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101 up and down
1. вверх и вниз, поднимаясь и опускаясь2. взад и вперёд; туда и сюдаthey flew up and up — они летели ввысь, они взмыли в вышину
3. повсюду, вездеhere, there, and everywhere — повсюду
4. полностью, в совершенстве5. беглый просмотр или осмотрto give a letter the up and down — пробежать глазами письмо, бегло просмотреть письмо, быстро прочитать письмо
6. подъёмы и спускиshort and — знак союза «и»
he and I — я и он; мы с ним
imp. and exp — имп. и эксп
7. ухабы8. взлёты и падения; превратности судьбы9. резкие изменения10. скачки ценСинонимический ряд:1. back and forth (other) back and forth; backwards and forwards; to and fro2. thoroughly (other) completely; detailedly; exhaustively; in and out; inside out; thoroughly -
102 Laird, John
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1805 (?) Greenock, Scotlandd. 26 October 1874 Birkenhead, England[br]Scottish pioneer of large-scale iron shipbuilding.[br]When only 5 years old, Laird travelled with his family to Merseyside, where his father William Laird was setting up a ship-repair yard. Fourteen years later his father established the Birkenhead Ironworks for ship and engine repairs, which in later years was to achieve great things with John Laird at the helm. John Laird trained as a solicitor, but instead of going into practice he joined the family business. Between 1829 and 1832 they built three iron barges for inland use in Ireland; this form of construction had become less of a novelty and followed the example set by Thomas Wilson in 1819, but Laird was fired with enthusiasm for this mode of construction. New iron ships followed in rapid succession, with two of especial note: the paddle steamer Lady Lansdown of 1833, which was dismantled and later re-erected on the river Shannon, becoming one of Britain's first "knock-down" contracts; and the early steamer Robert F.Stockton, which had a double Ericsson screw propeller and the first iron transverse watertight bulkheads. With the good name of the shipyard secure, they received orders from MacGregor Laird (John Laird's younger brother) for iron ships for the West African trade. This African connection was to grow and the yard's products were to include the Ma Roberts for Dr David Livingstone. Being of steel and with constant groundings on African rivers, this craft only lasted 18 months in steady operation. In 1858 a new yard dedicated to iron construction was opened at Monk's Ferry. In 1861 John Laird was returned as the first Member of Parliament for Birkenhead and his sons took over the day-to-day affairs of the business. Laird was to suffer acute embarrassment by questions at Westminster over the building in the Birkenhead Works of the United States Confederate raider Alabama in 1862. In 1874 he suffered serious injuries in a riding accident; his health declined and he died later that year.[br]Bibliography1858, with Fairbairn, Forrester, Lang and Sea-ward, Steam Navigation, Vessels of Iron and Wood, the Steam Engine, etc. 2 vols, London: Weale.FMW -
103 state
/steit/ * đại từ - trạng thái, tình trạng =a precarious state of health+ tình trạng sức khoẻ mong manh =in a bad state of repair+ ở một tình trạng xấu - địa vị xã hội - (thông tục) sự lo lắng =he was in quite a state about it+ anh ta rất lo ngại về vấn đề đó - quốc gia, bang =Southern States+ những bang ở miền nước Mỹ - nhà nước, chính quyền - sự phô trương sang trọng, sự trang trọng, sự trọng thể, sự huy hoàng =to be welcomed in great state+ được đón tiếp rất trọng thể =in state+ với tất cả nghi tiết trọng thể - tập (trong sách chuyên đề) - (từ cổ,nghĩa cổ) ngai, bệ !to lie in state - quàn * tính từ - (thuộc) nhà nước =state documents+ những văn kiện của nhà nước =state leaders+ những vị lãnh đạo nhà nước - (thuộc) chính trị =state prisoner+ tù chính trị =state trial+ sự kết án của nhà nước đối với hững tội chính trị - dành riêng cho nghi lễ; chính thức =state carriage+ xe ngựa chỉ dùng trong các nghi lễ cổ truyền của Anh =state call+ (thông tục) cuộc đi thăm chính thức * ngoại động từ - phát biểu, nói rõ, tuyên bố =to state one's opinion+ phát biểu ý kiến của mình - định (ngày, giờ) - (toán học) biểu diễn bằng ký hiệu (một phương trình...)
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