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treatises

  • 81 ἐξωτερικός

    ἐξω-τερικός, ή, όν, opp. ἐσωτερικός,
    A external, belonging to the outside, τὰ ἐ. the exterior members, such as hands and feet, Arist. GA 786a26; ἐ. ἀρχή foreign dominion, Id.Pol. 1272b19; ἐ. πράξεις external activities, ib. 1325b22; ἐ. ἀγαθά ib. 1323b25; οἱ ἐ. persons outside the Pythagorean school, Iamb.VP32.226.
    II οἱ ἐ. λόγοι popular arguments or treatises, opp. οἱ κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν, Arist.EE 1217b22, Pol. 1278b31, Metaph. 1076a28, EN 1102a26, al.;

    ταῦτα -κωτέρας σκέψεως Id.Pol. 1254a33

    ; ἐ. λόγοι, opp. ἀκροαματικοί or ἐσωτερικοί (q. v.), Gell.20.5.2; ἐ. διάλογοι, opp. τὰ ἠθικά, τὰ φυσικὰ ὑπομνήματα, Plu.2.1115b; cf. ἐσωτερικός.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐξωτερικός

  • 82 ἔνδημος

    A dwelling in a place, native, Hes.Op. 225, Thgn. 794, etc.; ἔ. παρών being here at home, A.Ch. 570; ἐνδημότατοι the greatest 'stay-at-homes', opp. ἀποδημηταί, Th.1.70.
    2 of things, βοὴ ἔ. intestine war, A.Supp. 683 (lyr.);

    πόλεμοι D.H.8.83

    ; τὰ ἔ. homeaffairs, opp. τὰ ὑπερόρια, Arist.Pol. 1285b14; ἀρχαί (opp. ὑπερόριοι) Id.Ath.24.3, cf. Aeschin.1.45, Foed. ap. Th.5.47; endemic,

    νοσήματα Gal.15.429

    , 17(1).11; also τὰ ἔ. βιβλία applied to the surgical treatises of Hippocrates, Pall.in Hp.Fract.12.271C.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἔνδημος

  • 83 ტრაქტატები

    n
    treatises

    Georgian-English dictionary > ტრაქტატები

  • 84 Boole, George

    [br]
    b. 2 November 1815 Lincoln, England
    d. 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Coounty Cork, Ireland
    [br]
    English mathematician whose development of symbolic logic laid the foundations for the operating principles of modern computers.
    [br]
    Boole was the son of a tradesman, from whom he learned the principles of mathematics and optical-component manufacturing. From the early age of 16 he taught in a number of schools in West Yorkshire, and when only 20 he opened his own school in Lincoln. There, at the Mechanical Institute, he avidly read mathematical journals and the works of great mathematicians such as Lagrange, Laplace and Newton and began to tackle a variety of algebraic problems. This led to the publication of a constant stream of original papers in the newly launched Cambridge Mathematical Journal on topics in the fields of algebra and calculus, for which in 1844 he received the Royal Society Medal.
    In 1847 he wrote The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which applied algebraic symbolism to logical forms, whereby the presence or absence of properties could be represented by binary states and combined, just like normal algebraic equations, to derive logical statements about a series of operations. This laid the foundations for the binary logic used in modern computers, which, being based on binary on-off devices, greatly depend on the use of such operations as "and", "nand" ("not and"), "or" and "nor" ("not or"), etc. Although he lacked any formal degree, this revolutionary work led to his appointment in 1849 to the Chair of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, where he continued his work on logic and also produce treatises on differential equations and the calculus of finite differences.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Medal 1844. FRS 1857.
    Bibliography
    Boole's major contributions to logic available in republished form include George Boole: Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover Publications; George Boole: Laws of Thought, Open Court, and George Boole: Studies in Logic \& Probability, Open Court.
    1872, A Treatise on Differential Equations.
    Further Reading
    W.Kneale, 1948, "Boole and the revival of logic", Mind 57:149.
    G.C.Smith (ed.), 1982, George Boole \& Augustus de Morgan. Correspondence 1842– 1864, Oxford University Press.
    —, 1985, George Boole: His Life and Work, McHale.
    E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Boole, George

  • 85 Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della

    [br]
    b. between 3 October and 15 November 1535 Vico Equense, near Naples, Italy
    d. 4 February 1615 Naples, Italy
    [br]
    Italian natural philosopher who published many scientific books, one of which covered ideas for the use of steam.
    [br]
    Giambattista della Porta spent most of his life in Naples, where some time before 1580 he established the Accademia dei Segreti, which met at his house. In 1611 he was enrolled among the Oziosi in Naples, then the most renowned literary academy. He was examined by the Inquisition, which, although he had become a lay brother of the Jesuits by 1585, banned all further publication of his books between 1592 and 1598.
    His first book, the Magiae Naturalis, which covered the secrets of nature, was published in 1558. He had been collecting material for it since the age of 15 and he saw that science should not merely represent theory and contemplation but must arrive at practical and experimental expression. In this work he described the hardening of files and pieces of armour on quite a large scale, and it included the best sixteenth-century description of heat treatment for hardening steel. In the 1589 edition of this work he covered ways of improving vision at a distance with concave and convex lenses; although he may have constructed a compound microscope, the history of this instrument effectively begins with Galileo. His theoretical and practical work on lenses paved the way for the telescope and he also explored the properties of parabolic mirrors.
    In 1563 he published a treatise on cryptography, De Furtivis Liter arum Notis, which he followed in 1566 with another on memory and mnemonic devices, Arte del Ricordare. In 1584 and 1585 he published treatises on horticulture and agriculture based on careful study and practice; in 1586 he published De Humana Physiognomonia, on human physiognomy, and in 1588 a treatise on the physiognomy of plants. In 1593 he published his De Refractione but, probably because of the ban by the Inquisition, no more were produced until the Spiritali in 1601 and his translation of Ptolemy's Almagest in 1605. In 1608 two new works appeared: a short treatise on military fortifications; and the De Distillatione. There was an important work on meteorology in 1610. In 1601 he described a device similar to Hero's mechanisms which opened temple doors, only Porta used steam pressure instead of air to force the water out of its box or container, up a pipe to where it emptied out into a higher container. Under the lower box there was a small steam boiler heated by a fire. He may also have been the first person to realize that condensed steam would form a vacuum, for there is a description of another piece of apparatus where water is drawn up into a container at the top of a long pipe. The container was first filled with steam so that, when cooled, a vacuum would be formed and water drawn up into it. These are the principles on which Thomas Savery's later steam-engine worked.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1975, Vol. XI, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a full biography).
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains an account of his contributions to the early development of the steam-engine).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford University Press (contains accounts of some of his other discoveries).
    I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 2nd edn., New York: Doubleday.
    G.Sarton, 1957, Six wings: Men of Science in the Renaissance, London: Bodley Head, pp. 85–8.
    RLH / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della

  • 86 Rickover, Admiral Hyman George

    [br]
    b. 27 January 1900 Russian Poland
    d. 8 July 1986 Arlington, Virginia, USA
    [br]
    Polish/American naval officer, one of the principal architects of the United States nuclear submarine programme.
    [br]
    Born in Poland, Rickover was brought to the United States early in his life by his father, who settled in Chicago as a tailor. Commissioned into the US Navy in 1922, he specialized in electrical engineering (graduating from the US Naval Postgraduate School, Columbia, in 1929), quali-fied as a Submariner in 1931 and then held various posts until appointed Head of the Electrical Section of the Bureau of Ships in 1939. He held this post until the end of the Second World War.
    Rickover was involved briefly in the "Manhattan" atomic bomb project before being assigned to an atomic energy submarine project in 1946. Ultimately he was made responsible for the development and building of the world's first nuclear submarine, the USS Nautilus. He was convinced of the need to make the nuclear submarine an instrument of strategic importance, and this led to the development of the ballistic missile submarine and the Polaris programme.
    Throughout his career he was no stranger to controversy; indeed, his remaining on the active service list as a full admiral until the age of 82 (when forced to retire on the direct intervention of the Navy Secretary) indicates a man beyond the ordinary. He imposed his will on all around him and backed it with a brilliant and clear-thinking brain; his influence was even felt by the Royal Navy during the building of the first British nuclear submarine, HMS Dreadnought. He made many friends, but he also had many detractors.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    US Distinguished Service Medal with Gold Star. Honorary CBE. US Congress Special Gold Medal 1959. Numerous awards and honorary degrees.
    Bibliography
    Rickover wrote several treatises on education and on the education of engineers. He also wrote on several aspects of the technical history of the US Navy.
    Further Reading
    W.R.Anderson and C.Blair, 1959, Nautilus 90 North, London: Hodder \& Stoughton. E.L.Beach, 1986, The United States Navy, New York: Henry Holt.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Rickover, Admiral Hyman George

  • 87 Abhandlungen

    pl
    treatises

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Abhandlungen

  • 88 בב

    בָּב, בָּאב, בָּבָאI m. (reduplic. of בא, v. בּוֹא; cmp. b. h. בִּאָה a. מָבוֹא) entrance, door, gate. Targ. Esth. 5:14.Sabb.32a, v. חוּטְרָא a. בִּזְיוּנָא I. Ib. 156b קרי אכ׳ called at the door (begging). Erub.11b; a. fr.Pl. בָּבֵי. Ber.58b; a. fr. Men.34a בָּאבֵי.Trnsf. (of writings) section, clause. ב׳ דרישא the clause of the first proposition. Sabb.3a top; a. fr.Hence ב׳ קמא (abbr. ב״ק), (ב״מ) ב׳ מציעא, (ב״ב) ב׳ בתרא Baba Kamma, Baba Metsia, Baba Bathra (first, middle, last section), names of three Talmudic treatises of the order of Nzikin (civil law); v. נֶזֶק. (Tosefta Kelim is likewise divided into three Babas with the same names..Pl. as above. R. Hash. 33b תקיעה דכולי ב׳ the tune Tkiah in all the three sections.

    Jewish literature > בב

  • 89 באב

    בָּב, בָּאב, בָּבָאI m. (reduplic. of בא, v. בּוֹא; cmp. b. h. בִּאָה a. מָבוֹא) entrance, door, gate. Targ. Esth. 5:14.Sabb.32a, v. חוּטְרָא a. בִּזְיוּנָא I. Ib. 156b קרי אכ׳ called at the door (begging). Erub.11b; a. fr.Pl. בָּבֵי. Ber.58b; a. fr. Men.34a בָּאבֵי.Trnsf. (of writings) section, clause. ב׳ דרישא the clause of the first proposition. Sabb.3a top; a. fr.Hence ב׳ קמא (abbr. ב״ק), (ב״מ) ב׳ מציעא, (ב״ב) ב׳ בתרא Baba Kamma, Baba Metsia, Baba Bathra (first, middle, last section), names of three Talmudic treatises of the order of Nzikin (civil law); v. נֶזֶק. (Tosefta Kelim is likewise divided into three Babas with the same names..Pl. as above. R. Hash. 33b תקיעה דכולי ב׳ the tune Tkiah in all the three sections.

    Jewish literature > באב

  • 90 בָּב

    בָּב, בָּאב, בָּבָאI m. (reduplic. of בא, v. בּוֹא; cmp. b. h. בִּאָה a. מָבוֹא) entrance, door, gate. Targ. Esth. 5:14.Sabb.32a, v. חוּטְרָא a. בִּזְיוּנָא I. Ib. 156b קרי אכ׳ called at the door (begging). Erub.11b; a. fr.Pl. בָּבֵי. Ber.58b; a. fr. Men.34a בָּאבֵי.Trnsf. (of writings) section, clause. ב׳ דרישא the clause of the first proposition. Sabb.3a top; a. fr.Hence ב׳ קמא (abbr. ב״ק), (ב״מ) ב׳ מציעא, (ב״ב) ב׳ בתרא Baba Kamma, Baba Metsia, Baba Bathra (first, middle, last section), names of three Talmudic treatises of the order of Nzikin (civil law); v. נֶזֶק. (Tosefta Kelim is likewise divided into three Babas with the same names..Pl. as above. R. Hash. 33b תקיעה דכולי ב׳ the tune Tkiah in all the three sections.

    Jewish literature > בָּב

  • 91 בָּאב

    בָּב, בָּאב, בָּבָאI m. (reduplic. of בא, v. בּוֹא; cmp. b. h. בִּאָה a. מָבוֹא) entrance, door, gate. Targ. Esth. 5:14.Sabb.32a, v. חוּטְרָא a. בִּזְיוּנָא I. Ib. 156b קרי אכ׳ called at the door (begging). Erub.11b; a. fr.Pl. בָּבֵי. Ber.58b; a. fr. Men.34a בָּאבֵי.Trnsf. (of writings) section, clause. ב׳ דרישא the clause of the first proposition. Sabb.3a top; a. fr.Hence ב׳ קמא (abbr. ב״ק), (ב״מ) ב׳ מציעא, (ב״ב) ב׳ בתרא Baba Kamma, Baba Metsia, Baba Bathra (first, middle, last section), names of three Talmudic treatises of the order of Nzikin (civil law); v. נֶזֶק. (Tosefta Kelim is likewise divided into three Babas with the same names..Pl. as above. R. Hash. 33b תקיעה דכולי ב׳ the tune Tkiah in all the three sections.

    Jewish literature > בָּאב

  • 92 בָּבָא

    בָּב, בָּאב, בָּבָאI m. (reduplic. of בא, v. בּוֹא; cmp. b. h. בִּאָה a. מָבוֹא) entrance, door, gate. Targ. Esth. 5:14.Sabb.32a, v. חוּטְרָא a. בִּזְיוּנָא I. Ib. 156b קרי אכ׳ called at the door (begging). Erub.11b; a. fr.Pl. בָּבֵי. Ber.58b; a. fr. Men.34a בָּאבֵי.Trnsf. (of writings) section, clause. ב׳ דרישא the clause of the first proposition. Sabb.3a top; a. fr.Hence ב׳ קמא (abbr. ב״ק), (ב״מ) ב׳ מציעא, (ב״ב) ב׳ בתרא Baba Kamma, Baba Metsia, Baba Bathra (first, middle, last section), names of three Talmudic treatises of the order of Nzikin (civil law); v. נֶזֶק. (Tosefta Kelim is likewise divided into three Babas with the same names..Pl. as above. R. Hash. 33b תקיעה דכולי ב׳ the tune Tkiah in all the three sections.

    Jewish literature > בָּבָא

  • 93 מסכת

    מַסֶּכֶתf. (b. h.; סָכַךְ I) 1) web on the loom. Ohol. VIII, 4 מ׳ הפרוסה the spread web, i. e. the web hanging from the transverse beam (vestis pendens, v. Sm. Ant. s. v. Tela). Kel. XXI, 1 נפש המ׳ the woof, opp. to שתי עומד the warp of the standing loom. Midr. Till. to Ps. 38; Yalk. Ps. 733 אנו המ׳וכ׳ we are the web, and Thou the weaver; a. e. 2) (cmp. Lat. textus) construction, Talmudic treatise. Ruth R. to II, 9 (play on וַיַּסֵּךְ, 2 Sam. 23:16) עשאה מ׳ וקבעהוכ׳ (not מסכתא) he (David) constructed it and fixed it as a rule for future generations that the king forces the road (v. Snh.II, 4); Midr. Sam. ch. 20; Y.Snh.II, 20c top. Sabb.114a, v. כַּלָּה; a. fr.Pl. מַסֶּכְתּוֹת. Midr. Till. to Ps. 104:25 אלו המ׳ דברוכ׳ those are the systematic collections of Bar Ḳ. Num. R. s. 18 ששים מ׳ sixty Talmudic treatises (editions, however, count sixty-three); Tanḥ. Korah 12; Cant. R. to VI, 9 (not … תיות); a. fr.

    Jewish literature > מסכת

  • 94 מַסֶּכֶת

    מַסֶּכֶתf. (b. h.; סָכַךְ I) 1) web on the loom. Ohol. VIII, 4 מ׳ הפרוסה the spread web, i. e. the web hanging from the transverse beam (vestis pendens, v. Sm. Ant. s. v. Tela). Kel. XXI, 1 נפש המ׳ the woof, opp. to שתי עומד the warp of the standing loom. Midr. Till. to Ps. 38; Yalk. Ps. 733 אנו המ׳וכ׳ we are the web, and Thou the weaver; a. e. 2) (cmp. Lat. textus) construction, Talmudic treatise. Ruth R. to II, 9 (play on וַיַּסֵּךְ, 2 Sam. 23:16) עשאה מ׳ וקבעהוכ׳ (not מסכתא) he (David) constructed it and fixed it as a rule for future generations that the king forces the road (v. Snh.II, 4); Midr. Sam. ch. 20; Y.Snh.II, 20c top. Sabb.114a, v. כַּלָּה; a. fr.Pl. מַסֶּכְתּוֹת. Midr. Till. to Ps. 104:25 אלו המ׳ דברוכ׳ those are the systematic collections of Bar Ḳ. Num. R. s. 18 ששים מ׳ sixty Talmudic treatises (editions, however, count sixty-three); Tanḥ. Korah 12; Cant. R. to VI, 9 (not … תיות); a. fr.

    Jewish literature > מַסֶּכֶת

  • 95 מעשר

    מַעֲשֵׂרm. (b. h.; denom. of עֶשֶׂר) tithe.תרומת מ׳ the tithe of the tithe which the Levite owes to the priest (Num. 18:26); מ׳ or מ׳ ראשון the first tithe belonging to the Levite; מ׳ שני the second tithe to be consumed by the owner in Jerusalem (Deut. 14:22, sq.); מ׳ עני the poor mans tithe, every third year (ib. 26:12). Maas. Sh. V, 6; a. v. fr.Pl. (מַעְשְׂרוֹת) מַעַשְׂרוֹת. Maasr. I, 1 חייב במ׳ is subject to tithes; a. v. fr.Maʿasroth, Maʿăser Sheni, respective names of two treatises of Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Yrushalmi, of the Order of Zraim.

    Jewish literature > מעשר

  • 96 מַעֲשֵׂר

    מַעֲשֵׂרm. (b. h.; denom. of עֶשֶׂר) tithe.תרומת מ׳ the tithe of the tithe which the Levite owes to the priest (Num. 18:26); מ׳ or מ׳ ראשון the first tithe belonging to the Levite; מ׳ שני the second tithe to be consumed by the owner in Jerusalem (Deut. 14:22, sq.); מ׳ עני the poor mans tithe, every third year (ib. 26:12). Maas. Sh. V, 6; a. v. fr.Pl. (מַעְשְׂרוֹת) מַעַשְׂרוֹת. Maasr. I, 1 חייב במ׳ is subject to tithes; a. v. fr.Maʿasroth, Maʿăser Sheni, respective names of two treatises of Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Yrushalmi, of the Order of Zraim.

    Jewish literature > מַעֲשֵׂר

  • 97 סופר

    סוֹפֵרm. (b. h.; סָפַר) 1) scribe, writer of documents, copyist of prayers Gitt.VIII, 8 כתב ס׳ גטוכ׳ if the scribe wrote the letter of divorce for the husband and a receipt for the wife Keth.51a, a. e. טעות ס׳, v. אַחֲרָיוּת. B. Bath.21b ס׳ מתא (Ms. M. ספר) town-scribe (libeliarius); B. Mets. 109b top ספר; B. Bath.21a ס׳ מתא (some ed. ספר), v. Tosaf. a. l.; (Rashi: principal of a town-school keeping assistants, v. infra); a. fr. 2) a scholarly man, opp. בּוֹר illiterate. Ber.45b אחד ס׳וכ׳ if one is a scholar (knowing the prayers) and the other illiterate. 3) school teacher, primary teacher. B. Bath. l. c. ס׳ יהודי a Jewish teacher; ס׳ ארמאי a teacher of secular branches (oth. opin.: a gentile teacher). Ib. ס׳ מתא, v. supra. Tosef.Meg.IV (III), 38 והס׳ מלמד כדרכו but the Bible teacher teaches (these passages) in his usual way; a. fr.Pl. סוֹפְרִים, סוֹפְרִין. Gitt.24b ס׳ העשוייןוכ׳, v. לָמַד. Y. Ḥag.I, 76c, a. e. ס׳ ומשנים, v. מִשְׁנִים. Ber. l. c. בששניהם ס׳ when both of them are scholarly men (knowing the prayers); a. fr.Kidd.IV, 13 לא יְלַמֵּד ס׳ must not be a teacher of primary schools.מסכת ס׳ the Treatise Sofrim, one of the small treatises attached to the Talmud, containing rules for writing Torah copies; (in Septem Libri, ed. Kirchheim: מסכת ספר תורה).Esp. Sofer, pl. Sofrim, title of the scholars of the ante-Tannaic period, beginning with Ezra (v. Ezra 7:11). Y.Shek.V, beg.48c. Kidd.30a לפיכך … ס׳ שהיו סופריםוכ׳ the early scholars were called Sofrim, because they counted all the letters in the Torah; a. fr.דברי ס׳ enactments or interpretations dating from the Soferic period. Yeb.II, 4 מד׳ ס׳ belonging to the prohibitions ascribed to the Sofrim. Snh.XI, 3 חומר בד׳ ס׳וכ׳ disregard of Soferic enactments is more strictly dealt with, v. חוֹמֶר I. Ib. 88b דבר שעיקרו … מד׳ ס׳ a law which is founded on the Torah, but the interpretation of which dates from the Soferic period. Tosef.Kidd.V, 21; a. fr.תקון ס׳, v. תִּיקּוּן.

    Jewish literature > סופר

  • 98 סוֹפֵר

    סוֹפֵרm. (b. h.; סָפַר) 1) scribe, writer of documents, copyist of prayers Gitt.VIII, 8 כתב ס׳ גטוכ׳ if the scribe wrote the letter of divorce for the husband and a receipt for the wife Keth.51a, a. e. טעות ס׳, v. אַחֲרָיוּת. B. Bath.21b ס׳ מתא (Ms. M. ספר) town-scribe (libeliarius); B. Mets. 109b top ספר; B. Bath.21a ס׳ מתא (some ed. ספר), v. Tosaf. a. l.; (Rashi: principal of a town-school keeping assistants, v. infra); a. fr. 2) a scholarly man, opp. בּוֹר illiterate. Ber.45b אחד ס׳וכ׳ if one is a scholar (knowing the prayers) and the other illiterate. 3) school teacher, primary teacher. B. Bath. l. c. ס׳ יהודי a Jewish teacher; ס׳ ארמאי a teacher of secular branches (oth. opin.: a gentile teacher). Ib. ס׳ מתא, v. supra. Tosef.Meg.IV (III), 38 והס׳ מלמד כדרכו but the Bible teacher teaches (these passages) in his usual way; a. fr.Pl. סוֹפְרִים, סוֹפְרִין. Gitt.24b ס׳ העשוייןוכ׳, v. לָמַד. Y. Ḥag.I, 76c, a. e. ס׳ ומשנים, v. מִשְׁנִים. Ber. l. c. בששניהם ס׳ when both of them are scholarly men (knowing the prayers); a. fr.Kidd.IV, 13 לא יְלַמֵּד ס׳ must not be a teacher of primary schools.מסכת ס׳ the Treatise Sofrim, one of the small treatises attached to the Talmud, containing rules for writing Torah copies; (in Septem Libri, ed. Kirchheim: מסכת ספר תורה).Esp. Sofer, pl. Sofrim, title of the scholars of the ante-Tannaic period, beginning with Ezra (v. Ezra 7:11). Y.Shek.V, beg.48c. Kidd.30a לפיכך … ס׳ שהיו סופריםוכ׳ the early scholars were called Sofrim, because they counted all the letters in the Torah; a. fr.דברי ס׳ enactments or interpretations dating from the Soferic period. Yeb.II, 4 מד׳ ס׳ belonging to the prohibitions ascribed to the Sofrim. Snh.XI, 3 חומר בד׳ ס׳וכ׳ disregard of Soferic enactments is more strictly dealt with, v. חוֹמֶר I. Ib. 88b דבר שעיקרו … מד׳ ס׳ a law which is founded on the Torah, but the interpretation of which dates from the Soferic period. Tosef.Kidd.V, 21; a. fr.תקון ס׳, v. תִּיקּוּן.

    Jewish literature > סוֹפֵר

  • 99 קפי

    קפי, קָפָא, קָפָה(b. h.) (to bend, arch, be arched, 1) to be on top, float on the surface. Part. pass. קָפוּי; f קְפוּיָה pl. קְפוּיִים, קְפיּיִין; קְפוּיוֹת light of weight. Pes.50a (ref. to יקרות וקפאון, Zech. 14:6) אור שיקר בעוה״ז ק׳ הואוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. וק׳) light which is weighty (precious, rare) in this world shall be light (little esteemed, an ordinary thing) in the world to come; ib. נגעים … וקפוייןוכ׳ (Ms. M. קפויות) the treatises Negaim and Oholoth, which are heavy (difficult, obscure) in this world, shall be light (easily understood), ib. אלו בני אדם … (ו)ק׳ הםוכ׳ those who are weighty (important on account of their wealth, though otherwise without merit) in this world, shall be light (disregarded) ; Yalk. Zech. 583. 2) to coagulate, be curdled. Gen. R. s. 4 כיון שירד … מיד הוא קוֹפֵא ועומד ed. Wil. (oth. ed. קוֹפֶה) as soon as a drop of mso (v. מְסוֹ) is put in, the milk curdles and ‘stands (v. עָמַד); ib. s. 14 קופה (ed. Wil. קָפוּי); Lev. R. s. 14 נִקְפָּא. Tanḥ. Bshall. 17; Mekh. ib., Shirah, s.6 קפא עליהםוכ׳ the sea around them was congealed as far as ; Yalk. Ex. 248 נִקְפָּה; a. e.Tosef.Maasr.I, 7, v. infra. Pi. קִיפָּה to skim, take off the scum and the substances that gather on wine when it begins to ferment. Maasr. I, 7 היין משיְקַפֶּהאע״פ שקי׳וכ׳ Y. ed. (Bab. and Mish. ed. שקִפָּה) wine is subject to tithes when the manufacturer begins to skim; but although he has skimmed, he may take ; Tosef. ib. I, 7 אע״פ שקופה ed. Zuck. (Var. שקיפה); Ab. Zar.56a; Y.B. Mets.VII, beg.11b; (Maim. to Maasr. l. c. seems to read משיִקְפֶּה, expl. to form scum). Tosef. l. c. שולה וקופה ed. Zuck. (Var. שילה וקיפה), v. שָׁלָה. Maasr. IV, 1 המְקַפֵּא לתבשיל he that skims for the purpose of taking wine for a dish; Tosef. ib. I, 9 המְקַפֶּה בעריבה he that skims and takes wine out in a trough; a. fr.In gen. to take from the top. Ter. IV, 11 סאה … וְקִפְּאָהּ if one Sah of Trumah fell on top of a pile, and he took it off. Ib. יְקַפְּאֶנָּה Mish. ed. (Bab. ed. יַקְפִּיאֶנָּה Hif.; Y. ed. Krot. ייקפינה read: יְקַפֶּינָּה; Ms. M. יקיפנה, corr. acc.) let him take it off. Y. ib. 43a bot. קפה וחזר וק׳ if he took from the top once and again; a. e. Hif. הִקְפִּיא, הִקְפָּה 1) same, v. supra. 2) to cause to float. Ber.40a המַקְפֶּה אכילתו במים he that makes his food float in water (who drinks freely after meals). Sabb.21a להַקְפּוֹת to keep the wick floating. 3) to curdle, congeal; to cause coagulation; to become thick. Ḥull.120a; Men.21a ה׳ את הדם if he made the blood thick (through boiling); ib. הִקְפָּהוּ באור Mss. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 30) if he made it thick by means of artificial heat; הקפהו בחמה by exposure to the sun. Lev. R. s. 14 (ref. to Job 10:10) הִקְפִיאֲתָנִי אינו אומרוכ׳ it does not read, thou hast curdled me, but thou wilt ; Gen. R. s. 14 הִקְפֵּאתַנִי (some ed. הִקְפֵּתַנִי). Num. R. s. 9 (ref. to Ex. 15:8) ה׳ שלישו של ים he made one-third of the sea thick (v. supra); a. e. Nif. נִקְפָּא, נִקְפָּה to be curdled, made thick. Lev. R. l. c.; Yalk. Ex. 248, v. supra.Y.Ned.VII, end, 40c ניקפת, read: נִיכְפֵּית, v. כָּפָה.

    Jewish literature > קפי

  • 100 קפא

    קפי, קָפָא, קָפָה(b. h.) (to bend, arch, be arched, 1) to be on top, float on the surface. Part. pass. קָפוּי; f קְפוּיָה pl. קְפוּיִים, קְפיּיִין; קְפוּיוֹת light of weight. Pes.50a (ref. to יקרות וקפאון, Zech. 14:6) אור שיקר בעוה״ז ק׳ הואוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. וק׳) light which is weighty (precious, rare) in this world shall be light (little esteemed, an ordinary thing) in the world to come; ib. נגעים … וקפוייןוכ׳ (Ms. M. קפויות) the treatises Negaim and Oholoth, which are heavy (difficult, obscure) in this world, shall be light (easily understood), ib. אלו בני אדם … (ו)ק׳ הםוכ׳ those who are weighty (important on account of their wealth, though otherwise without merit) in this world, shall be light (disregarded) ; Yalk. Zech. 583. 2) to coagulate, be curdled. Gen. R. s. 4 כיון שירד … מיד הוא קוֹפֵא ועומד ed. Wil. (oth. ed. קוֹפֶה) as soon as a drop of mso (v. מְסוֹ) is put in, the milk curdles and ‘stands (v. עָמַד); ib. s. 14 קופה (ed. Wil. קָפוּי); Lev. R. s. 14 נִקְפָּא. Tanḥ. Bshall. 17; Mekh. ib., Shirah, s.6 קפא עליהםוכ׳ the sea around them was congealed as far as ; Yalk. Ex. 248 נִקְפָּה; a. e.Tosef.Maasr.I, 7, v. infra. Pi. קִיפָּה to skim, take off the scum and the substances that gather on wine when it begins to ferment. Maasr. I, 7 היין משיְקַפֶּהאע״פ שקי׳וכ׳ Y. ed. (Bab. and Mish. ed. שקִפָּה) wine is subject to tithes when the manufacturer begins to skim; but although he has skimmed, he may take ; Tosef. ib. I, 7 אע״פ שקופה ed. Zuck. (Var. שקיפה); Ab. Zar.56a; Y.B. Mets.VII, beg.11b; (Maim. to Maasr. l. c. seems to read משיִקְפֶּה, expl. to form scum). Tosef. l. c. שולה וקופה ed. Zuck. (Var. שילה וקיפה), v. שָׁלָה. Maasr. IV, 1 המְקַפֵּא לתבשיל he that skims for the purpose of taking wine for a dish; Tosef. ib. I, 9 המְקַפֶּה בעריבה he that skims and takes wine out in a trough; a. fr.In gen. to take from the top. Ter. IV, 11 סאה … וְקִפְּאָהּ if one Sah of Trumah fell on top of a pile, and he took it off. Ib. יְקַפְּאֶנָּה Mish. ed. (Bab. ed. יַקְפִּיאֶנָּה Hif.; Y. ed. Krot. ייקפינה read: יְקַפֶּינָּה; Ms. M. יקיפנה, corr. acc.) let him take it off. Y. ib. 43a bot. קפה וחזר וק׳ if he took from the top once and again; a. e. Hif. הִקְפִּיא, הִקְפָּה 1) same, v. supra. 2) to cause to float. Ber.40a המַקְפֶּה אכילתו במים he that makes his food float in water (who drinks freely after meals). Sabb.21a להַקְפּוֹת to keep the wick floating. 3) to curdle, congeal; to cause coagulation; to become thick. Ḥull.120a; Men.21a ה׳ את הדם if he made the blood thick (through boiling); ib. הִקְפָּהוּ באור Mss. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 30) if he made it thick by means of artificial heat; הקפהו בחמה by exposure to the sun. Lev. R. s. 14 (ref. to Job 10:10) הִקְפִיאֲתָנִי אינו אומרוכ׳ it does not read, thou hast curdled me, but thou wilt ; Gen. R. s. 14 הִקְפֵּאתַנִי (some ed. הִקְפֵּתַנִי). Num. R. s. 9 (ref. to Ex. 15:8) ה׳ שלישו של ים he made one-third of the sea thick (v. supra); a. e. Nif. נִקְפָּא, נִקְפָּה to be curdled, made thick. Lev. R. l. c.; Yalk. Ex. 248, v. supra.Y.Ned.VII, end, 40c ניקפת, read: נִיכְפֵּית, v. כָּפָה.

    Jewish literature > קפא

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