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81 blanc
blanc, blanche [blɑ̃, blɑ̃∫]1. adjectivea. ( = sans couleur, pâle) whiteb. [page, bulletin de vote] blank ; [papier non quadrillé] plain• il a rendu copie blanche or sa feuille blanche he handed in a blank paperc. [domination, justice, pouvoir] white2. masculine nouna. ( = couleur) whitec. ( = espace non écrit, non enregistré) blank• il y a eu un blanc (dans la conversation) there was a lull in the conversation ; (dû à la gêne) there was an embarrassed silence• j'ai eu un blanc ( = trou de mémoire) my mind went blankd. ( = vin) white winef. ( = personne) un Blanc a white mang. ► à blanc3. feminine nouna. ( = femme) une Blanche a white woman* * *Blanche blɑ̃, blɑ̃ʃ nom masculin, féminin white man/woman* * *blɑ̃, blɑ̃ʃ (blanche)1. adj1) (couleur) white2) (race) white3) fig (sans les caractéristiques habituelles) (page, feuille) blank, (examen) mock, (vote, bulletins) blank4) (= innocent) pure2. nm/f(de race blanche) white, white man/woman3. nm1) (= couleur) whiteColette est habillée tout en blanc. — Colette is dressed all in white.
2) (= linge)3) (= espace non écrit) blankchèque en blanc — blank cheque Grande-Bretagne blank check USA
4) (blanc d'œuf) egg white5) (blanc de poulet) breast, white meat6) (vin blanc) white wine7)à blanc [chauffer] — white-hot, [tirer, charger] with blanks
4. nfMUSIQUE minim Grande-Bretagne half-note USA * (= drogue) smack* * *A adj1 ( couleur) white; fleurs/dents/chaussettes blanches white flowers/teeth/socks; blanc mat/brillant matt/glossy white; devenir blanc to go ou turn white; blanc de peur white with fear; ⇒ aspirine, cheveu, coudre, crapaud, loup, patte;2 ( occidental) gén white; Anthrop Caucasian; homme/quartier blanc white man/district; race/domination blanche white race/domination;3 ( innocent) il n'est pas blanc dans l'histoire he was certainly mixed up in it; ne pas être blanc to have a less than spotless reputation;4 ( vierge) blank; page/feuille blanche blank page/sheet; rendre feuille or copie blanc Scol, Univ to give in a blank script;C nm2 ( peinture) white paint; un tube de blanc a tube of white paint; peindre en blanc, passer au blanc to paint [sth] white [mur, meuble];3 ( linge) household linen; promotion de blanc household linen promotional sales; quinzaine du blanc household linen sales period;5 Culin ( de volaille) white meat; ( de poireau) white part; ( d'œuf) white; battre les blancs beat the whites; un blanc de poulet a chicken breast; je préfère le blanc I prefer white meat; ⇒ neige;6 Vin ( vin) white wine; ( verre de vin) glass of white wine; préférer le blanc to prefer white wine;7 Imprim ( espace entre des mots) ( volontaire) blank; ( involontaire) gap; laisser un blanc to leave a blank; remplir les blancs to fill in the blanks; il y a un blanc dans le texte there's a gap in the text; laisser en blanc to leave [sth] blank [nom, adresse];8 ○( liquide pour corriger les erreurs) correction fluid, Tipp-Ex®, white-out US; mettre du blanc sur qch to Tipp-Ex sth out, to white sth out US [texte, erreur];9 ( temps mort) lull;12 Bot ( moisissure) powdery mildew.D à blanc loc Mil ( sans projectile offensif) coup à blanc blank shot; tirer à blanc to fire blanks; charger à blanc to load [sth] with blanks.E blancs nmpl Jeux (aux échecs, aux dames) white (sg); les blancs gagnent white wins; je prends les blancs I'll be white.F blanche nf2 Jeux ( au billard) white (ball);3 ○( eau-de-vie) brandy;blanc de baleine spermaceti; blanc de blanc blanc de blancs; blanc cassé off-white; blanc de céruse white lead; blanc de chaux whitewash; blanc crémeux cream; blanc d'Espagne whiting; blanc laiteux milk white; blanc de l'œil white of the eye; blanc d'œuf egg white; blanc de plomb flake white; blanc de zinc zinc oxide.c'est écrit noir sur blanc it's there in black and white; quand l'un dit blanc, l'autre dit noir they can never agree on anything; avec lui/elle, c'est (toujours) tout blanc ou tout noir he/she sees everything in black-and-white terms; c'est un jour à marquer d'une pierre or croix blanche it's a red-letter day, it's a day to remember; regarder qn dans le blanc des yeux to look sb straight in the eye; se regarder dans le blanc des yeux to gaze into each other's eyes.( féminin blanche) [blɑ̃, blɑ̃ʃ] adjectif1. [couleur] whiteêtre blanc de peau to be white-skinned ou pale-skinneda. (sens propre) snow-white, (as) white as snow, (as) white as the driven snow3. [vierge] blankécrire sur du papier blanc to write on plain ou unlined paper4. [examen] mock7. [verre] plain8. LITTÉRATURE [vers] blankblanc nom masculin1. [couleur] white2. [matière blanche]3. [cornée]4. CUISINEblanc d'œuf egg white, white of an egg5. [linge]6. [vin] white wine[dans une conversation] blankblanc adverbeun jour il dit blanc, l'autre il dit noir one day he says yes, the next day he says no2. HISTOIRE [en Russie] White Russianblanche nom féminin2. (très familier & argot milieu) [héroïne]3. [eau-de-vie] colourless spirit————————à blanc locution adjectivale[cartouche] blank————————à blanc locution adverbiale1. ARMEMENT2. [à un point extrême]————————en blanc locution adjectivale1. [chèque, procuration] blank2. [personne]————————en blanc locution adverbiale[peindre, colorer] white[s'habiller, sortir] in whitelaisser une ligne/page en blanc to leave a line/page blank -
82 rouler
rouler [ʀule]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. ( = pousser, tourner) to roll ; [+ ficelle, tapis, tissu, carte] to roll upb. [+ pâte] to roll outd. rouler des mécaniques (inf!) (en marchant) to swagger ; ( = montrer sa force, ses muscles) to show off one's muscles ; (intellectuellement) to show off2. intransitive verba. [voiture, train] to run• le train roulait à vive allure à travers la campagne the train was racing along through the countryside• cette voiture a très peu/beaucoup roulé this car has a very low/high mileageb. [passager, conducteur] to drive• ça roule/ça ne roule pas bien the traffic is/is not flowing wellc. [boule, bille, dé] to roll• faire rouler [+ boule] to rolld. [bateau] to roll3. reflexive verb• se rouler par terre/dans l'herbe to roll on the ground/in the grassb. ( = s'enrouler) se rouler dans une couverture/en boule to roll o.s. up in a blanket/into a ball* * *ʀule
1.
1) ( entraîner) to roll [tonneau, pneu, boulette]; to wheel [charrette, brouette]2) ( mettre en rouleau) to roll up [tapis, manche, col]; to roll [cigarette]rouler quelque chose en boule — to roll [something] into a ball
3) ( faire bouger)rouler les or des épaules — to roll one's shoulders
rouler les or des hanches — to wiggle one's hips
rouler les or des yeux — to roll one's eyes
4) ( aplanir) to roll [champ, gazon]; to roll out [pâte à tarte]5) ( en phonétique)rouler les r — to roll one's r’s
6) (colloq) ( tromper)rouler quelqu'un — to diddle (colloq) GB ou cheat somebody
2.
verbe intransitif1) [boule, pièce, pierre, tronc, personne] to roll2) [véhicule] to gorouler à grande vitesse — [voiture, train] to travel at high speed
rouler au super — (colloq) to run on 4-star GB ou premium US
ça roule! — (colloq) fig ( c'est entendu) it's a deal!
3) ( conduire) to driverouler en Cadillac® — to drive a Cadillac®
4) ( bouger) [muscles] to ripple5) [bateau] to roll6) [tonnerre, détonation] to rumble
3.
se rouler verbe pronominal1) ( se mettre)se rouler dans — to roll in [boue]
se rouler par terre — lit to roll (about) on the floor; fig ( rire) to fall about laughing
2) ( s'envelopper)se rouler dans — to wrap oneself in [couverture]
••rouler sous la table — (colloq) to be under the table
rouler la caisse (colloq) or des mécaniques — (colloq) to swagger along
* * *ʀule1. vt1) (en poussant, tirant) to rollrouler sa bosse (= bourlinguer) — to go places
2) (en malaxant, pétrissant) to rollGilles a roulé une cigarette. — Gilles rolled a cigarette.
3) (= enrouler) [papier, tapis] to roll upIl a roulé le tapis. — He rolled the carpet up.
4) CUISINE, [pâte] to roll out5) * (= arnaquer) to conIls se sont fait rouler. — They were conned.
rouler les "r" — to roll one's r's
2. vi1) [bille, boule] to roll2) [voiture, train] to goLe train roulait à 250 km/h. — The train was going at 250 km an hour.
3) [automobiliste] to driveIl a roulé sans s'arrêter. — He drove without stopping.
4) [cycliste] to ride5) [bateau] to roll6) [tonnerre] to rumble7) (= dégringoler)rouler sur l'or — to be rolling in money, be rolling in it *
il a beaucoup roulé fig — he's been around, he's been places
* * *rouler verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( faire tourner) [personne] to roll [tonneau, pneu, tronc d'arbre]; rouler des troncs d'arbre dans une pente to roll tree trunks down a slope; rouler des truffes dans du cacao/des boulettes dans la farine to roll truffles in cocoa powder/meatballs in flour; le fleuve roule ses eaux boueuses the muddy waters of the river swirl along; les vagues roulent les galets the waves shift the pebbles around;2 ( pousser) to wheel [charrette, brouette, chariot];3 ( mettre en rouleau) to roll up [tapis, papier, sac de couchage, tente, pâte]; to roll [cigarette]; to roll up [manche, col, pantalon]; rouler qch en boule to roll [sth] up into a ball [pull, écharpe, chemise]; to roll [sth] into a ball [pâte à modeler, glaise]; rouler son pull en boule pour faire un oreiller to roll one's sweater (up) into a ball to make a pillow; rouler qn dans to roll sb up in [couverture, drap, tapis]; tabac à rouler rolling tobacco; machine à rouler (les cigarettes) cigarette roller; s'en rouler une○ to roll oneself a fag○;4 ( mouvoir circulairement) rouler les or des épaules to roll one's shoulders; rouler les or des hanches to wiggle one's hips; rouler les or des yeux to roll one's eyes; rouler des yeux furieux à qn to give sb a furious look; il m'a roulé de ces yeux○! ( de colère) he gave me a filthy look!; ( de surprise) his eyes were popping out of his head!;6 Phon rouler les ‘r’ to roll one's ‘r’s;7 ○( berner) rouler qn○ to diddle○ GB ou cheat sb; elle m'a roulé en me rendant la monnaie she diddled ou cheated me when she gave me the change; se faire rouler de 3 euros to be diddled ou cheated out of 3 euros.B ⇒ La vitesse vi1 ( se déplacer en tournant sur soi-même) [boule, pièce, pierre, tronc, personne] to roll; le stylo a roulé par terre/sous le bureau the pen rolled across the floor/under the desk; rouler dans le ravin [personne, véhicule] to roll down into the ravine; rouler dans la boue/l'herbe to roll in the mud/the grass; faire rouler qn par terre/dans la poussière to make sb roll on the ground/in the dust; les cailloux roulent sous nos pieds our feet slip on the loose stones; faire rouler les dés to roll the dice; ⇒ mousse;2 ( avancer sur des roues) [train, bus, voiture, bicyclette] to go; la voiture est accidentée mais elle roule encore the car is damaged but still goes; les bus ne roulent pas le dimanche buses don't run on Sundays, there aren't any buses on Sundays; ma voiture ne roule plus my car won't go; mon vélo roule mal there's something wrong with my bike; ma voiture n'a pas roulé depuis deux ans my car hasn't been driven for two years; rouler à grande vitesse [voiture, train] to travel at high speed; rouler au super/à l'ordinaire [voiture] to run on 4-star GB ou premium US/2-star GB ou regular US; ça roule bien/mal sur l'autoroute○ the traffic is light/bad on the motorway GB ou freeway US; ça roule ○! fig ( c'est entendu) it's a deal!;3 ( conduire) [conducteur] to drive (en direction de, vers toward, towards GB); les Anglais roulent à gauche the English drive on the left; rouler toute la nuit to drive all night; rouler doucement/vite to drive slowly/fast; rouler au pas/à toute vitesse to drive very slowly/at top speed; rouler en voiture to drive a car; rouler en moto/à bicyclette to ride a motorbike/bicycle; rouler en Cadillac® to drive a Cadillac®; rouler à 20 km/h to drive at 20 kilometresGB per hour; roulez jeunesse○! let's go○!; tout le monde est prêt? allez, roulez jeunesse! is everyone ready? then let's hit the road!; rouler pour qn○ ( soutenir politiquement) to be in sb's camp, to support sb; ⇒ tombeau;4 ( bouger) [muscles] to ripple; faire rouler ses épaules to roll one's shoulders; faire rouler ses biceps/pectoraux to flex one's biceps/pectorals;5 Naut [bateau] to roll;6 ( se relayer) [personnes, équipes] to work in rotation ou shifts;7 ( faire un bruit sourd) [tonnerre, détonation] to rumble.C se rouler vpr1 ( en étant allongé) se rouler dans [personne, animal] to roll in [herbe, boue, foin]; se rouler par terre lit [enfant] to roll (about) on the floor; fig ( rire beaucoup) to fall about laughing; une blague à se rouler par terre a hilarious joke; c'était à se rouler par terre it was hilarious; se rouler en boule [animal, personne] to curl up in a ball (sur on; dans in);2 ( s'envelopper dans) se rouler dans to wrap oneself in [couverture, drap, manteau]; il dormait roulé dans une vieille couverture he was sleeping wrapped in an old blanket.rouler une pelle or un patin à qn● to give sb a French kiss; rouler sous la table○ to be under the table; rouler la caisse or les or des mécaniques○ to swagger along.[rule] verbe transitif1. [faire tourner] to rollrouler un patin (très familier) ou une pelle (très familier) à quelqu'un to snog (UK) ou to neck (US) somebody2. [poster, tapis, bas de pantalon] to roll up (separable)[cigarette] to rollrouler du fil sur une bobine to spool ou to wind thread around a reel3. [déplacer - Caddie] to push (along) ; [ - balle, tronc, fût] to roll (along)j'ai roulé ma bosse I've been around, I've seen it allelle m'a roulé de 30 euros she diddled ou did me out of 30 eurosse faire rouler to be conned ou hadce n'est pas du cuir, je me suis fait rouler it's not genuine leather, I've been done ou had5. [balancer]rouler des ou les épaules to sway one's shouldersrouler des ou les hanches to swing one's hips6. [aplatir - gazon, court de tennis] to roll7. LINGUISTIQUE————————[rule] verbe intransitif1. [véhicule] to go, to run[conducteur] to driveune voiture qui a peu/beaucoup roulé a car with a low/high mileageà quelle vitesse rouliez-vous? what speed were you travelling at?, what speed were you doing?, how fast were you going?‘roulez au pas’ ‘dead slow’roule moins vite slow down, drive more slowlyrouler à moto/à bicyclette to ride a motorbike/a bicycleça roule mal/bien dans Anvers there's a lot of traffic/there's no traffic through Antwerpsalut! ça roule? hi, how's life?2. [balle, dé, rocher] to rolla. [balle] to rollb. [chariot] to wheel (along)c. [roue] to roll alongil a roulé jusqu'en bas du champ he rolled ou tumbled down to the bottom of the field5. [se succéder] to take turnsnous ferons rouler les équipes dès janvier as from January, we'll start the teams off on a rota system (UK) ou rotation (US)6. [argent] to circulate7. rouler sur [conversation] to be centred upon8. (familier & locution)rouler pour quelqu'un to be for somebody, to back somebodyrouler sur l'or to be rolling in money ou in it————————se rouler verbe pronominal intransitif[se vautrer]a. [de colère] to have a fitb. [de douleur] to be doubled up with painc. [de rire] to be doubled up with laughtera. [de rire] it was hysterically funnyb. [de douleur] it was so painful -
83 état
état [eta]1. masculine nouna. [de personne] state• en état d'ivresse or d'ébriété under the influence of alcohol• il ne faut pas te mettre des états pareils ! you mustn't get yourself into such a stateb. [d'objet, article d'occasion] condition• en bon/mauvais état in good/bad conditionc. [de chose abstraite, substance] state• état liquide/solide liquid/solid statee. ( = registre, comptes) statement ; ( = inventaire) inventoryf. (locutions) faire état de [+ ses services] to instance ; [+ craintes, intentions] to state ; [+ conversation, rumeur] to report2. compounds• (le bureau de) l'état civil the registry office (Brit), the Public Records Office (US) ► état de crise state of crisis* * *etanom masculin1) ( nation) state, State2) ( gouvernement) state, government3) ( territoire autonome) state•Phrasal Verbs:* * *eta nmPOLITIQUE state* * *A nm1 ( condition physique) condition; l'état du malade s'améliore the patient's condition is improving; être dans un état stationnaire to be in a stable condition; en bon état général in good overall condition; être en état de faire qch to be in a fit state to do sth; ne pas être en état de faire, être hors d'état de faire to be in no condition ou in no fit state to do; mettre qn hors d'état de faire qch to render sb incapable of doing sth; mettre qn hors d'état de nuire ( légalement) to put sb out of harm's way; ( physiquement) to incapacitate sb; leur état de santé est excellent their (state of) health is excellent; être dans un triste état○/en piteux état○ to be in a sorry/pitiful state; tu es dans un bel état! iron you're in a fine state!;2 ( condition psychique) state; être dans un état d'inquiétude terrible to be in a terrible state of anxiety; être dans un état d'énervement extrême to be in a state of extreme irritation; elle n'est pas en état de le revoir she's in no state to see him again; je suis hors d'état de réfléchir I'm incapable of thinking, I'm in no state to think; être dans un drôle d'état○ to be in a hell of a state○; ne pas être dans son état normal not to be oneself; ne te mets pas dans des états pareils! don't get into such a state!, don't get so worked up○!; être dans un état second to be in a trance;3 (de voiture, livre, tapis) condition; l'état de conservation d'un livre the condition of a book; l'état des routes ( conditions climatiques) road conditions; ( qualité) the state of the roads; en bon/mauvais état [maison, cœur, foie] in good/poor condition; avoir les dents en mauvais état to have bad teeth; l'état de délabrement d'une maison the dilapidated state of a house; l'état de conservation d'une momie égyptienne the state of preservation of an Egyptian mummy; vérifier l'état de qch to check sth; mettre/maintenir qch en état to put/keep sth in working order; hors d'état de marche [voiture] off the road, not running; [appareil] out of order; remettre qch en état to mend ou repair sth; remettre une maison en état to do up a house; la remise en état d'un réseau routier/de voiture the repair of a road network/car; vous devez rendre la maison en l'état lors de votre départ you must leave the house as you found it; les choses sont restées en l'état depuis leur départ nothing has been changed since they left; j'ai laissé les choses en l'état I left everything as it was; à l'état brut [huile, pétrole] in its raw state; [action, idée] in its initial stages; un temple à l'état de ruines a temple in a state of ruin; voiture/bicyclette/ordinateur à l'état neuf car/bicycle/computer as good as new; beauté à l'état pur unadulterated beauty; une voiture en état de rouler a roadworthy car; un bateau en état de naviguer a seaworthy ship;4 (d'affaires, économie, de finances, pays) state; l'état de l'environnement/d'une entreprise the state of the environment/a company; le pays est dans un état critique the country is in a critical state; cet état de choses ne peut plus durer this state of affairs can't go on; dans l'état actuel des choses in the present state of affairs; dans l'état actuel de la recherche médicale in the present state of medical research; l'état de tension entre le gouvernement et l'opposition the state of tension in relations between the government and the opposition; ce n'est encore qu'à l'état de projet it's still only at the planning stage;5 Sci ( de corps) state; les états de la matière the states of matter; l'état solide/liquide/gazeux the solid/liquid/gaseous state; un corps à l'état liquide/de vapeur a body in the liquid/vapourGB state; à l'état naissant [gaz] nascent; à l'état pur [élément, héroïne] in its pure state;6 ( situation sociale) state; ( métier)† trade; être boulanger de son état to be a baker by trade; ruiné, il se rappelle son ancien état now that he is bankrupt, he remembers how things used to be; choisir l'état ecclésiastique to choose holy orders; être satisfait/mécontent de son état to be satisfied/unhappy with one's lot;7 Sociol l'état civilisé the civilized state; naissance d'un nouvel état social birth of a new social order; des tribus qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage tribes still living in a primitive state;8 Compta statement; état de frais statement of expenses; état des comptes financial statements; état financier financial statement; état des ventes d'un magasin a shop's GB ou store's US sales statement;9 Jur ( statut) status; état d'épouse/d'enfant légitime/de parent status of a spouse/legitimate child/parent;10 Hist ( catégorie sociale) estate; la notion de classe a remplacé celle d'état the concept of class replaced that of estate.B faire état de loc verbale1 ( arguer) to cite [document, texte, théorie, loi]; faire état du témoignage/de l'opinion de qn pour étayer une thèse to cite sb's testimony/opinion in support of a thesis;2 ( mentionner) to mention [conversation, entretien, découverte]; ne faites pas état de cette conversation don't mention this conversation; la presse a fait état de leur conversation the press reported their conversation;4 ( se prévaloir de) to make a point of mentioning [succès, courage]; j'ai fait état de mes diplômes pour obtenir le travail I made a point of mentioning my diplomas to get the job; ils ont fait état des services qu'ils nous ont rendus they made a point of mentioning the things they had done for us in the past.état d'alerte Mil state of alert; en état d'alerte on the alert; état d'âme ( scrupule) qualm; ( sentiment) feeling; ne pas avoir d'états d'âme to have no qualms; état de choc Méd, Psych state of shock; en état de choc in a state of shock; état de choses state of affairs; état civil Admin registry office GB; ( de personne) civil status; état de conscience Psych state of consciousness; état de crise Pol, Sociol state of crisis; état d'esprit state ou frame of mind; état de fait fact; les états généraux Hist the Estates General; état de grâce Relig state of grace; en état de grâce lit in a state of grace; fig inspired; état de guerre state of war; état des lieux Jur inventory and statement of state of repair; fig appraisal; faire l'état des lieux to draw up an inventory and statement of state of repair; état de nature Sociol the state of nature; à l'état de nature in the state of nature; état de rêve dream state; état de santé state of health; état de siège state of siege; états de service service record; état d'urgence state of emergency; état de veille waking state; ⇒ tiers.être/se mettre dans tous ses états○ to be in/to get into a state○; il se met dans tous ses états pour un rien he gets all worked up○ ou he gets into a state over nothing; être réduit à l'état de loque/d'esclave to be reduced to a wreck/treated as a slave.[eta] nom masculinA.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE PHYSIQUE]te voilà dans un triste état! you're in a sorry ou sad state!a. [drogué] to be highb. [en transe] to be in a tranceen état de: être en état d'ivresse ou d'ébriété to be under the influence (of alcohol), to be inebriatedêtre hors d'état de, ne pas être en état de to be in no condition to ou totally unfit toa. [préventivement] to make somebody harmlessb. [après coup] to neutralize somebodyétat de santé (state of) health, conditionêtre en bon/mauvais étata. [meuble, route, véhicule] to be in good/poor conditionb. [bâtiment] to be in a good/bad state of repairc. [colis, marchandises] to be undamaged/damagedvendu à l'état neuf [dans petites annonces] as newréduit à l'état de cendres/poussière reduced to ashes/a powderquand tu seras de nouveau en état de marche (familier & humoristique) when you're back on your feet again ou back in circulationa. [appartement] to renovate, to refurbishb. [véhicule] to repairc. [pièce de moteur] to reconditionmaintenir quelque chose en état [bâtiment, bateau, voiture] to keep something in good repair3. [situation particulière - d'un développement, d'une technique] statedans l'état actuel des choses as things stand at the moment, in the present state of affairs(en) état d'alerte/d'urgence (in a) state of alarm/emergency4. CHIMIE & PHYSIQUEétat gazeux/liquide/solide gaseous/liquid/solid stateà l'état brut [pétrole] crude, unrefined, rawà l'état pur [gemme, métal] pure5. LINGUISTIQUEB.[MANIÈRE D'ÊTRE MORALE, PSYCHOLOGIQUE] stateelle n'est pas dans son état normal she's not her normal ou usual selfa. [à une personne inquiète, déprimée] don't worry!b. [à une personne énervée] don't get so worked up!état d'esprit state ou frame of minda. [d'anxiété] to be beside oneself with anxietyb. [de colère] to be beside oneself (with anger)se mettre dans tous ses états [en colère] to go off the deep end, to go spareC.[CONDITION SOCIALE]3. HISTOIREles États généraux the States ou Estates GeneralD.[DOCUMENT COMPTABLE OU LÉGAL][inventaire] inventoryl'état des dépenses/des recettes statement of expenses/takingsétat appréciatif evaluation, estimationb. [professionnellement] professional recorddresser ou faire un état des lieux2. (locution)a. [sondage, témoignages, thèse] to put forward (separable)b. [document] to refer toc. [fait] to mentiond. [soucis] to mentionétat d'âme nom masculin————————état de grâce nom masculinA consultative assembly of representatives from the three estates of the Ancien Régime: clergy, nobility and the Third Estate, or commoners. It met for the last time in May 1789 in the Jeu de Paume in Versailles, where the Third Estate vowed not to disperse until they had established a constitution. -
84 a face praf (şi pulbere)
1. to make mincemeat of...to destroy...to tear to tattersto beat...to play hell with...to blow (up)... sky-highfig. to reduce...to rub (down)... to powder.2. ( a ului) to astonish (smb.)to knock (smb.) off his pinsto take smb.'s breath away.Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > a face praf (şi pulbere)
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85 масса
bulk, ( в однопроводной электрической цепи) ground, mass, heap, ( керамическая или огнеупорная) mix, ( керамическая или огпеупорная) mixture, weight* * *ма́сса ж.1. ( физическая величина) massпереме́нной ма́ссы — variable-massпостоя́нной ма́ссы — fixed-mass2. ( полужидкое тестообразное вещество) pulp; paste; mass; compound (см. конкретные словосочетания)3. (в производстве бетонных изделий, огнеупоров и т. п.) body4. ( в электрических цепях — эквивалент понятия «земля»)1) (в электрических машинах, трансформаторах, автомобилях) frame2) ( в радиоэлектрической аппаратуре) брит. chassis earth, амер. chassis ground; ( на самолёте) aeroplane structure«плюс» или «ми́нус» за́мкнут на ма́ссу ( об электрической системе самолёта) the “+” or “—” terminal is earthed [grounded] on the aeroplane structureс «ми́нусом» или «плю́сом» на ма́ссу ( об электрической системе автомобиля) — with the negative or the positive side (of the electrical system) to the cars frame5. (большое количество; в выражениях типа «в основной массе») bulkакти́вная ма́сса ( аккумулятора) — active materialакти́вная ма́сса осыпа́ется с пласти́н — active material is shed from [flakes oil, falls out] the plates(происхо́дит) выбра́сывание [выпада́ние] акти́вной ма́ссы — the active material is shed, the plates shed some of their active materialакусти́ческая ма́сса — acoustic massма́сса а́тома — atomic massбума́жная ма́сса — (paper-making) stockвыдава́ть вла́жную бума́жную ма́ссу в ви́де листо́в — put up a moist pulp in lapsвальцо́вая ма́сса полигр. — compositionвзлё́тная ма́сса ав. — take-off massма́сса в конце́ акти́вного уча́стка косм. — final massма́сса во́здуха — an massволокни́стая ма́сса цел.-бум. — pulpвраща́ющаяся ма́сса — gyrating massгазоочи́стная ма́сса — gas purifying massгравитацио́нная ма́сса — gravitational massма́сса дви́жущаяся возвра́тно-поступа́тельно — reciprocating massде́йствующая ма́сса — active massма́сса для заполне́ния швов — jointing pasteдреве́сная ма́сса — wood pupдреве́сная, дефибре́рная ма́сса — groundwood pulpдреве́сная, рафинё́рная ма́сса — refiner groundwood pulpдреве́сная, рафини́рованная ма́сса — refined groundwood pulpдреве́сная, хими́ческая ма́сса — chemiground woodдреве́сно-пласти́ческая ма́сса — wood-plastic pulpжелати́но-глицери́новая ма́сса полигр. — compositionма́сса зава́лки ( печи) — charge sizeзажига́тельная ма́сса ( смесь для спичечной головки) — ignition compoundзали́вочная ма́сса эл. — filling compoundизоляцио́нная ма́сса — insulating pasteма́сса изото́па — isotopic massине́ртная ма́сса — inertial massинерциа́льная ма́сса — inertial massка́бельная ма́сса — cable compoundкарбору́ндовая ма́сса — carborundum plasticконе́чная ма́сса — final massма́сса констру́кции — structural massкрахма́льная ма́сса — starch compositionкрити́ческая ма́сса — critical massлё́точная ма́сса метал. — tap-hole clay, tap-hole loam, ball stuffлитьева́я ма́сса пласт. — moulding materialмолекуля́рная ма́сса — molecular massмоля́рная ма́сса — molar massнабивна́я, магнези́товая ма́сса — magnesite ramming massнабивна́я, смолодоломи́товая ма́сса — tar-dolomite tamping massнадкрити́ческая ма́сса — supercritical [above-critical] massма́сса на смоляно́й свя́зке, доломи́товая — tarred dolomiteнача́льная ма́сса — initial massнеподрессо́ренная ма́сса — unsprung mass, unsprung parts, unsprung weightнеуравнове́шенная ма́сса — unbalanced massобма́зочная ма́сса1. метал. coating mixture2. свар. electrode compoundогнеупо́рная ма́сса — refractory bodyотноси́тельная, а́томная ма́сса [ат. м.] — atomic weightотноси́тельная, молекуля́рная ма́сса [мол. м.] — molecular weightпереме́нная ма́сса — variable massпласти́ческая ма́сса — plastic (mass) (см. тж. пластмасса)подкрити́ческая ма́сса — subcritical massподрессо́ренная ма́сса — sprung mass, sprung parts, sprung weightма́сса поко́я — rest [zero rest, stationary] mass, mass at restма́сса поле́зной нагру́зки — payload [useful load] massма́сса после́дней ступе́ни косм. — final massпреде́льная ма́сса — critical massпрессо́ванная ма́сса — moulding compound, moulding powderприведё́нная ма́сса — reduced massприсоединё́нная ма́сса — associated [additional] massпропи́точная ма́сса — impregnating compoundпряди́льная ма́сса — spinning pasteраспределё́нная ма́сса — distributed massрафини́рованная ма́сса цел.-бум. — refined screeningsреакцио́нная ма́сса хим. — stockрелятиви́стская ма́сса — relativistic massру́дная ма́сса — lode rock, lode stuff, rock mass, rock bulkма́сса са́дки — charge weightсверхкрити́ческая ма́сса — supercritical [above-critical] massсоло́менная ма́сса полигр. — straw pulpсосредото́ченная ма́сса — localized massста́ртовая ма́сса косм. — launching massтё́плая ма́сса метеор. — warm massма́сса то́плива, горю́чая — dry-and-ash-free fuelв проце́нтах от горю́чей ма́ссы то́плива — %, dry-and-ash basisма́сса то́плива, органи́ческая — organic part oil fuel, organic matterма́сса то́плива, рабо́чая — fuel as-receivedв проце́нтах от рабо́чей ма́ссы то́плива — %, as-received basisма́сса то́плива, суха́я — moisture-free fuelв проце́нтах от сухо́й ма́ссы то́плива — %, m.m.f. basisто́чечная ма́сса — point mass, mass pointтяжё́лая ма́сса — gravitational massма́сса упако́вки — package massуплотня́ющая ма́сса ( для соединений) — sealing material, sealing massуравнове́шивающая ма́сса — balance massфильтрова́льная ма́сса — filter stockфо́сфорная ма́сса ( смесь для спичечной коробки) — friction compoundхроми́товая ма́сса — chrome plasticхромомагнези́товая ма́сса — chrome-magnesium plasticцеллюло́зная ма́сса — pulpчё́тная ма́сса — even massшлифова́льная ма́сса — grinding paste, grinding compoundэлектро́дная ма́сса — anode pasteэлектрони́товая ма́сса — electronite compoundэлемента́рная ма́сса — elementary massма́сса ядра́ — nuclear mass -
86 Brause
Brau·se <-, -n> [ʼbrauzə] f( Handbrause) [hand] shower2) ( Aufsatz von Gießkannen) spray [attachment], sprinkler( Brausepulver) sherbet powder -
87 Kakao
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88 częś|ć
f 1. (wycinek całości) part, piece- frontowa część domu the front (part) of the house- północna część Polski the northern part of Poland- podzielił tort na równe części he cut the birthday cake into equal pieces- szukaj w środkowej części kredensu look in the middle section of the cupboard2. (utworu muzycznego) movement- w trzech częściach in three movements3. (element) part, piece- część garderoby a piece of clothing- części zamienne a. zapasowe do maszyny the spare parts for a machine- złożyć zegarek/radio z części to assemble a watch/radio- rozłożyć rower na części to take a bike apart, to strip down a bike- mikser nie działa, chyba brakuje jakiejś części the mixer isn’t working, some element a. part must be missing4. (pewna ilość) part C/U- przez część roku w ogóle nie pracował for part of the year he didn’t work at all- to tylko część prawdy that’s only (a) part of the truth- część tych utworów zaginęła some of the works are missing- mężczyźni w przeważającej części pracują na budowach i w fabrykach the majority of the men work on construction sites or in factories- sprostał wymaganiom tylko w znikomej części he only carried out a fraction of what was required of him- po a. w części in part, partly5. (miarka) part- zmieszać jedną część proszku i dwie części wody to mix one part powder to two parts water- □ części ciała Anat. the parts of the body- części mowy Jęz. the parts of speech- części świata Geogr. the parts of the world- części zdania Jęz. the parts of a sentence- dostaniesz w pewną część ciała, to się uspokoisz you’ll calm down soon enough if I give you one on the behindThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > częś|ć
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89 рог
м. hornрог Амалфеи, рог изобилия — horn of Amalthaea
рог для пороха, пороховница — powder horn
" рога " канавки — horns of a groove
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90 Belidor, Bernard Forest de
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 1698 Catalonia, Spaind. 8 September 1761 Paris, France[br]French engineer and founder of the science of modern ballistics.[br]Belidor was the son of a French army officer, who died when he was six months old, and was thereafter brought up by a brother officer. He soon demonstrated a scientific bent, and gravitated to Paris, where he became involved in the determination of the Paris meridian. He was then appointed Professor at the artillery school at La Fère, where he began to pursue the science of ballistics in earnest. He was able to disprove the popular theory that range was directly proportional to the powder charge, and also argued that the explosive power of a charge was greatest at the end of the explosion; he advocated spherical chambers in order to take advantage of this. His ideas made him unpopular with the "establishment", especially the Master of the King's artillery, and he was forced to leave France for a time, becoming a consultant to authorities in Bohemia and Bavaria. However, he was reinstated, and in 1758 he was appointed Royal Inspector of Artillery, a post that he held until his death.Belidor also made a name for himself in hydraulics and influenced design in this field for more than a century after his death. In addition, he was the first to make practical application of integral calculus.[br]BibliographyBelidor was the author of several books, of which the most significant were: 1739, La Science des ingénieurs, Paris (reprinted several times, the last edition being as late as 1830).1731, Le Bombardier françois, Paris: L'lmprimerie royale.1737, Architecture hydraulique, 2 vols, Paris.Further ReadingR.S.Kirby and P.G.Laurson, 1932, The Early History of Modern Civil Engineering, New Haven: Yale University Press (describes his work in the field of hydraulics).D.Chandler, 1976, The An of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough, London: Batsford (mentions the ballistics aspect).CMBiographical history of technology > Belidor, Bernard Forest de
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91 Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 5 October 1882 Worcester, Massachusetts, USAd. 10 August 1945 Baltimore, Maryland, USA[br]American inventory developer of rocket propulsion.[br]At the age of seventeen Goddard climbed a tree and, seeing the view from above, he became determined to make some device with which to ascend towards the planets. In an autobiography, published in 1959 in the journal Astronautics, he stated, "I was a different boy when I descended the ladder. Life now had a purpose for me." His first idea was to launch a projectile by centrifugal force, but in 1909 he started to design a rocket that was to be multi-stage and fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen. Not long before the First World War he produced a report, "A method of reaching extreme altitudes", which was for the Smithsonian Institution and was published in book form in 1919. During the war he worked on solid-fuelled rockets as weapons. His book contained notes on the amount of fuel required to raise 1 lb (454 g) of payload to an infinite altitude. He incurred ridicule as "the moon man" when he proposed the use of flash powder to indicate successful arrival on the moon. In 1923 he severed his connections with military work and returned to the University of Massachusetts. On 16 March 1926 he launched the world's first liquid-fuelled rocket from his aunt's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts; powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen, it flew to a height of 12 m (40 ft) and travelled 54 m (177 ft) in 2.4 seconds.In November 1929 he met the aviator Charles Lindbergh, who persuaded both the Guggenheim Foundation and the Carnegie Institute to support Goddard's experiments financially. He moved to the more suitable location of the Mescalere Ranch, near Roswell, New Mexico, where he worked until 1941. His liquid-fuelled rockets reached speeds of 1,100 km/h (700 mph) and heights of 2,500 m (8,000ft). He investigated the use of the gyroscope to steady his rockets and the assembly of power units in clusters to increase the total thrust. In 1941 he moved to the naval establishment at Annapolis, Maryland, working on liquid-fuelled rockets to assist the take-off of aircraft from carriers. He worked for the US Government on this and the development of military rockets until his death from throat cancer in 1945. In all, he was granted 214 patents, roughly three per year of his life.In 1960 the US Government admitted infringement of Goddard's patents during the rocket programme of the 1950s and awarded his widow a payment of $1,000,000, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) honoured him by naming the Goddard Spaceflight Center near Washington, DC, after him. The Goddard Memorial Library at Clark University, in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts, was also named in his honour.[br]Further ReadingA.Osman, 1983, Space History, London: Michael Joseph. P.Marsh, 1985, The Space Business, Harmondsworth: Penguin.K.C.Parley, 1991, Robert H.Goddard, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press. T.Streissguth, 1994, Rocket Man: The Story of Robert Goddard, Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings
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92 diş
"1. tooth. 2. tusk. 3. tooth (of a saw, comb). 4. cog (of a wheel). 5. ward (of a key). 6. thread (of a screw). 7. clove (of a garlic). 8. head (of cloves). 9. slang dope, hashish. - açmak /a/ to thread, cut threads (in/on). - ağrısı toothache. -ten artırmak to economize on food. - bakımı dental care. - bilemek /a/ to watch for a chance to take revenge (on). - çekmek to extract a tooth. - çıkarmak to cut a tooth. - çukuru socket of a tooth. - çürüğü dent. cavity. -ine değmemek (for food) to be very little. - diş having many teeth or cogs; serrated. -e dokunur worthwhile. -leri dökülmek to lose one´s teeth through age. - düzeltimi orthodontics. - fırçası toothbrush. - geçirememek /a/ to be unable to order (someone) around. - geçirmek /a/ to be able to influence (a powerful person). -i gıcırdamak to have a strong desire for something. - gıcırdatmak to gnash one´s teeth, show one´s anger. -ine göre within one´s power, within the range of what one can handle. - göstermek /a/ to threaten. - hekimi dentist. - hekimliği dentistry. - kamaştırmak to set one´s teeth on edge. - kapanımı dental occlusion. - kemiği anat. dentine. - kırmak slang to doctor a cigarette. - kirası 1. hist. presents or money given to guests after a meal in Ramazan. 2. a side benefit (in addition to one´s wages). -inin kovuğuna bile gitmemek/dişinin kovuğunu doldurmamak (for food) not to be enough to satisfy one. - kökü root of a tooth. - macunu toothpaste. - oluşumu odontogeny. -ini sıkmak to grit one´s teeth and bear it. - siniri dental nerve. -ini sökmek /ın/ to render (a person) harmless. - tabibi dentist. - taktırmak to be fitted out with false teeth. -inden tırnağından artırmak to scrimp and save. -ini tırnağına takmak 1. to try everything, try every means, try every way. 2. to work in spite of great difficulties. - tozu tooth powder. - yuvası tooth socket, alveolus." -
93 טפל
טָפַל(b. h.; cmp. טָפַף I) (to join, add, 1) to paste, line. Kel. III, 4 וטְפָלָן בגללין and lined them (the cracked vessels) with a paste of ordure. Ib. 5 הטוֹפֵלוכ׳ if one covers with paste a sound vessel. Bets.34a אין טוֹפְלִיןוכ׳ you must not cover (the fowls) with potters clay (to get the feathers off); Tosef. ib. III, 19 וטובלין ed. Zuck. (corr. acc.). Sabb.80b; Pes.43a; M. Kat. 9b טוֹפְלוֹת אותן בסיד dress their skins with lime (to keep them hairless). Y.Ab. Zar. II, 40d (in Chald. diction) שחוק וטְפוֹל grind it to powder and apply it (as a remedy); a. fr. 2) to add. join. Ḥag.8a בטוֹפֵל when he combines two different funds. Ib. טוֹפְלִין בהמה לבהמהוכ׳ you may use the second tithe money for buying an additional animal to that designated for the pilgrims offering (חֲגִיגָה), but you must not join the two funds (in order to buy a larger animal). Ab. Zar.25b טוֹפְלוֹ לימינו lets the gentile walk to his right side, v. זָמַן; (Tosef. ib. III, 4 נותנו); Ḥull.91a.Part. pass. טָפוּל a) affixed, attached. Y.Sabb.XVI, 15c bot. (ref. to Mish. ib. 2) בשאינו ט׳ לווכ׳ when the casing is not attached to the book, but if it is b) dependent on, supported by. Y.Dem.II, 23a top; Y.Peah IV, 18b bot. טְפוּלִין לאביהן dependent on (living with) their parents (cmp. B. Mets.12b, s. v. סָמַךְ). Nif. נִטְפַּל 1) to be attached, affixed. Lev. R. s. 6; s. 15; Yalk. Is. 281 ונִטְפְּלוּ בישעיה and they were embodied in the Book of Isaiah. Tanḥ. Vayḥi 17 נִטְפַּלְתֶּם בעצמי you will be attached to myself (be called sons of Jacob); Yalk. Gen. 161; (Gen. R. s. 100 זכיתם בעצמי you will have a share in me). 2) (cmp. זָוַג) to meet, join. Ḥull.91a ישראלשנ׳וכ׳, v. זָמַן. Men.65a ניט׳ להםוכ׳ R. J. joined their discussions. Snh.9a הני׳ לעוברי עבירה he who is an accessory to sin. Y.B. Kam.X, 7c top, שלא … נִטְפָּלִין לגנבים that citizens may not be in conspiracy with thieves (and sell the stolen goods to their owner under the pretence of having bought them). 3) to attend to, to nurse, tend. Y.Keth.XII, 35a top מי שני׳ … יִטָּפֵל ביוכ׳ those who attended to me (nursed me) in life, shall attend to me in death; Y.Kil.IX, 32b top; Gen. R. s. 100; Tanḥ. Vayḥi 3. Ib. a. e. להִטָּפֵל בקבורתו to attend to his funeral; a. fr. Hithpa. הִיטַּפֵּל 1) same. B. Kam.10b, a. e. הבעלים מִטַּפְּלִיןוכ׳ the owner has to attend to the disposal of the carcass. B. Mets.28b מִטַּפֵּל בהן must take care of them. Ex. R. s. 20; Deut. R. s. 11 אני בעצמי מט׳וכ׳ I myself shall attend to thy burial; a. fr. 2) (of lower animals) to breed, increase (v. טָפֵל). Kidd.80a ושרצים … מִיטַּפְּלִין שם vermin and frogs breed in the house. Pu., part. מְטוּפָּל (denom. of טָפֵל) burdened with a large family. Taan.16a, sq. מט׳ ואין לו one having a large family with no means of support. -
94 טָפַל
טָפַל(b. h.; cmp. טָפַף I) (to join, add, 1) to paste, line. Kel. III, 4 וטְפָלָן בגללין and lined them (the cracked vessels) with a paste of ordure. Ib. 5 הטוֹפֵלוכ׳ if one covers with paste a sound vessel. Bets.34a אין טוֹפְלִיןוכ׳ you must not cover (the fowls) with potters clay (to get the feathers off); Tosef. ib. III, 19 וטובלין ed. Zuck. (corr. acc.). Sabb.80b; Pes.43a; M. Kat. 9b טוֹפְלוֹת אותן בסיד dress their skins with lime (to keep them hairless). Y.Ab. Zar. II, 40d (in Chald. diction) שחוק וטְפוֹל grind it to powder and apply it (as a remedy); a. fr. 2) to add. join. Ḥag.8a בטוֹפֵל when he combines two different funds. Ib. טוֹפְלִין בהמה לבהמהוכ׳ you may use the second tithe money for buying an additional animal to that designated for the pilgrims offering (חֲגִיגָה), but you must not join the two funds (in order to buy a larger animal). Ab. Zar.25b טוֹפְלוֹ לימינו lets the gentile walk to his right side, v. זָמַן; (Tosef. ib. III, 4 נותנו); Ḥull.91a.Part. pass. טָפוּל a) affixed, attached. Y.Sabb.XVI, 15c bot. (ref. to Mish. ib. 2) בשאינו ט׳ לווכ׳ when the casing is not attached to the book, but if it is b) dependent on, supported by. Y.Dem.II, 23a top; Y.Peah IV, 18b bot. טְפוּלִין לאביהן dependent on (living with) their parents (cmp. B. Mets.12b, s. v. סָמַךְ). Nif. נִטְפַּל 1) to be attached, affixed. Lev. R. s. 6; s. 15; Yalk. Is. 281 ונִטְפְּלוּ בישעיה and they were embodied in the Book of Isaiah. Tanḥ. Vayḥi 17 נִטְפַּלְתֶּם בעצמי you will be attached to myself (be called sons of Jacob); Yalk. Gen. 161; (Gen. R. s. 100 זכיתם בעצמי you will have a share in me). 2) (cmp. זָוַג) to meet, join. Ḥull.91a ישראלשנ׳וכ׳, v. זָמַן. Men.65a ניט׳ להםוכ׳ R. J. joined their discussions. Snh.9a הני׳ לעוברי עבירה he who is an accessory to sin. Y.B. Kam.X, 7c top, שלא … נִטְפָּלִין לגנבים that citizens may not be in conspiracy with thieves (and sell the stolen goods to their owner under the pretence of having bought them). 3) to attend to, to nurse, tend. Y.Keth.XII, 35a top מי שני׳ … יִטָּפֵל ביוכ׳ those who attended to me (nursed me) in life, shall attend to me in death; Y.Kil.IX, 32b top; Gen. R. s. 100; Tanḥ. Vayḥi 3. Ib. a. e. להִטָּפֵל בקבורתו to attend to his funeral; a. fr. Hithpa. הִיטַּפֵּל 1) same. B. Kam.10b, a. e. הבעלים מִטַּפְּלִיןוכ׳ the owner has to attend to the disposal of the carcass. B. Mets.28b מִטַּפֵּל בהן must take care of them. Ex. R. s. 20; Deut. R. s. 11 אני בעצמי מט׳וכ׳ I myself shall attend to thy burial; a. fr. 2) (of lower animals) to breed, increase (v. טָפֵל). Kidd.80a ושרצים … מִיטַּפְּלִין שם vermin and frogs breed in the house. Pu., part. מְטוּפָּל (denom. of טָפֵל) burdened with a large family. Taan.16a, sq. מט׳ ואין לו one having a large family with no means of support.
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