technique
- vapor-oxidation technique
- vapor-phase epitaxial technique
- V-ATC technique
- wet technique
- wire-bonding technique
- wire-wrapping technique
- wire-wrap technique
- wiring technique
- 1:1 photomasking techniqueEnglish-Ukrainian dictionary of microelectronics > technique
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5 Godowsky, Leopold Jr
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 27 May 1900 Chicago, Illinois, USA d. 1983[br]American musician and photographic experimenter whose researches, with those of his colleague Mannes, led to the introduction of the first commercial tripack colour film, Kodachrome.[br]Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.[br]Further ReadingC.E.K.Mees, 1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York.BC -
6 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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7 structure
1) сооружение; конструкция; конструктивная система; строение; здание2) расположение частей; конструкция; устройство3) структура•- airtight structure - alignment structure - all-metal structure - all-veneer structure - all-welded steel structure - angle structure - armocement structure - aseismic structures - avalanche-protection structure - balloon structure - balloon frame structure - basic structure - beam and girder structure - beam and slab structure - beamless plate structure - bearing structure - bearing-wall structure - bedded structure - block structure - box structure - box-like space structure - braced structure - brick structure - brick-veneer structure - bridge structure - building structure - built-up structure - buried structure - cable structures - cable-stayed structures - cage structure - cancelled structure - cast-in-situ structures - cellular structure - classification of structures - coast-protecting structure - community structure - compact structure - compact grain structure - composite structure - concrete structure - concrete-bent structure - concrete gravity structure - concretionary structure - conjugation structure - crest structure - crib structure - cross-wall structure - crystal structure - cubic structure - curved structure - dangerous structure - dead-end structure - deformation of structure - disasterproof structure - double-skin structure - dust-tight structure - earthquakeproof structure - engineering structure - exterior structure - fabricated structure - filler structure - fine structure - fireproof structure - flood-regulating structure - folded plate structure - frame structure - geologic structure - girder structure - girderless structure - glued structure - glued-laminated structure - grade separation structure - grain structure - granular structure - guide structure - hipped-plate structure - historic structure - hollow-wood structure - hydraulic structure - incombustible structure - indeterminate structure - industrial structure - intake structure - jointless structure - ladder structure - lamellar structure - laminated structure - large-panel structures - large-sized block structures - latticed structure - layer-built structure - load-bearing structure - load-carrying structure - lumber core structure - mammoth building structure - masonry structure - mesh structure - metal structure - mixed structure - modular structure - moving-form structure - multi-span structure - non-bearing structure - non-fireproof structure - non-redundant structure - open structure - orbiting structure - pan structure - panelled structure - partially-prestressed composite structure - paste structure - pell-mell structure - permanent structure - plated structure - platform frame structure - porous structure - post and beam structure - post and panel structure - posttensioned structure - pre-assembled member structure - precast structure - precast and cast-in-situ structure - precast concrete structure - precast panel structure - prefabricated structure - prefabricated demountable structures - pre-posttensioned concrete structure - pressurized structure - prestressed structures - pretensioned concrete structures - probabilistic model of structure - protected metal structure - rammed loam structure - redundant structure - reinforced brick structure - reinforced concrete structure - reinforced masonry structure - reliability of structure - residential structures - rigid structure - rigid framed structure - road-mix structure - rumpled structure - sandwich structure - separation structure - shell structure - simple structure - simple in structure - single-grain structure - skeleton structure - slow-burning structure - slow-burning heavy timber structure - soil structure - solid-walled structure - space grid structures - statically determinate structure - statically indeterminate structure - steel structure - steel-frame structure - steel-plate structures - stone structures - stratified structure - supporting structure - suspended structures - temporary structure - thin-shell structure - thin-slab structure - thin-walled structure - tidal-regulating structure - tone structure - tower-base structure - track structure - trussed structure - two-hinged structure - urban spatial structure - veneered structure - vesicular structure - void structure - wall-bearing structure - water-diverting structure - waterfront structure - water purification structure - waterside structure - weight of structure - welded structure - welded steel structure - wood structureto load a structure — нагружать конструкцию, сооружение
* * *1. конструкция; конструктивная система (здания, сооружения)2. сооружение, здание3. структура4. pl леса; подмости; поддерживающие конструкцииstructure beyond repair — сооружение, не подлежащее восстановлению ( из-за чрезмерного износа)
structure designed by elastic method of analysis — конструкция, рассчитанная с учётом только упругой работы
structure designed by plastic theory — конструкция, рассчитанная по теории пластичности
structure designed on an experimental basis — сооружение [объект] экспериментального проектирования
structure exposed to wind force — сооружение, подвергаемое воздействию ветровых нагрузок; сооружение, для которого ветровые нагрузки являются основными
structure in design stage — сооружение в стадии проектирования; проектируемое сооружение
to make the structure statically determinate — превратить конструкцию в статически определимую ( путём удаления лишних связей)
- above-grade structurestructure subjected to specified loads — конструкция, нагруженная заданными [расчётными] нагрузками
- air-supported structure
- alien structure
- alignment structure
- all-metal structure
- all welded steel structure
- amorphous structure
- angle structure
- appurtenant structure
- arched structure
- architectural structure
- Armco multiplate superspan bridging structures
- armocement structure
- aseismic structure
- atomic reactor containment structure
- auxiliary structure
- avalanche brake structure
- backwater structure
- bank protection structure
- beam-and-column structure
- block structure
- box-type structure
- box structure
- braced structure
- building structure
- bulkhead structure
- cantilever structure
- carrying structure
- cased structure
- cast-in-situ structure
- cellular structure
- cladding structure
- closure structure
- coast-protecting structure
- completed structure
- composite structure
- concrete structure
- concrete gravity structure
- conjugation structure
- continuous structure
- control structure
- conveyance structure
- crest structure
- crib structure
- cross-wall structures
- crystalline structure
- dead-end structure
- dispersed structure
- dome structure
- drop structure
- earth structure
- earthquake-resistant structure
- earth-sheltered structure
- encased structure
- enclosing structures
- engineering structures
- external protection structure
- fish-protection structure
- fixed gravity structure
- floated-in structure
- floating structure
- flocculated structure
- floor structure
- folded plate structure
- folded structure
- framed structure
- freely supported structure
- free standing tower structure
- geological structure
- girder structure
- glass-block structure
- glued structure
- granular structure
- gravity structure
- grid structure
- guide structure
- heated structure
- heat-insulated structure
- high-rise structure
- high-strength structure
- hinged structure
- honeycomb structure
- hydraulic structure
- hyperstatic structure
- in-line structure
- intake structure
- laminated structure
- large-block structure
- large panel structure
- large span structure
- lattice structure
- lightweight structure
- linear structures
- line structures
- load-bearing structure
- log structure
- long span structure
- major structure
- manure storage structure
- marine structure
- massive concrete structure
- mass concrete structure
- metal structure
- modular structure
- multilevel structure
- multilevel cast-in-place parking structure
- multilevel precast concrete bar structure
- multiple span structure
- multistorey structure
- nonbearing structure
- nuclear energy structures
- offshore structure
- oil field structure
- open parking structure
- open-pile braced structure
- open-web structure
- orthotropic structure
- outfall structure
- outlet structure
- panel structure
- parking structure
- perlitic structure
- permanent structure
- pile structure
- pile-and-crib structure
- plate structures
- port structure
- portable structure
- portal structure
- post-and-beam structure
- precast structure
- prestressed structure
- prestressed pretensioned structure
- pretensioned structure
- radial plan structure
- rectilinear structure
- redundant structure
- regulating structure
- reinforced concrete structure
- reinforced masonry structure
- reinforced soil structure
- reinforced timber structure
- rigid structure
- rigid-plastic structure
- roof structure
- seismic structure
- self-supporting structure
- shell structure
- simply supported structure
- single span structure
- skeleton-type structure
- skeleton structure
- soil structure
- solid structure
- space structure
- space-grid structure
- spillway structure
- sports structure
- statically determinate structure
- statically indeterminate structure
- steel structure
- steel and concrete structure
- steel bearing structure
- storage structure
- stressed skin structure
- submerged structure
- subsurface structure
- supporting structure
- surface structure
- suspended structure
- suspended cable net structure
- tailrace structure
- tall structure
- thin-shell structure
- thin-walled prismatic structure
- thin-walled steel structure
- training structure
- truss structure
- tube-in-tube structure
- tubular structure
- turnout structure
- unclad structure
- underground structure
- underpinning structure
- underwater structure
- unified structure
- unsafe structure
- unusual structure
- urban structure
- utility structures
- vault structure
- water-conveyance structure
- water-diverting structure
- water-filled framed structure
- waterfront structure
- water retaining structure
- welded structure
- zoned earthfill structure -
8 four
четыре; группа или набор из четырёх предметов; pl. четырёхцилиндровый автомобиль; четырёхцилиндровый двигатель- four-ball machine - four-ball tester - four-bar linkage - four-bar mechanism - four-bar motion - four-barrel carburetor - four-barrel engine - four-bearing - four-bladed fan - four-bolt joint - four-boss breaker cam - four-bottle runner - four by four - four-by-four vehicle - four-by-two vehicle - four-car articulated set - four-chamber - four-channel antilock brake system - four corners - four-crank press - four-cycle - four-cycle diesel engine - four-dimensional interval - four-dimensional momentum - four-door - four-engined - four face column - four-foot way - four-high - four-jaw chuck - four-jawed - four-jawed chuck - four-jet turbine - four-lane - four-lane highway - four-lane road - four-layer - four layers hose - four-leg crossroads - four-leg junction - four-leg sling - four-legged intersection - four-level - four-part alloy - four-piece rim - four-piece wheel - four-pin driven nut - four-pin plug - four piston calliper disk brake - four piston disk brake caliper - four-pocket hydrostatic bearing - four-point - four-point ball contact in roller bearing - four-point bend - four-point bending - four-point control method - four-point loading - four-point probe - four-point suspension press - four-point press - four-pole - four-port valve - four quadrant detector - four quadrant operation - four-range - four-recess hydrostatic bearing - four-roll bending machine - four-roll forming machine - four-row - four-rowed - four-seater - four-sheave crownblock - four-sheave traveling block - four-sided trunnion fixture - four-speed - four-square scraper - four square setup - four-stage - four-stage blower - four-stage compressor - four-stage supercharger - four-start worm - four-strand chain - four-stroke - four-stroke cycle - four-stroke-cycle diesel - four-stroke diesel - four stroke engine - four-support cross-bar - four-throw crankshaft - four tube core - four unit sliding door - four velocity - four-way - four-way control valve - four-way directional control valve - four-way power seat - four-way socket wrench - four-way valve - four-wheel - four-wheel drive transmission - four-wheel drive truck - four-wheel drive vehicle - four-wheel steering - four-wheel truck - four-wheeled - four-wheeled wagon - four-wheeler - four-wire cable -
9 Cai Lun (Tsai Lun)
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.57 AD Chinad. c.121 AD China[br]Chinese Director of Imperial Workshops who is usually credited with the invention of paper.[br]He was a confidential secretary to the Emperor. He became Director of the Imperial Workshops and he is said to have invented, or sponsored the invention of, paper around the year 105 AD. Recent studies, however, suggest that paper was already known in China two centuries earlier. The method of making it has hardly varied in principle since that time. The raw materials, then usually old fishing nets and clothing rags, were boiled with water, to which alkali in the form of wood ash was sometimes added. The resulting pulp was then beaten in a stone mortar with a stone or a wooden mallet. The pulp was then mixed and stirred with a large amount of water, and a sieve or mould (formed on a wooden frame carrying a mat of thin reeds sewn together) was dipped into it and was shaken to help the fibres in the layer of pulp to interlock and thus form a sheet of paper. The rest of the process consisted, then as now, of getting rid of the water: the sheets of paper were dried and bleached by leaving them to lie in the sun.Some of China's many inventions were achieved independently in Western Europe, but it seems that Europe's knowledge of papermaking stems from the Chinese. It was not until the eighth century that it passed into the Islamic world and so, first by contact with the Moors in Spain in the twelfth century, into Western Europe.Cai Lun was later made a marquis. Further promotion followed when he was regarded as the god of papermaking.[br]Further ReadingJ.Needham, 1985, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1): Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West, 1970.LRD
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