-
41 association
nобъединение, ассоциация
- American Arbitration Association
- arbitration association
- bankers' association
- banking association
- bar association
- barrier association
- benefit association
- building and loan association
- business association
- central association
- clearing house association
- cooperative association
- cooperative buying association
- cooperative marketing association
- cooperative purchasing association
- cooperative selling association
- economic association
- employees' association
- employers' association
- free association
- free trade association
- industrial association
- joint association
- marketing association
- miners' association
- monopoly association
- mutual guarantee association
- nonprofit association
- open price association
- partnership association
- producers association
- production association
- professional association
- purchasing association
- savings and loan association
- Securities Association
- standards association
- trade association
- vocational association
- voluntary association
- association of banks
- Association of British Factors
- association of cartels
- association of employers
- association of enterprises
- association of entrepreneurs
- association of exchange dealers
- Association of Futures Brokers and Dealers
- association of industrialists
- association of international bond dealers
- in association
- form an association
- join an association
- withdraw from an associationEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > association
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42 contract
1. n1) договор, соглашение, контракт2) подряд3) единица торговли на срочных биржах (стандартное соглашение о купле-продаже)
- acceptable contract
- agency contract
- aleatory contract
- arrival contract
- associate contract
- auditing contract
- awarded contract
- back contracts
- banking contract
- bare contract
- binding contract
- blanket contract
- bottomry contract
- brokerage contract
- broker's contract
- building contract
- chartering contract
- civil law contract
- classified contract
- collateral contract
- collective contract
- collective bargaining contract
- commercial contract
- commercial agency contract
- commodity contract
- compensation contract
- completion-type contract
- consensual contract
- consignment contract
- construction contract
- consultancy contract
- cost-plus-fixed-fee contract
- cost-plus-percentage-fee contract
- crosslease contract
- defense contract
- design engineering contract
- development contract
- developmental contract
- draft contract
- employment contract
- enforceable contract
- exclusive contract
- exclusive sale contract
- executed contract
- executory contract
- export contract
- financial futures contract
- fixed-price contract
- fixed-price contract with redetermination
- fixed-price redeterminable prospective contract
- fixed-term contract
- flat fee contract
- formal contract
- forward contract
- framework contract
- freight contract
- futures contract
- general contract
- general freight contract
- global contract
- government contract
- guaranteed contract
- hire contract
- hire purchase contract
- illegal contract
- implied contract
- import contract
- incentive contract
- indemnity contract
- infant's contract
- initial contract
- installment contract
- insurance contract
- interest rate contract
- labour contract
- large contract
- lease contract
- licence contract
- licensing contract
- life contract
- life insurance contract
- loading contract
- long-term contract
- lucrative contract
- maintenance contract
- management contract
- manufacturing contract
- marine insurance contract
- maritime contract
- military contract
- model contract
- money lending contract
- monopoly contract
- multilateral contract
- mutually beneficial contract
- naked contract
- nude contract
- official contract
- offset contract
- onerous contract
- open contract
- open-end contract
- operating contract
- option contract
- oral contract
- original contract
- outsourcing contract
- outstanding contract
- packing contract
- parol contract
- passage contract
- patent contract
- patent-granting contract
- period contract
- permanent rent contract
- preliminary contract
- previous contract
- prime contract
- private contract
- process-transfer contract
- procurement contract
- production sharing contract
- profitable contract
- profit-sharing contract
- public contract
- purchase contract
- purchase and sale contract
- quasi contract
- real contract
- reciprocal contract
- reciprocity contract
- reinsurance contract
- rent contract
- repair contract
- research and development contract
- risk contract
- sales contract
- salvage contract
- semi-turnkey contract
- service contract
- sham contract
- share-rental contract
- share tenancy contract
- shipment contract
- short-term contract
- simple contract
- single contract
- sold contract
- specialty contract
- spot contract
- standard contract
- stand rent contract
- stockbroker's contract
- stock-option contract
- supplementary contract
- syndicate contract
- take-and-pay contract
- take-or-pay contract
- team contract
- tenancy contract
- terminal contract
- time and materials contract
- toll contract
- total package procurement contract
- towing contract
- trade contract
- trade union contract
- turnkey contract
- tying contract
- umbrella contract
- uncompleted contract
- underwriting contract
- unfulfilled contract
- unilateral contract
- valid contract
- verbal contract
- void contract
- voidable contract
- work contract
- written contract
- yellow dog contract
- contract by deed
- contract by tender
- contract for construction
- contract for custody
- contract for delivery
- contract for freight
- contract for labour and materials
- contract for public works
- contract for purchase
- contract for a single shipment
- contract for space
- contract for technical service
- contract of affreightment
- contract of agency
- contract of annuity
- contract of carriage
- contract of consignment
- contract of employment
- contract of guarantee
- contract of indemnity
- contract of insurance
- contract of intent
- contract of novation
- contract of pledge
- contract of purchase
- contract of reinsurance
- contract of representation
- contract of sale
- contract of service
- contract of suretyship
- contract of tenancy
- contract under seal
- according to the contract
- against a contract
- as per contract
- subject to contract
- with reference to the contract
- agree on a contract
- annul a contract
- award a contract
- back out of a contract
- be under contract
- break a contract
- cancel a contract
- carry out a contract
- come under a contract
- commit a breach of contract
- complete a contract
- comply with the contract
- conclude a contract
- confirm a contract
- conform to the contract
- deliver against a contract
- depart from a contract
- draw up a contract
- enforce a contract
- enter into a contract
- execute a contract
- fulfil a contract
- finance a contract
- hold a contract
- implement a contract
- infringe a contract
- initial a contract
- levy a contract
- make a contract
- negotiate a contract
- obtain a contract
- perform a contract
- place a contract
- prepare a contract
- repudiate a contract
- rescind a contract
- renew a contract
- revise a contract
- revoke a contract
- secure a contract
- sign a contract
- stipulate by a contract
- supply against a contract
- take out an insurance contract
- tender for a contract
- terminate a contract
- violate a contract
- win a contract
- withdraw from a contract2. v2) сокращать; сокращаться
- as contractedEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > contract
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43 enterprise
n1) предприятие
- agro-industrial enterprise
- ailing enterprise
- artisan enterprise
- auxiliary enterprise
- bankrupt enterprise
- business enterprise
- collective enterprise
- commercial enterprise
- commercial manufacturing enterprise
- competitive enterprise
- concessional enterprise
- cooperating enterprise
- cooperative enterprise
- corporate enterprise
- debtor enterprise
- defaulted enterprise
- defaulter enterprise
- derfaulting enterprise
- diversified enterprise
- domestic enterprise
- export enterprise
- family-owned enterprise
- faltering enterprise
- farm enterprise
- farming enterprise
- foreign enterprise
- foreign trade enterprise
- free enterprise
- fuel and energy enterprise
- governmental enterprise
- government-owned enterprise
- group enterprise
- income-generating enterprise
- income-producing enterprise
- incorporated enterprise
- independent enterprise
- industrial enterprise
- insurance enterprise
- integrated enterprise
- joint enterprise
- large enterprise
- large-scale enterprise
- leading enterprise
- leased enterprise
- loss-making enterprise
- main enterprise
- manufacturing enterprise
- medium-sized enterprise
- mixed enterprise
- monopoly enterprise
- motor transport enterprise
- multi-activity enterprise
- multinational enterprise
- municipal enterprise
- mushroom enterprise
- national enterprise
- nationalized enterprise
- operating enterprise
- parent enterprise
- partner enterprise
- paying enterprise
- private enterprise
- privately-owned enterprise
- privatized enterprise
- processing enterprise
- profitable enterprise
- profit-making enterprise
- public enterprise
- publicly-owned enterprise
- public sector enterprise
- related enterprise
- remunerative enterprise
- risky enterprise
- rival enterprise
- self-governed and self-financing enterprise
- shipping enterprise
- small enterprise
- small-scale enterprise
- state enterprise
- state-owned enterprise
- state-owned commercial enterprise
- state unitary enterprise
- subordinate enterprise
- subsidiary enterprise
- subsidized enterprise
- trade enterprise
- trading enterprise
- transnational enterprise
- unincorporated enterprise
- unitary enterprise
- unprofitable enterprise
- upcoming enterprise
- urban development enterprise
- wholesale enterprise
- enterprise in deafult
- enterprise in duress
- on the balance sheet of an enterprise
- abandon an enterprise
- close down an enterprise
- declare an enterprise financially solvent
- establish an enterprise
- hold an enterprise
- launch an enterprise
- make an enterprise bankrupt
- run an enterprise
- sell an enterprise by auctionEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > enterprise
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44 rule
1. n1) правило; норма2) правление; господство3) pl устав4) юр. постановление, предписание
- accident prevention rules
- accounting rules
- arbitration rules
- auction rules
- bank rules
- bankruptcy rules
- bank secrecy rules
- call rule
- capitalization rules
- commercial rules
- competition rules
- conflict rule
- constant-level rule
- construction rules
- cost minimizing rule
- credit rules
- customs rules
- decision rules
- domestic rules
- duality rule
- established rules
- estimation rule
- exchange rules
- existing rules
- fair trade rules
- fixed replenishment rule
- fundamental rule
- grading rules
- ground rules
- harbour rules
- hard and fast rules
- house rules
- industrial safety rules
- industry safety rules
- insurance rules
- job safety rules
- lax rules
- legal rules
- listing rules
- maintenance rules
- majority rule
- marking rules
- matching rule
- minimum share price rules
- monopoly rule
- nine-bond rule
- operating rules
- ordering rules
- patent rules
- plus tick rule
- prescribed rules
- procedural rules
- prudent-man rule
- replenishment rules
- restrictive rules
- rounding rule
- safety rules
- safety-stock rule
- sanitary rules
- set rules
- stocking rule
- stockout rule
- strict rules
- stringent rules
- tariff rules
- tax rule
- tax rules on leasing
- undivided rule
- uniform rules
- voting rules
- work rules
- world trade rules
- rules at sea
- rules for general average
- rules for organizing and operating a corporation
- rules for the prevention of accidents
- rules of advertising
- rule of averaging
- rules of carriage
- rules of court
- rules of the Exchange
- rule of financial capital
- rule of foreign capital
- rules of the game
- rules of the house
- rules of insurance
- rules of international carriage
- rules of international law
- rules of international transportation
- rules of law
- rules of participation
- rule of procedure
- rules of publication
- rules of regulation
- rules of the road
- rules of safety
- rule of thumb
- rules on business conduct
- rule on revenue recognition
- rules and regulations
- according to rule
- against the rules
- abolish a rule
- adhere to rules
- comply with rules
- conform to rules
- depart from rules
- disregard rules
- enact rules
- establish rules
- flout rules
- lay down rules
- obey rules
- observe rules
- phase in rules
- relax rules
- set rules
- suspend rules
- tighten rules
- toughen internal rules
- violate rules
- work to rule2. v1) руководить; управлять2) управлять, господствовать3) стоять на уровне (о ценах, ставках)
- rule off -
45 enterprise
1) предприятие• -
46 advertising
сущ.1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming
Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.
Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.
two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет
Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.
No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.
2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.
the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве
ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),
alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),
foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional
Syn:See:accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе
advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе
Syn:See:above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology
* * *
реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.* * *размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги-----средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом -
47 countervailing power
эк., соц. уравновешивающая сила (какая-л. общественная сила, противостоящая доминирующим рыночным или политическим тенденциям; напр., действия профсоюзов, обществ защиты потребителей и властей, ограничивающих деятельность монополий; концепция предложена К. Гэлбрейтом)The existence of countervailing powers is usually regarded as a characteristic of the mixed economies and pluralist polities of Western societies. — Наличие уравновешивающих сил обычно приписывается смешанным экономикам и многополярным западным обществам.
See: -
48 monopolistic
прил.эк. монополистический (о структуре, в которой доминирует один элемент, а появление новых элементов затруднено или невозможно)See: -
49 Robinson-Patman Act
док.эк., юр., амер. закон Робинсона-Пэтмэна, 1936 г. (запретил снижение оптовых цен в межштатной торговле, проводимое в целях конкурентной борьбы; внес поправки в закон Клейтона путем сокращения числа доказательств монопольного эффекта ценовой дискриминации)See:
* * *
Закон Робинсона-Пэтмана: федеральный закон США (1936 г.), который внес поправки в Закон Клейтона путем сокращения числа доказательств, необходимых для доказательства монопольного эффекта ценовой дискриминации; см. Clayton Act;* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
50 position
n1) положение; местонахождение, расположение2) должность, место3) состояние4) (regarding smth, with regard to smth) точка зрения; позиция•to be firmly entrenched in one's position — упорно стоять на своем
to bolster smb's position — усиливать чью-л. позицию
to cement one's position in the public's mind — укреплять свою репутацию в глазах общественного мнения
to confirm one's position — подтверждать свою позицию
to conform with the country's humanitarian position — соответствовать гуманной позиции данной страны
to define one's position on smth — определять свое отношение к чему-л.
to deviate from one's position — отходить от своей позиции
to disclose one's position — раскрывать свою позицию
to dislodge smb from their position — выбивать кого-л. с занимаемых позиций
to distort smb's position — искажать чью-л. позицию
to explain one's position — разъяснять свою позицию
to exploit one's position — пользоваться своим положением
to explore smb's position — прощупывать чью-л. позицию
to give up one's positions — сдавать свои позиции
to improve one's position — улучшать свою позицию / свое положение
to leave smb in a very exposed position politically — делать чью-л. позицию политически очень уязвимой
to lose a position — утрачивать позицию, лишаться должности
to moderate one's position — занимать более умеренную позицию
to occupy a position — занимать позицию / пост
to preserve one's economic positions — сохранять свое экономическое положение
to reaffirm one's position — вновь подтверждать свою позицию
to reconsider one's position — пересматривать свою позицию
to regain one's positions on the international scene — восстанавливать свои позиции на международной арене
to reiterate one's position — вновь подтверждать свою позицию
to relinquish one's position — уходить в отставку
to rethink one's position — пересматривать свою позицию
to reverse one's position — изменять свою позицию
to set forth the position of one's government — излагать позицию своего правительства
to set out one's opening position — излагать свою исходную позицию (на переговорах)
to stick to a position — придерживаться какой-л. позиции
to strengthen smb's position — усиливать чью-л. позицию
to undercut smb's position — ослаблять / подрывать чью-л. позицию
to undermine smb's position — ослаблять / подрывать чью-л. позицию
- adoption of a positionto water down smb's position — ослаблять чью-л. позицию
- altered international position
- bargaining position
- change of position
- conciliatory position
- country's number one position
- departure from one's position
- domestic position
- dominant position
- dominating position
- economic position
- elevation to a dominant position of smb
- excepted position
- fallback position
- financial position
- firm position
- from a position of strength
- hardening of one's position
- hard-line position
- hostile position
- in an increasingly isolated position
- influential position
- intermediate position
- international position
- key position
- leading position
- legal position
- lowly position
- marginal position
- military positions
- monopoly position
- movement in smb's position
- negative position
- negotiating position
- nonaligned position
- political position
- position of influence
- positions in trade
- powerful position
- precarious position
- privileged position
- rigid position
- secure position
- sensitive position
- shaky position
- shift in smb's position
- social position
- strengthening of positions
- strong position
- the government's position stands
- tough position
- trading position
- unacceptable position
- unassailable position
- uncompromising position
- unstable position
- vacant position
- vulnerable position -
51 price
1. n(for / of) цена (на что-л.), цена (чего-л.)to charge a price — запрашивать / назначать цену
to deregulate prices — вводить свободные цены; отпускать цены
to eliminate the wide fluctuations in commodity prices — устранять значительные колебания цен на сырьевые товары
to fix a price — назначать / устанавливать цену
to free prices — либерализировать / отпускать цены
to maintain prices — поддерживать / сохранять цены на одном уровне
to pay a price for smth — расплачиваться / поплатиться за что-л.
to pay a high price — тж перен. дорого заплатить
to pay a human price — заплатить за что-л. человеческими жизнями
to place a price on smb's head — назначать награду за поимку или уничтожение кого-л.
to put a price on smth — назначать цену на что-л.
to quote a price — бирж. назначать, котировать цену
to regulate prices — регулировать / упорядочивать цены
to roll back / to scale down a price — снижать цену
to secure remunerative, equitable and stable prices — обеспечивать выгодные, справедливые и устойчивые цены
to send prices skyrocketing / soaring — приводить к резкому росту цен
- actual priceto set a price — назначать / устанавливать цену
- advanced price
- agricultural prices
- asking price
- at a certain price
- at cost price
- at current prices
- at reduced prices
- at the price of the day
- attractive price
- bargain price
- basic price
- below cost price
- blue-chip prices
- bottom price
- buying price
- ceiling price
- closing price
- collapse in prices
- collapse of prices
- commodity prices
- common price
- comparable prices
- competitive price - cost price
- current price
- cut in prices
- decline in prices
- decontrolled prices
- difference in prices
- discount price
- discriminatory prices
- drop in prices
- dumping price
- effective price
- equitable price
- escalating prices
- exorbitant price
- export price
- fair price
- fall in prices
- fall of prices
- farm produce prices
- firm price
- fixed price
- fluctuating price - freeze of prices
- going price
- grain price
- guaranteed price
- heavy price
- high price
- highest price
- import price
- in comparable prices
- increase in prices
- inflated price
- inflationary soaring of prices
- international prices
- jump in prices
- knock-down price
- level of prices
- list price
- long price
- low price
- lowest price
- maintenance of prices
- market price
- market-determined price
- maximum price
- minimum price
- moderate price
- monopoly prices
- net price
- offer price
- oil price
- oil prices touched $... a barrel
- peak price
- pegged price
- plunge in prices
- popular price
- pre-determined price
- preferential price
- prices are on the downward slide
- prices collapse
- prices decline
- prices drop
- prices fall
- prices fluctuate
- prices go down
- prices go up
- prices increase
- prices plummet
- prices plunged to their lowest
- prices push up
- prices rally
- prices react
- prices rebound
- prices remain unstable
- prices rise
- prices rocket
- prices shoot up
- prices showed their second major gain
- prices skyrocket
- prices slip back
- prices slump
- prices spiral downwards
- prices surge ahead - purchase price
- reasonable price
- reduced price
- reduction of prices
- regular price
- remunerative price
- resale price
- reserve price
- retail price
- rise in prices
- rising prices
- rock-bottom price
- sale price
- selling price
- settlement price
- shaky prices
- share prices are showing big losses
- share prices were slightly weaker
- share prices
- slide in share prices
- slump in prices
- soaring of the price
- speculative price
- stabilization of prices
- stable prices
- state-set price
- state-subsidized price
- steep price
- stiff price
- stock prices
- support price
- surge in prices
- target price
- trade price
- uniform prices
- unit price
- unstable prices
- uplift in prices
- upset price
- variable price
- volatility in share prices
- volume price
- wholesale price
- world market price
- world price
- worldwide fall in share prices 2. vназначать цену, оценивать -
52 profit
1. n1) прибыль, доход2) выгода, польза•to bring (in) / to carry profit — давать / приносить доход / прибыль
to derive profit — получать выгоду; извлекать доход
to enhance profits — увеличивать доходы / поступления / прибыль
to extract profit from smth — извлекать выгоду / доход / прибыль из чего-л.
to increase profits — увеличивать доходы / поступления / прибыль
to produce profit — давать / приносить доход / прибыль
to secure profits — обеспечивать / получать прибыль
- allocation of profitsto yield profit — давать / приносить доход / прибыль
- average profit
- commercial profit
- division of profits
- drive for profit
- easy profit
- enormous profit
- excess profit
- extraction of profit
- fabulous profits
- for profit
- for the sake of profit
- hidden profit
- high profits
- huge profit
- in pursuit of profit
- in quest of profit
- industrial profit
- interim profits
- level of profit
- margin of profit
- maximum profit
- monopoly profits
- mutual profit
- net profit
- personal profit
- planned profit
- pretax profit - repatriation of profits
- territorial profit
- trade profit
- trading profit
- transfer of profits abroad
- war profits 2. v( from smth) наживаться на чем-л.; извлекать прибыль из чего-л. -
53 regulation
n2) правило; инструкция; pl технические условия, технические нормы; административные положения, административные правила; устав•to adopt regulations — устанавливать / вводить правила
to deviate from regulations — нарушать инструкции / устав
to establish regulations — устанавливать / вводить правила
to impose / to introduce regulations — устанавливать / вводить правила
to make regulations — устанавливать / вводить правила
- currency regulationsto violate regulations — нарушать инструкции / устав
- economic regulation
- emergency regulations
- export regulations
- financial regulations
- fishing regulation
- government regulation
- in breach of British regulations
- internal regulations
- international air regulations
- legal regulation of smth
- national trade regulation
- nonobservance of regulations
- occupational safety and health regulations
- office regulations
- outmoded regulations
- passport regulations
- production-stopping regulations
- provisional regulations
- regulation of international monetary and financial relations
- road regulations
- rules and regulations
- safety regulations
- staff regulations
- state regulation
- state-monopoly regulation in the economy
- straightjacket regulations
- strict observance of constitutional regulations
- sweeping regulations
- technical regulations
- tight regulations
- transport regulations
- under the country's security regulations
- uniform regulations
- visa regulations -
54 model
1) модель (напр. экономики)2) тип, марка конструкции, модель (напр. автомобиля) -
55 profit
1) прибыль; доход || получать прибыль2) польза; выгода || пользоваться; извлекать пользу -
56 COMPETITION POLICY
Конкурентная политика
Государственная политика, направленная на достижение эффективного использования всех экономических ресурсов и защиту интересов потребителей. Целью конкурентной политики является обеспечение оптимально успешного функционирования рынка, а именно: производства продукции с наименьшими затратами, установления «справедливого» уровня цен и доходов, достижения технологического прогресса и улучшения качества товаров. Конкурентная политика регулирует процессы монополизации рынка одним производителем (см. Market dominance), установление монопольных позиций через слияния и поглощения, тайный сговор и т.д. Существует два основных метода регулирования структуры рынка и поведения на нем фирм: дискреционный и недискреционный. Недискреционный метод заключается в определении «приемлемых» норм поведения фирм и структур рынка. Чтобы ограничить степень концентрации продавцов и предотвратить возможность появления монополиста, устанавливается максимально возможная доля фирмы на рынке (например 20%), и если в результате слияний и поглощений эта доля превышается, объединение фирм автоматически считается незаконным. Запрещаются все виды групповых монополий (shared monopoly), например картели, а также практика ограничения конкуренции. Дискреционный метод более прагматичен. Признается, что высокий уровень концентрации продавцов (см. Seller concentration) и некоторые соглашения между фирмами зачастую способствуют повышению экономической эффективности, а не наоборот. Поэтому слияния и ограничительная практика запрещаются только в том случае, если они действительно наносят ущерб интересам общества. Для конкурентной политики США характерен в основном недискреционный подход, в то время как в Великобритании предпочитают дискреционный. Европейский Союз сочетает элементы и того, и другого. См. Competition policy (EU), Competition policy (UK), Williamson trade-off model, Office of fair trading, Workable competition.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > COMPETITION POLICY
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57 MINIMUM EFFICIENT SCALE
Минимальный экономически эффективный масштаб производства
Размер предприятия, при котором достигаются наименьшие средние долгосрочные издержки роизводства. На графике - это точка на кривой средних издержек фирмы в долгосрочном периоде.Кривая средних долгосрочных издержек обычно изображается в виде буквы U. Вначале, благодаря экономии на масштабах, кривая издержек идет вниз по мере роста объемов производства, однако затем возникает отрицательный эффект масштаба, и кривая издержек начинает быстро подниматься вверх. Однако данные статистического анализа издержек говорят о том, что в большинстве отраслей кривая имеет L-образную форму (кривая средних долгосрочных издержек представляет собой горизонтальную линию). Это означает, что отдача от роста масштабов производства постоянна, и в отрасли могут эффективно работать фирмы разных размеров. В отраслях, где минимальный экономически эффективный размер фирмы является значительным относительно общего размера рынка, можно ожидать высокой степени концентрации продавцов, т.к. на таком рынке сможет выжить только несколько крупных фирм. См. Natural monopoly, Flexible manufacturing system. Minimum wage rate. Минимальная ставка заработной платы. Минимальный уровень оплаты труда, установленный в законодательном порядке государством или согласованный профсоюзами с владельцами предприятий. Рассмотрим график.
Предположим, что ставки заработной платы устанавливаются значительно выше равновесного уровня We. В результате этого спрос на рабочую силу снизится с Qe до Qm. Таким образом, благосостояние тех, кто сохраняет работу (Oqm), повысится, а уровень жизни тех, кто оказался безработным в результате повышения ставок зарплаты (QmQe), снизится. Минимальная заработная плата гарантирует работнику по крайней мере прожиточный минимум. См. Trade union, Supply-side economics, Marginal revenue product, Profitrelated pay. Money-demand schedule. График спроса на деньги. График, отображающий зависимость между величиной спроса на деньги Qd (предпочтение ликвидности) и процентной ставкой i при данном уровне национального дохода y:
График спроса на деньги включает три компонента: спрос на деньги для сделок( деньги на финансирование текущих затрат), спрос на деньги для непредвиденных целей( деньги на всякий случай) и спрос на деньги для спекулятивных целей (деньги на покупку облигаций в ожидании снижения цен на них). Если снижается процентная ставка, то увеличивается спрос на деньги для спекулятивных целей. Существует обратно пропорциональная зависимость между уровнем процентной ставки и ценой облигаций: чем ниже ставка, тем выше цена. Чем выше цена облигаций, тем меньше вероятность того, что она и дальше будет расти; скорее всего она снизится. Таким образом, как видно на графике (а), чем ниже процентная ставка, тем выше стимул сохранять деньги для спекулятивных целей. Рост национального дохода увеличивает спрос на деньги для сделок и может также способствовать увеличению спроса на деньги для непредвиденных целей. Тогда график спроса на деньги сместится вправо (график (б)). См. Transaction demand for money, Precautionary demand for money, Speculative demand for money.
Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > MINIMUM EFFICIENT SCALE
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58 WORKABLE COMPETITION
Эффективная конкуренция
Критерии, определяющие характер конкуренции на рынке. Критерии основаны на исследованиях взаимозависимости между рыночной структурой, поведением фирм на рынке и функционированием рынка (см. Market structure-conduct-performance schema). Таким образом, эффективную конкуренцию можно описать на основе следующих приемлемых норм. Структура рынка, например, характеризуется значительным количеством конкурирующих между собой производителей, отсутствием искусственных барьеров на пути вступления в отрасль, а также умеренными и чувствительными к цене качественными различиями продуктов. Поведение фирм на рынке характеризуется активной конкуренцией и отсутствием стремлений к сговору с целью установления фиксированных цен, раздела рынка и т.д., отказом от тактики неприятия и принуждения (см. Restrictive trade practice), которая направлена на причинение ущерба конкуренту, способностью быстро реагировать на дифференцированный спрос потребителей. Функционирование рынка характеризуется стремлением к минимизации издержек производства, ценами, соответствующими издержкам производства, включая «справедливую» прибыль в зависимости от эффективности, риска, инвестиций и нововведений, отказом от чрезмерных расходов на стимулирование сбыта и внедрением новых технологий и новой продукции. Критерии, характеризующие эффективную конкуренцию, позволяют государственным учреждениям разрабатывать и претворять в жизнь свою конкурентную политику. См. также Contestable market, Theory of markets, Monopoly.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > WORKABLE COMPETITION
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59 agent
nагент, представитель; посредник; комиссионер; поверенный; pl агентство
- accredited agent
- acquisition agent
- active agent
- advertising agent
- authorized agent
- average agent
- break bulk agent
- business agent
- buying agent
- cargo agents
- career agent
- carrier agent
- chartered agent
- charterer's agent
- chartering agent
- collection agent
- commercial agent
- commission agent
- consignment agent
- creditworthy agent
- del credere agent
- distributing agent
- employment agent
- estate agent
- exclusive agent
- export agent
- financial agent
- firm's agent
- fiscal agent
- forwarding agent
- freight agent
- general agent
- house agent
- import agent
- insurance agent
- lessor's agent
- Lloyd's agent
- managing agent
- marine agent
- marketing agent
- monopoly agent
- official agent
- patent agent
- paying agent
- purchasing agent
- real estate agent
- redemption agent
- regional sales agent
- revenue agent
- reliable agent
- road haulage agent
- sales agent
- selling agent
- selling agents
- shipowner's agent
- shipping agent
- social insurance agent
- sole agent
- special agent
- specialized agent
- supplier agent
- supply agent
- tax agent
- trade agent
- transfer agent
- travel agent
- travelling agent
- trustworthy agent
- vendor agent
- agent for an inventor
- agent for sales
- agent of necessity
- agents of production
- act as an agent
- appoint an agent
- authorize to act as an agent
- employ an agent
- operate as an agent
- reward an agent
- secure an agent
- sign up an agent -
60 earnings
n, pl1) заработок2) доход, прибыль; поступления от дивидендов или процентных платежей
- accmulated retained earnings
- after-tax earnings
- annual earnings
- anticipated earnings
- appropriated retained earnings
- available earnings
- average earnings
- average hourly earnings
- average monthly earnings
- bonus earnings
- cash earnings
- commission earnings
- commodity export earnings
- company's earnings
- corporate earnings
- crop earnings
- currency earnings
- daily earnings
- direct earnings
- dollar earnings
- equity earnings
- excess earnings
- exchange earnings
- export earnings
- farmer's earnings
- foreign trade earnings
- freight earnings
- fully diluted earnings per share
- full-year earnings
- gross earnings
- hidden earnings
- hourly earnings
- imputed earnings
- incentive earnings
- incidental earnings
- individual earnings
- invisible earnings
- marginal earnings
- monopoly earnings
- net earnings
- net earnings after taxes
- net earnings per share
- net operating earnings per share
- operating earnings
- pensionable earnings
- percentage earnings
- personal earnings
- piecework earnings
- ploughed back earnings
- pretax earnings
- primary earnings
- primary earnings per share
- product earnings per operative
- professional earnings
- railway earnings
- real earnings
- retained earnings
- royalty earnings
- scanty earnings
- share earnings
- subsidiary earnings
- substantial earnings
- undistributed earnings
- undivided earnings
- volatile earnings
- weekly earnings
- wobbly earnings
- earnings before interest and taxes
- earnings before taxes
- earnings per hour
- earnings per share
- priceearnings ratio
- earnings retained for use in the business
- drive up earnings
- post earnings
- project earnings
- suffer loss of earningsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > earnings
См. также в других словарях:
Trade — This article is about the economic mechanism. For other uses, see Trade (disambiguation). Purchase redirects here. For other uses, see Purchase (disambiguation) Trader in Germany, 16th century … Wikipedia
Monopoly: The Card Game — Players draw property cards, token cards, house cards, etc. to complete their hand and go out. Players 2 6 Age range 8 and up Setup time … Wikipedia
monopoly — mo·nop·o·ly /mə nä pə lē/ n pl lies 1: exclusive control of a particular market that is marked by the power to control prices and exclude competition and that esp. is developed willfully rather than as the result of superior products or skill see … Law dictionary
Monopoly City Streets — logo Developer(s) Tribal DDB Publisher(s) Hasbro … Wikipedia
Trade secret — Trade Secrets redirects here. For other uses, see Trade Secrets (disambiguation). Intellectual property law Primary rights … Wikipedia
trade mark — The words trade mark and brand are often used interchangeably. Both refer to a sign which can distinguish the goods (or services) of one trader from those of another. A sign includes, for example, words, logos, pictures, shapes, sounds or smells … Law dictionary
Monopoly — Mo*nop o*ly, n.; pl. {Monopolies}. [L. monopolium, Gr. ?, ?; mo nos alone + ? to sell.] 1. The exclusive power, or privilege of selling a commodity; the exclusive power, right, or privilege of dealing in some article, or of trading in some… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
monopoly — monopoly, corner, pool, syndicate, trust, cartel are comparable rather than synonymous terms when they apply to a means of controlling prices. Monopoly denotes the exclusive control of a service (as telephone or telegraph service) or traffic (as… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
monopoly — (n.) exclusive control of a commodity or trade, 1530s, from L. monopolium, from Gk. monopolion right of exclusive sale, from MONO (Cf. mono ) + polein to sell, from PIE root *pel to sell (Cf. Skt. panate barters, purchases, Lith. pelnas … Etymology dictionary
Monopoly — This article is about the economic term. For the board game, see Monopoly (game). For other uses, see Monopoly (disambiguation). Competition law Basic concepts … Wikipedia
monopoly — /manop(a)ly/ A privilege or peculiar advantage vested in one or more persons or companies, consisting in the exclusive right (or power) to carry on a particular business or trade, manufacture a particular article, or control the sale of the whole … Black's law dictionary