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101 Aspdin, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1778 Leeds, Englandd. 20 March 1855 Wakefield (?), England[br]English pioneer in the development of the cement industry.[br]Joseph Aspdin was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer. He became interested in making advanced cements for rendering brickwork and, on 21 October 1824, patented a calcined mixture of limestone, clay and water that he called Portland Cement because he thought it resembled Portland Stone in colour.Aspdin established his first cement works at Kirkgate in Wakefield in 1825: this was demolished in 1838 due to railway development, and a new works was established in the town in 1843. A year later Joseph Aspdin retired and handed the business over to his elder son James. Meanwhile, William, a younger son of Joseph, had also entered the business of manufacturing cement. Born in Leeds on 23 September 1815, he joined his father's firm at the age of 14, but left in 1841 to set up his own firm at Rotherhithe, London. There he manufactured an improved cement that was better and stronger than Parker's Roman Cement, probably because it contained a higher proportion of clinkered material. Further improvements were made during the following years and new factories were established, first at Northfleet in Kent and later at Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne (1853). It is interesting that Sir Marc Brunel later preferred to use William Aspdin's cement in the Thames railway tunnel construction because of its greater strength (see Frost). William Aspdin died at Itzehoe in Germany in 1864.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY -
102 -bound
((as part of a word) prevented from making progress by a particular thing: The ship was fogbound.) retenido por- boundcon rumbo abaʊnda) ( heading for)b) ( Publ)c) ( immobilized by)d) ( confined to)[-baʊnd]ADJ (ending in compounds)to be London-bound — [person] ir rumbo a Londres
a Paris-bound flight/plane — un vuelo/avión con destino a París
* * *[baʊnd]a) ( heading for)b) ( Publ)c) ( immobilized by)d) ( confined to) -
103 scurry
['skʌrɪ] 1. гл.1)а) бежать стремглав; нестисьSyn:scamper 2.б) сновать, суетливо двигаться; метатьсяWhen the forest caught fire, many of the animals could be seen scurrying for safety. — Когда начался пожар, можно было видеть, как многие животные метались по лесу, ища спасения.
Syn:2) торопить, гнать; заставлять быстро двигаться2. сущ.The wind scurried the snow south or east. — Ветер гнал снег на юг и на восток.
1)а) быстрый бег, стремительное движениеSyn:rush II 1.б) беготня, суета, спешкаSyn:3) спорт. бег или скачки на короткую дистанцию -
104 latitude
'lætitju:d1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) latitud2) (freedom of choice or action.) latitud, libertadlatitude n latitudtr['lætɪtjʊːd]1 latitud nombre femeninolatitude ['læt̬ə.tu:d, -.tju:d] n: latitud fn.• altura s.f.• anchura s.f.• latitud s.f.'lætətuːd, 'lætɪtjuːda) c u ( Geog) latitud fb) u ( freedom to choose) libertad f, flexibilidad f['lætɪtjuːd]N1) (Geog) latitud f2) (fig) (=freedom) libertad f* * *['lætətuːd, 'lætɪtjuːd]a) c u ( Geog) latitud fb) u ( freedom to choose) libertad f, flexibilidad f -
105 latitude
'lætitju:d1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) breddegrad2) (freedom of choice or action.) spillerom, handlingsfrihetsubst. \/ˈlætɪtjuːd\/1) (geografi, astronomi) bredde2) ( geografi) breddegrad3) ( overført) frihet, handlingsfrihet, bevegelsesfrihet, spillerom4) ( fotografering) eksponeringstoleranse5) ( gammeldags) omfang, utstrekningdegree of latitude breddegrad -
106 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) breidd, breiddargráða2) (freedom of choice or action.) frjálsræði -
107 latitude
földrajzi szélesség, szélességi fok, mozgástér* * *['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) (földrajzi) szélesség2) (freedom of choice or action.) szabad kéz -
108 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) latitude2) (freedom of choice or action.) latitude* * *lat.i.tude[l'ætitju:d] n 1 latitude. 2 largura, extensão. 3 escopo, alvo, objetivo, propósito. 4 liberdade de ação ou expressão. -
109 latitude
n. enlem, paralel, bölge, serbestlik, özgürlük, hoşgörü, tolerans* * *1. arz derecesi 2. enlem* * *['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) enlem2) (freedom of choice or action.) serbestlik -
110 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) zemljepisna širina2) (freedom of choice or action.) svoboda* * *[laetitju:d]nounastronomy geography (zemljepisna) širina; figuratively širina, svoboda (mišljenja); astronomy kotna oddaljenost nebesnega telesa od sončeve orbitehigh latitudes — pokrajine, oddaljene od ekvatorjain latitude 40 N. — na 40. stopinji severne širineto allow s.o. great latitude — pustiti komu veliko svobode -
111 latitude
• toimintavapaus• vapaus• liikkumatila• liikkumavara• liikkuma-ala• leveysaste• leveys• liikkumavapaus• latitudi* * *'lætitju:d1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) leveysaste2) (freedom of choice or action.) valinnanvapaus, toiminnanvapaus -
112 latitude
['lætɪtjuːd] [AE -tuːd]1) geogr. latitudine f.2) (liberty) spazio m., libertà f.* * *['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) latitudine2) (freedom of choice or action.) (libertà d'azione)* * *latitude /ˈlætɪtju:d/, ( USA) /ˈlætɪtu:d/n.1 (geogr., astron.) latitudine: forty degrees (of) latitude north ( of the equator), quaranta gradi di latitudine nord (boreale); high [low] latitudes, latitudini alte [basse]; latitude of a star, latitudine di un astro3 [u] (fig.) larghezza di vedute; tolleranza; libertà di pensiero (o d'azione): to allow great latitude in religion, concedere una grande libertà in fatto di religione* * *['lætɪtjuːd] [AE -tuːd]1) geogr. latitudine f.2) (liberty) spazio m., libertà f. -
113 latitude
['lætɪtjuːd]n* * *['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) szerokość geograficzna2) (freedom of choice or action.) swoboda -
114 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) (ģeogrāfiskais) platums2) (freedom of choice or action.) uzskatu brīvība; iecietība* * *platums; apziņas brīvība, iecietība; ekspozīcijas robežas -
115 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) platuma2) (freedom of choice or action.) (pasirinkimo ar veiksmų) laisvė -
116 latitude
n. latitud, bredd; breddgrad; frihet, rörelsefrihet; uttrycksfrihet; vidsynthet; exponeringstolerans (fotografering)* * *['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) latitud, breddgrad2) (freedom of choice or action.) handlingsfrihet -
117 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) šířka2) (freedom of choice or action.) svoboda* * *• volnost• zeměpisná šířka• prostor• šířka• rozsah• šíře -
118 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) šírka2) (freedom of choice or action.) sloboda* * *• zemepisná šírka• sloboda• rozsah• možnost -
119 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) latitudine2) (freedom of choice or action.) latitudine -
120 latitude
['lætitju:d]1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) γεωγραφικό πλάτος2) (freedom of choice or action.) ελευθερία (επιλογής ή δράσεως
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