-
41 nís(niss-)
as in pl. nissi noun "woman" MR:213. The Etymologies gives nis or nissë, pl. nissi: see the stems NDIS-SĒ/SĀ, NIsup1/sup, NIS NĒR, VT46:4; compare VT47:33. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi, *níri VT43:31. VT47:33 suggests that Tolkien at one point considered niþ- as the older form of the stem, which etymology would solve this problem since s from older þ does not become z r. Even so, the MR forms, nís with stem niss-, may be preferred. - Compare ní, \#nína, nisto, Lindissë. -
42 lá
1 adv. no, not" LA, VT45:25 According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" VT42:32-33, but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb when another verb is not expressed VT49:13, apparently where the phrase is not is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English I do not i.e. I do not do whatever the context indicates. With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë I do not, am not etc. Tolkien abandoned the form lamin. Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa ulanyë/u hé *I love him but uI do not love/u him another person VT49:15. Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva. 2 prep. athwart, over, across, beyond PE17:65, also used in phrases of comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright beyond = brighter than B VT42:32. 3 interjection? "please" reading of gloss uncertain VT45:25 -
43 larma
1 noun raiment, attested in pl. form larmar PE17:175 2 noun "?pig-fat, flesh" VT45:25; the initial element of the gloss "pig-fat" is not certainly legible in Tolkien's manuscript 3 noun "lucky event"; additional glosses in Tolkien's manuscript are tentatively read as "pleasure, mirth" by Hostetter and Wynne VT45:26 -
44 yen
noun "daughter" YŌ/YON. This word replaced another form, but this form may have been restored; see yeldë. In VT45:16, yendë is said to refer to a female "agent", a word changed by Tolkien from yendi, but Tolkien deleted all of this. -
45 -lda
1 "your", 2nd person pl. possessive suffix VT49:16. Onnalda *your child VT49:42. In an earlier manuscript, this ending was used for singular you instead, attested in the phrase Arwen vanimalda "Arwen your beauty", sc. "O beautiful Arwen", and in meletyalda "your majesty" WJ:369 Arwen vanimalda was however changed to Arwen vanimelda in the second edition of LotR, Tolkien reinterpreting the last word see vanimalda. The ending for singular "your" appears as -lya elsewhere. LotR1:II ch. 6 2 in some versions of Quenya a comparative or augmentative suffix, later abandoned by Tolkien PE17:55, 56. See vanimalda. -
46 masta
noun cake or loaf PE17:52, in an earlier source defined as "bread" MBAS, PM:404; later sources have massa or massë for this meaning. Mastamma "our bread" in Tolkiens translatation of the Lords Prayer VT43:18. In the Etymologies, Tolkien emended the gloss of masta from "dough" to "bread" VT45:33. -
47 voro-
adv. "ever, continually" BOR, Narqelion Compare vor. Focusing on the gloss "continually", post-Tolkien writers have sometimes used voro for "still, yet", but for this sense the term en is available. The variants vora, vorë were used for "always" in drafts for a Quenya version of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, but Tolkien eventually replaced such forms with the unrelated word illumë VT44:9. Compare vórë, vórëa. -
48 apa
1 prep. "after" VT44:36, attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for futher discussion. According to VT44:36, apa was glossed after and also before in one late manuscript, but both meanings were rejected. See also apa \# 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources compare Apanónar, the After-born, as a name of Men in the Silmarillion. Variants pa, pá VT44:36, but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo VT44:36 may be yet another variant of the word for "after". 2 prep. denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall. Apa is said to have this meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts VT44:26, but apa is also used for "after" see apa \#1 above, and the two were probably never meant to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The clash may be avoided by consistently using the variants pá, pa q.v. mentioned by Tolkien in the sense of apa \#2. Another variant gives apa, pá on above but touching VT49:18. 3 conj. but: melinyes apa la hé I love him but not him another VT49:15 -
49 Esselda
, noun? adj.?, deleted form which Tolkien never clearly glossed: *"first-elf"? Or an old comparative in -lda denoting something like "elder"? The word occurs in a context where Tolkien is considering terms for the Elves as the "Firstborn", aka "Elder Kindred" VT45:12, cf. ESE-, ESET- -
50 vil-
vb. "to fly" The forms given are the 1st pers. aorist vilin "I fly" and the pa.t. villë. Tolkien replaced wilin with wil-, pa.t. presumably *wille, but this may not render vil- obsolete; rather, Tolkien simply decided to cite the verb in its Old Quenya form, before the merger of w- with v- that occurred in Exilic Quenya. WIL -
51 voro
adv. "ever" BOR, LT1:250, 273 only voro in the Etymologies; also in Narqelion adv. "ever, continually" BOR, Narqelion Compare vor. Focusing on the gloss "continually", post-Tolkien writers have sometimes used voro for "still, yet", but for this sense the term en is available. The variants vora, vorë were used for "always" in drafts for a Quenya version of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, but Tolkien eventually replaced such forms with the unrelated word illumë VT44:9. Compare vórë, vórëa. -
52 ara
prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë he is out, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *beside me, astyë *beside you informal, allë *besides you formal, arsë *beside him/her, plural anwë armë *beside us exclusive, arwë *beside us inclusive, astë ardë *beside you plural, astë artë *beside them; dual anwet armet *beside us two. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *beside the VT49:24-25 -
53 -llë
1 one of several suffixes indicating feminine agent, as in Tintallë kindler vs. the verb tinta- to kindle. In the source PE17:69 Tolkien noted that -llë was little used because of the clash with the pronominal ending -llë see \#2 below, but the latter ending was later revised. 2 abandoned pronominal ending you, 2nd person pl. VT49:48; Tolkien later revised this ending to -ldë. -
54 ye
1 singular personal relative pronoun "who", maybe also object "whom" plural form i. Compare the impersonal form ya. Also attested in the genitive and the ablative cases: yëo and yello, both translated "from whom" though the former would also mean *"whose, of whom". VT47:21 2 copula "is" FS, VT46:22; both earlier and later sources rather point to ná q.v. as the copula "is", so ye may have been an experiment Tolkien later abandoned. Future tense yéva, q.v. 3, also yé, prep. "as" VT43:16, struck out; in the text in question Tolkien finally settled on sívë, q.v. -
55 -s
1 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" VT49:48, 51, occurring in caris *he/she/it does VT49:16, PE17:129, caitas *it lies PE17:65, tentanes it pointed VT49:26, tulis *she comes VT49:19, eques q.v., anes see ná \#1, also in object position in camnelyes, caritas, caritalyas, melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. Tolkien mentions -s as an objective ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110. The longer form -së perhaps with personal meaning he, she only is said to be rare VT49:51; cf. násë he is, nésë he was see ná \#1. In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse VT49:28, an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n *me. According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze when pronominal affixes followed Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for he makes them; normally z would later become r, but it actually became historically: reverted to s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have e.g. *cariset for he makes them, with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ. 2 ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis. -
56 -lyë
pronominal ending thou, you VT49:48, 2nd person sg. formal/polite:hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" Nam, RGEO:67, carilyë *you do VT49:16. Long form of -l, q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix VT43:17; see a \#3. The intimate/familiar ending corresponding to polite/formal -lyë is -tyë, q.v cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë thou shalt find from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë you are; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya. -
57 anca
noun "jaws, row of teeth" ÁNAK there spelt anca in Etym as printed in LR, but according to VT45:5, Tolkien's own spelling in the Etym manuscript was anka, NAK there spelt anka, Appendix E, SA - despite what Christopher Tolkien says in the entry anca in SA, the Quenya word anca as such does NOT appear in the Sindarin dragon-name Ancalagon, but its Sindarin cognate anc does. See ÁNAK in the Etymologies. Also name of tengwa \#15 Appendix E. Despite its English gloss, anca is a singular word in Etym the gloss is indeed "jaw", not "jaws". -
58 Vala
1 noun "Power, God, angelic power", pl. Valar or Vali BAL, Appendix E, LT2:348, described as angelic governors or angelic guardians Letters:354, 407. The Valar are a group of immensely powerful spirits guarding the world on behalf of its Creator; they are sometimes called Gods as when Valacirca, q.v., is translated Sickle of the Gods, but this is strictly wrong according to Christian terminology: the Valar were created beings. The noun vala is also the name of tengwa \#22 Appendix E. Genitive plural Valion "of the Valar" FS, MR:18; this form shows the pl. Vali, irregular alternative to Valar the straightforward gen. pl. Valaron is also attested, PE17:175. Pl. allative valannar *"to/on the Valar" LR:47, 56; SD:246. Feminine form Valië Silm, in Tolkiens earlier material also Valdë; his early writings also list Valon or Valmo q.v. as specifically masc. forms. The gender-specific forms are not obligatory; thus in PE17:22 Varda is called a Vala not a Valië, likewise Yavanna in PE17:93. Vala is properly or originally a verb "has power" sc. over the matter of Eä, the universe, also used as a noun "a Power" WJ:403. The verb vala- "rule, order", exclusively used with reference to the Valar, is only attested in the sentences á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!" and Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done" WJ:404. However, Tolkien did not originally intend the word Valar to signify "powers"; in his early conception it apparently meant "the happy ones", cf. valto, vald- LT2:348. For various compounds including the word Valar, see below. -
59 -mma
our, 1st person dual exlusive possessive ending: *my and one others VT49:16. At an earlier conceptual phase, Tolkien apparently intended the same ending to be plural inclusive our VT49:55, RS:324, cf. Mélamarimma Our Home q.v. In the latter word, Tolkien slips in i as a connecting vowel before this ending; elsewhere he used e, as in Átaremma our Father see atar. -
60 neitë
noun "wax" GL:60; rather líco in Tolkien's later Quenya. The status of the diphthong ei is uncertain; in the LotR appendices, Tolkien did not list ei among the Quenya diphthongs, so perhaps the word neitë from an early source is conceptually obsolete also in terms of phonology.
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TOLKIEN (J. R. R.) — TOLKIEN JOHN RONALD REUEL (1892 1973) Né à Bloemfontein (Afrique du Sud), John Ronald Reuel Tolkien passe son enfance en Grande Bretagne, près de Birmingham. Étudiant à Oxford, il se consacre essentiellement à la langue et à la littérature anglo… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Tolkien — ist der Familienname der folgenden Personen Christopher Tolkien (* 1924), Nachlassverwalter seines Vaters J. R. R. Tolkien Edith Tolkien (1889–1971), Ehefrau des britischen Schriftstellers J. R. R. Tolkien J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), britischer … Deutsch Wikipedia
Tolkien — Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel … Enciclopedia Universal
Tolkien — [ tɔlkiːn], J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), englischer Schriftsteller und Philologe, * Bloemfontein (Republik Südafrika) 3. 1. 1892, ✝ Bournemouth 2. 9. 1973; kam 1896 nach England, war u. a. 1925 59 Professor für altenglische Sprache und … Universal-Lexikon
Tolkien — (izg. tȍlkīn), John Ronald Reuel (1892 1973) DEFINICIJA engleski pisac i profesor; autor Hobita i trilogije Gospodar prstenova, knjiga koje su pol. 20. st. postale sociokulturni fenomen i drže se modernom verzijom junačkih epova, bajki, mitova i… … Hrvatski jezični portal
Tolkien — [täl′kēn΄, tōl′kēn΄] J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) 1892 1973; Eng. novelist, scholar, & linguist … English World dictionary
Tolkien — J. R. R. Tolkien « Tolkien » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Tolkien (homonymie). J. R. R. Tolkien … Wikipédia en Français
Tolkien — Wikiproyecto:Tolkien Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Wikiproyecto Tolkien ( PR:TK ) … Wikipedia Español
Tolkien, J.R.R. — ▪ English author in full John Ronald Reuel Tolkien born January 3, 1892, Bloemfontein, South Africa died September 2, 1973, Bournemouth, Hampshire, England English writer and scholar who achieved fame with his children s book The Hobbit (1937) … Universalium
Tolkien — noun British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892 1973) • Syn: ↑J.R.R. Tolkien, ↑John Ronald Reuel Tolkien • Instance Hypernyms: ↑philologist, ↑philologue, ↑writer, ↑author … Useful english dictionary
Tolkien — John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892 1973), South African born professor of English literature, author of numerous fantasy stories including The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings … English contemporary dictionary
