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to+provide+goods

  • 61 ausstatten

    ausstatten v 1. COMP equip; 2. GEN fit out, equip • ausstatten mit 1. GEN vest with (Befugnissen); 2. POL invest with, vest with, endow with (Vollmacht)
    * * *
    v 1. < Comp> equip; 2. < Geschäft> fit out, equip
    * * *
    ausstatten
    to equip, to outfit, to rig out, to fit, to endow, to provide, to accommodate, to find, (Wohnung) to furnish;
    • Fabrik ausstatten to equip a factory;
    • mit Geld ausstatten to heel (US sl.);
    • mit Kapital ausstatten to endow with capital, to capitalize;
    • Schiff mit amtlichen Papieren ausstatten to document a ship;
    • mit zu viel Personal ausstatten to overstaff;
    • j. mit Rechten ausstatten to vest s. o. with rights;
    • seine Unternehmungen personell ausstatten to staff one’s operations;
    • mit Vollmachten ausstatten to vest (clothe) with authority;
    • mit einem Warensortiment ausstatten to assort with a stock of goods.

    Business german-english dictionary > ausstatten

  • 62 bestimmen

    bestimmen v 1. FIN fix, decide on, settle, ascertain; 2. GEN fix (Wert); 3. PERS appoint (Komitee, Ausschuss); 4. WIWI determine, earmark, settle, specify (Preis)
    * * *
    v 1. < Finanz> fix, decide on, settle, ascertain; 2. < Geschäft> Wert fix; 3. < Person> Komitee, Ausschuss appoint; 4. <Vw> Preis determine, earmark, settle, specify
    * * *
    bestimmen
    (anordnen) to direct, to order, to ordain, to rule, (ausbedingen) to stipulate, (ausersehen) to mark, to select, (bestellen) to appoint, (Testament) to direct, to dispose by will, (veranlassen) to dispose, to induce, (vorsehen) to provide, to designate, to name, to earmark, to schedule (US), (zuweisen) to allocate, to assign, to appropriate, to set apart;
    • Bedingungen bestimmen to lay down conditions;
    • genaues Datum bestimmen to fix a precise date;
    • j. zu seinem Erben bestimmen to appoint s. o. as one’s heir (US);
    • Geldbeträge für einen Zweck bestimmen to earmark funds [for a purpose];
    • Güter für den Export bestimmen to earmark goods for export;
    • jds. Laufbahn entscheidend bestimmen to be decisive for s. one’s career;
    • j. zu seinem Nachfolger bestimmen to designate s. o. as (for) one’s successor;
    • Preis bestimmen to fix (state) a price;
    • qualitativ bestimmen to analyze;
    • Schaden bestimmen to assess damage;
    • Termin bestimmen to fix a date;
    • sein ganzes Vermögen für wohltätige Zwecke bestimmen to leave all one’s money to (dispose of one’s fortune in) charity;
    • zu seinem Vertreter bestimmen to make s. o. one’s deputy

    Business german-english dictionary > bestimmen

  • 63 Dienstleistungsbilanz

    Dienstleistungsbilanz f 1. FIN invisible balance; 2. WIWI invisible trade balance, balance on services, services account, balance of invisible trade, invisible balance
    * * *
    f 1. < Finanz> invisible balance; 2. <Vw> invisible trade balance, balance on services, services account, balance of invisible trade, invisible balance
    * * *
    Dienstleistungsbilanz
    invisible balance, balance on current account (of service transactions);
    • Waren- und Dienstleistungsbilanz balance of trade in goods and services;
    • Dienstleistungsbündel whole range of services;
    • Dienstleistungsentzug withdrawal of services;
    • Dienstleistungsfreiheit freedom of services;
    • Dienstleistungsfunktion service office;
    • Dienstleistungsgebiet public utility field;
    • Dienstleistungsgebühr service fee (charge);
    • seine Dienstleistungsgebühr unabhängig festsetzen to price one’s services freely;
    • Dienstleistungsgeschäft sale of services, personal service business (US), (Agentur) agency services;
    • Dienstleistungsgesellschaft service company;
    • Dienstleistungsgewerbe service industries, personal service business (US);
    • Dienstleistungsindustrie service industries (economy);
    • Dienstleistungskosten cost of servicing, service cost[s];
    • Dienstleistungsleasing all-in leasing;
    • Dienstleistungspaket service package;
    • Dienstleistungspotenzial service potential;
    • Dienstleistungsrabatt (Agentur) service allowance;
    • Dienstleistungssektor service sector, utilities area, public services;
    • Dienstleistungsstruktur service pattern;
    • Dienstleistungsträger service carrier;
    • Dienstleistungsunternehmen public service company, public utility company (corporation, US, establishment);
    • Dienstleistungsverhältnisse conditions of service;
    • Dienstleistungsverkehr [exchange of] services, (Zahlungsbilanz) invisibles, invisible trade;
    • freier Dienstleistungsverkehr free movements of services, freedom to provide services;
    • Dienstleistungsvertrag service contract;
    • persönlicher Dienstleistungsvertrag contract of personal service;
    • bereits abgerechnete Dienstleistungsverträge (Bilanz) deferred service contracts;
    • Dienstleistungszeugnis character, reference;
    • Dienstleistungszeugnis ausstellen to testimonialize, to hono(u)r.

    Business german-english dictionary > Dienstleistungsbilanz

  • 64 Impuls

    Impuls m 1. COMP pulse; 2. GEN stimulus, impetus (Konjunktur)
    * * *
    m 1. < Comp> pulse; 2. < Geschäft> Konjunktur stimulus, impetus
    * * *
    Impuls
    impulsion, stimulus, fillip, impetus;
    • konjunkturelle Impulse economic impetus;
    • Impulse für die Hausse impact on the boom;
    • neue politische Impulse geben to provide political impetus;
    • Impulsgeber für andere Industrien booster for other industries;
    • Impulskäufe impulse buying;
    • Impulskaufgegenstände impulse goods (items) (US).

    Business german-english dictionary > Impuls

  • 65 Kredit

    Kredit m 1. BANK advance, loan, lending, credit, Cr; 2. FIN advance, credit, Cr; 3. RW advance • auf Kredit FIN on credit • auf Kredit verkaufen V&M sell on credit, sell on trust • einen Kredit aufnehmen 1. BANK borrow, borrow funds, raise a loan, take up credit; 2. GEN take up credit, take out credit, raise credit; 3. FIN contract a loan • einen Kredit aufschieben RW defer a debt • einen Kredit beantragen BANK, FIN apply for a loan • etw. auf Kredit kaufen V&M buy sth on credit, buy on installment • gegen Kredit GEN on account, o/a • Kredit aufnehmen GEN take up credit, take out credit, raise credit • Kredit gewähren BÖRSE lend, grant credit, extend credit
    * * *
    m 1. < Bank> advance, loan, lending, credit (Cr) ; 2. < Finanz> advance, credit (Cr) ; 3. < Rechnung> advance ■ auf Kredit < Finanz> on credit ■ auf Kredit verkaufen <V&M> sell on credit, sell on trust ■ einen Kredit aufnehmen < Finanz> contract a loan ■ einen Kredit aufschieben < Rechnung> defer a debt ■ einen Kredit beantragen <Bank, Finanz> apply for a loan ■ etw. auf Kredit kaufen <V&M> buy sth on credit, buy on installment ■ gegen Kredit < Geschäft> on account (o/a) ■ Kredit aufnehmen < Bank> borrow, borrow funds, raise a loan, take up credit ■ Kredit gewähren < Börse> lend, grant credit, extend credit
    * * *
    Kredit
    credit, loan, advance, (Anschreibenlassen) tick (Br.), (Ansehen) public (general) credit, business reputation, (Kreditlinie) credit line (US) (limit, Br.), line (US) (limit, Br.) of credit, (Kreditwürdigkeit) credit rating (standing), (Vorschuss) advance;
    • auf Kredit on (upon) credit, on trust (US), on tick (Br.);
    • abgelehnter Kredit declined credit;
    • sich selbst abwickelnder Kredit self-liquidating loan;
    • neu aufgenommener Kredit fresh credit;
    • wieder auflebender Kredit revolving credit;
    • auftragsgebundener Kredit tied loan;
    • ausgelegte Kredite loans granted;
    • beanspruchter Kredit used credit, credit in use;
    • nicht beanspruchter (benötigter) Kredit unused (unemployed) credit;
    • nicht bedienter Kredit non-performing loan;
    • befristeter Kredit time loan;
    • besicherter Kredit covered (secured, collateral, US) loan, loan against security;
    • hypothekarisch besicherter Kredit real-estate loan, credit on mortgage;
    • Besorgnis erregende Kredite troubled loans;
    • bestätigter Kredit guaranteed (confirmed, Br.) credit;
    • billiger Kredit easier (low-interest) credit, soft loan;
    • durchgeleiteter Kredit transmitted credit, loan passed on;
    • durchlaufender Kredit transitory credit;
    • eingefrorener Kredit frozen credit (loan), blocked credit, non-liquid loan;
    • eingeräumter Kredit credit limit (Br.), credit line (US), line of credit (US);
    • blanko eingeräumter Kredit blank (open, US) credit;
    • monatlich eingeräumter Kredit a month’s credit;
    • der Regierung eingeräumter Kredit loan made to the government;
    • sich automatisch erneuernder Kredit revolving credit, revolving fund loan;
    • bei Sicht fälliger Kredit sight credit;
    • sofort fälliger Kredit call (demand) loan;
    • festbegründeter Kredit established credit;
    • kurzfristig finanzierter Kredit short-term credit;
    • gebündelte Kredite loan package;
    • gebundener Kredit tight credit;
    • gedeckter Kredit secured loan, collateral credit (US);
    • durch verschiedenartige Sicherheiten gedeckter Kredit mixed loan;
    • genehmigter Kredit authorized loan;
    • haushaltsrechtlich genehmigte Kredite credits falling into the budget;
    • in Anspruch genommene Kredite credits in use, used credits, (Bilanz) borrowings;
    • nicht in Anspruch genommene Kredite unemployed credits;
    • noch nicht bis zum Höchststand in Anspruch genommener Kredit unused portion of a credit;
    • gesicherter Kredit secured loan (advance), collateral credit (US);
    • durch erststellige Hypothek gesicherter Kredit first-mortgage loan;
    • durch Lombardierung verschiedenartiger Wertpapiere gesicherter Kredit mixed loan;
    • von einem Konsortium (konsortialiter) gewährter Kredit syndicated credit;
    • einem Minderjährigen gewährter Kredit loan to an infant;
    • zinslos gewährter Kredit credit given flat;
    • gewerblicher Kredit industrial loan;
    • hypothekarischer Kredit real-estate (mortgage) loan;
    • interne Kredite (an Zweigniederlassungen einer Bank) house debits;
    • kaufmännischer Kredit commercial loan;
    • kündbarer Kredit credit on call, loan on notice;
    • kurzfristiger Kredit short[-term] credit, fixture;
    • landwirtschaftlicher Kredit agricultural loan;
    • längerfristiger Kredit medium-term loan;
    • langfristiger Kredit long (long-term, long-time) loan;
    • kurzfristig finanzierter langfristiger Kredit roll-over credit;
    • laufender Kredit open (standing) credit;
    • lieferungsgebundener Kredit tied credit;
    • mittelfristiger Kredit (Eurodollarmarkt) medium-term credit;
    • Not leidende Kredite non-accrual loans;
    • offener Kredit open (blank) credit (US), uncovered (unsecured) loan, (laufendes Konto) account current, drawing account;
    • persönlicher Kredit personal credit;
    • projektfreier Kredit untied credit;
    • projektgebundener Kredit tied credit;
    • prolongierter Kredit extended credit;
    • refinanzierbarer Kredit refinanceable credit;
    • revolvierender Kredit revolving [letter of] credit;
    • rückzahlbarer Kredit repayable credit;
    • innerhalb 24 Stunden rückzahlbarer Kredit overnight loan (US);
    • schöpferischer Kredit creative credit;
    • sichergestellter Kredit secured credit;
    • staatsverbürgter Kredit government-backed credit;
    • zur Verfügung stehender Kredit supply of credit [available];
    • überzogener Kredit overdraft, overdrawn credit;
    • unbegrenzter (unbeschränkter) Kredit unlimited credit;
    • unbestätigter Kredit unconfirmed (uncovered) letter of credit (Br.);
    • ungedeckter (ungesicherter) Kredit open (US) (unsecured, uncovered) credit, blank advance, loan without security (collateral, US);
    • unkündbarer Kredit irrevocable credit;
    • unsicherer Kredit unsafe loan, shaky credit;
    • unwiderruflicher Kredit irrevocable letter of credit;
    • zinsgünstiger Kredit preferential credit;
    • zinsloser Kredit interest-free loan, credit given flat;
    • zinsverbilligter Kredit low-interest credit, credit given at a reduced rate, soft loan;
    • zusätzlicher Kredit additional credit;
    • zweckgebundener Kredit tied loan (credit);
    • nicht zweckgebundener Kredit no-purpose (untied) loan;
    • Kredit gegen Bürgschaft loan against surety;
    • Kredit für Gebäudewerterhöhungen loan for improvement of property;
    • öffentlicher Kredit an einem Gewerbebetrieb industrial advance;
    • Kredit bis zur Höhe von credit within the limit of;
    • Kredit in begrenzter Höhe limited credit;
    • Kredit in festgesetzter Höhe line-of-credit loan (US);
    • Kredit zur Investitionsfinanzierung im Ausland roll-over Eurocredit;
    • Kredite an Kreditinstitute lending to bank customers;
    • Kredit mit begrenzter Laufzeit (Börse) fixture;
    • Kredit mit fester Laufzeit und fester Tilgungsstruktur term loan;
    • Kredit in laufender Rechnung credit in current account;
    • Kredit gegen Sicherheit credit against security (collateral, US);
    • Kredit gegen Sicherungsübereignung field warehouse loan;
    • Kredit für einen Spitzenbetrag gap loan;
    • Kredit gegen Verpfändung der Schiffsfracht respondentia loan;
    • Kredit in fremder Währung foreign-currency credit;
    • Kredit auf eingelagerte Waren storage credit;
    • Kredit gegen Wechselbürgschaft accommodation endorsement loan;
    • Kredit gegen Wertpapierlombard lending on security, collateral loan (US);
    • Kredit zu niedrigem Zinssatz low-interest credit, soft loan;
    • Kredit abdecken to repay a credit;
    • Kredit abwickeln to liquidate (repay) a loan;
    • Kredit dem Wert der gestellten Sicherheit anpassen to mark a loan to the market (US);
    • Kredit aufbrauchen to eat up (use) a credit;
    • Kredite nach ihrer Größenordnung aufführen to scale credits;
    • Kredit aufnehmen to borrow [money], to raise a loan (credit);
    • erforderlichen Kredit aufnehmen to raise any money requisite;
    • Kredit für den Ankauf eines Grundstücks aufnehmen to borrow for the purchase of land;
    • Kredit für den gesamten Kaufpreis aufnehmen to borrow the whole of the purchase price;
    • Kredit ausschöpfen to exhaust a loan;
    • Kredit etappenweise entsprechend den nachgewiesenen Bauleistungen auszahlen to make an advance in stages against production of architect’s certificate;
    • Kredit beantragen to request a loan, to apply for a credit;
    • Kredit bekommen to obtain (get) a credit;
    • Kredit zurückgezahlt bekommen to receive a loan back;
    • Kredit für j. bereitstellen to place a loan at s. one’s disposal;
    • sich durch Wechselreiterei Kredit beschaffen to fly a kite (Br.);
    • Kredit bewilligen to grant a loan, to pass a credit vote;
    • Kredit nur ratenweise bewilligen to vote a credit in instal(l)ments;
    • auf Kredit des Ehemannes einkaufen to pledge one’s husband’s credit;
    • auf Kredit in einem Geschäft einkaufen to run up an account with a shop;
    • Kredit einräumen to grant a loan, to allow a credit;
    • einem Kunden einen Kredit einräumen to allow a customer an advance;
    • Kredit einrichten to establish a credit;
    • Kredit einschränken to reduce (restrict) a credit;
    • Kredit als Not leidend einstufen to classify a loan as non-performing;
    • Kredit entziehen to draw in a loan, to withdraw a credit;
    • auf Kredit erhalten to receive on tick (Br.) (trust, US);
    • auf Antrag einen persönlichen Kredit erhalten to obtain a personal loan upon application;
    • zinslosen Kredit erhalten to borrow money flat;
    • Kredit erhöhen to increase a credit line (US) (limit, Br.);
    • Kredit eröffnen to open a loan (credit, credit line, US, credit limit, Br.);
    • Kredit zu jds. Gunsten eröffnen to open a credit account in s. one’s favo(u)r;
    • sich Kredit erschleichen to obtain credit by fraud;
    • auf Kredit geben to [give on] credit, to chalk up, to [give upon] trust (US);
    • jem. Kredit in Höhe von 100 Dollar geben (gewähren) to give s. o. credit for $ 100;
    • jds. Kredit gefährden to undermine s. one’s credit;
    • nur begrenzten Kredit genießen to enjoy very restricted credit;
    • unbegrenzten Kredit genießen to enjoy unlimited credit;
    • Kredit gewähren to grant (make) a loan, to grant a credit, (anschreiben) to [give upon] trust (US), to tick (Br.);
    • abgesicherten Kredit gewähren to lend on security, to loan on collateral;
    • keinen Kredit gewähren to withhold a credit;
    • Kredit nur in einem bestimmten Rahmen gewähren to allow a credit not beyond a certain figure;
    • gegen Sicherheit (Lombardierung von Wertpapieren) Kredit gewähren to lend on security, to loan on collateral;
    • zinslosen Kredit gewähren to give a flat credit;
    • Kredit bei jem. haben to be in credit (have interest) with s. o.;
    • j. für einen Kredit von 4000 $ für gut (sicher) halten to consider s. o. safe for a credit of $ 4000;
    • auf Kredit kaufen to buy on credit (time, trust, US), to purchase on account, to buy on (go upon) tick (Br.);
    • Kredit kündigen to draw in a loan, to withdraw (call in) a credit;
    • Kredite einfrieren lassen to lay up credits;
    • Waren auf Kredit liefern to supply goods on account (credit);
    • mehr als üblich faule Kredite abschreiben müssen to have more bad loans to write off than usual;
    • um zusätzlichen Kredit nachsuchen to ask for further credit;
    • Kredit in Anspruch nehmen to utilize (use) a credit, to run a line (US) (limit, Br.) of credit, to take up a credit;
    • seinen Kredit bei jem. in Anspruch nehmen to make interest with s. o.;
    • höhere Kredite in Anspruch nehmen to ask for larger credits;
    • bei der Bank in erhöhtem Maße Kredite in Anspruch nehmen to increase the borrowings at the bank;
    • Kredit prolongieren to renew a credit;
    • Kredit prüfen to check a credit;
    • Kredit refinanzieren to refinance a loan;
    • Kredit schöpfen to create credit;
    • Kredit schwächen to discredit;
    • Kredit sperren to block a credit;
    • seinen Kredit überschreiten (überziehen) to stretch (strain, outrun, surpass) one’s credit, to overdraw one’s account, to make an overdraft;
    • eingeräumten Kredit überziehen to run over the credit limit (Br.) (line, US);
    • Kredit untergraben to undermine credit;
    • Kredite vergeben to deal in credits;
    • auf Kredit verkaufen to sell on credit (tick, Br., trust, US);
    • Kredite verkürzen to curtail credits;
    • Kredit verlängern to extend [the term of] a credit;
    • eingeräumten Kredit verlängern to extend the validity of a credit;
    • Kredit verschaffen to furnish (provide) with credit;
    • Kredit mit 12% verzinsen to pay 12 per cent interest on a loan;
    • Kredit eines Unternehmens wiederherstellen to re-establish a firm’s credit;
    • fälligen Kredit zurückzahlen to meet a loan when due;
    • Kreditabkommen credit arrangement (agreement), loan agreement;
    • Kreditabteilung credit (loan) department;
    • Kreditabteilung einer Bank bank loan department;
    • Kreditakte credit folder;
    • Kreditandrang credit strain;
    • Kreditanforderungen borrowing requirements;
    • Kreditanfrage credit inquiry;
    • Kreditanfrage ablehnen to turn thumbs down on a loan.

    Business german-english dictionary > Kredit

  • 66 schaffen

    schaffen v GEN (infrml) create (Möglichkeiten); (infrml) pull off (Erfolg haben) • etw. schaffen GEN succeed
    * * *
    v < Geschäft> Möglichkeiten create, infrml, Erfolg haben pull off infrml ■ etw. schaffen < Geschäft> succeed
    * * *
    schaffen
    to create, to produce, to work, (beschaffen) to procure, to provide;
    • Abhilfe schaffen to remedy, to redress;
    • neue Arbeitsplätze schaffen to create new jobs;
    • Bedarf schaffen to create a demand;
    • beiseite schaffen to hide, to put aside, (unterschlagen) to embezzle;
    • Fonds schaffen to set up (establish) a fund;
    • Kapitalgüter schaffen to create capital goods;
    • sich durch Neuerwerbungen eine Marktstellung schaffen to buy one's way into a market through acquisition;
    • an Ort und Stelle schaffen to bring to the spot.

    Business german-english dictionary > schaffen

  • 67 Versehen

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (Pflichten) perform; (Geschäfte, Haushalt) look after; ein Amt / eine Stelle versehen hold office / occupy a position
    2. versehen mit supply with; auch TECH. provide with; (schmücken) decorate with; etw. mit etw. versehen auch add s.th. to s.th.; mit Vollmacht versehen authorize; jemanden mit den Sterbesakramenten versehen administer the last rights to s.o.; mit etw. versehen sein be provided with s.th.; reichlich mit Nahrung etc. versehen sein have plenty of food etc., have ample food etc.
    II v/refl
    1. make a mistake, slip up
    2. ehe man sich’s versieht before you know it
    3. sich versehen mit (ausstatten) equip o.s. with; (eindecken) get in a supply ( oder supplies) of; (sich verschaffen) get (hold of)
    * * *
    das Versehen
    aberration; oversight; mistake; fault; error; slip
    * * *
    Ver|se|hen [fɛɐ'zeːən]
    nt -s, -
    (= Irrtum) mistake, error; (= Unachtsamkeit) inadvertence, oversight

    aus Verséhen — by mistake, inadvertently

    * * *
    das
    1) (a mistake or failure (in behaviour, memory etc): a lapse of memory.) lapse
    2) (to give (what is necessary); to supply: They furnished the library with new books.) furnish
    3) (a failure to notice: Due to an oversight, we have not paid the bill.) oversight
    4) (to stock (a place etc) with goods etc: The museum is stored with interesting exhibits.) store
    * * *
    Ver·se·hen
    <-s, ->
    [fɛɐ̯ˈze:ən]
    nt (Irrtum) mistake; (Unachtsamkeit) oversight
    aus [o durch ein] \Versehen inadvertently; (aufgrund einer Verwechslung a.) by mistake [or accident]
    * * *
    das; Versehens, Versehen: oversight; slip

    aus Versehen — by mistake; inadvertently

    * * *
    Versehen n; -s, -; oversight, mistake;
    aus Versehen by mistake, inadvertently, mistakenly;
    das war nur ein Versehen von mir it was just a slip on my part
    * * *
    das; Versehens, Versehen: oversight; slip

    aus Versehen — by mistake; inadvertently

    * * *
    - n.
    oversight n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Versehen

  • 68 plato1

    1 = dish [dishes, -pl.], plate, platter.
    Ex. She put the dishes in the sink, locked the balcony door, found her purse, and sallied forth.
    Ex. To make it even easier on you, we will provide plates, forks, napkins, cups and even candles for your party.
    Ex. Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle.
    ----
    * carro de los platos sucios = dirty-dish cart.
    * Comida + de dos platos = two course + Comida.
    * comida de dos platos y postre = three-course meal.
    * comida de tres platos = three-course meal.
    * fregar los platos = do + the washing-up.
    * lavado de platos = dishwashing.
    * lavar los platos = wash + dishes, washing up, do + the washing-up.
    * pagar los platos rotos = carry + the can, pick up + the pieces.
    * plato bandeja = charger.
    * plato de cristal = glass plate.
    * plato de papel = paper plate.
    * plato de plástico = picnic plate.
    * plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.
    * plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.
    * plato fuerte = main dish, strong point, entrée, main entrée.
    * plato principal = entrée, main entrée.
    * platos precocinados = baked goods.
    * primer plato = side entrée.
    * primer y segundo plato = main dish.
    * recoger los platos rotos = pick up + the pieces, sort out + the mess.
    * reunión en la que cada persona trae un plato para compartir = potluck.
    * sacar los pies del plato = break out of + the box.
    * segundo plato = a little something on the side, entrée, main entrée.

    Spanish-English dictionary > plato1

  • 69 rubro

    m.
    2 area, field (campo).
    empresas líderes en su rubro companies which are leaders in their field
    3 item, line item, entry.
    4 category, rubric.
    5 title, caption, heading.
    6 legal caption.
    * * *
    1 formal red
    1 title, heading
    ————————
    1 title, heading
    * * *
    SM
    1) LAm (=título) heading, title
    2) LAm
    (Com)

    rubro social — trading name, firm's name

    3) LAm [de cuenta] heading
    * * *
    masculino (esp AmL)
    1)
    a) ( área) area
    b) ( en contabilidad - apartado) heading; (- renglón) item
    2) (Impr) ( título) title; ( encabezamiento) heading
    * * *
    masculino (esp AmL)
    1)
    a) ( área) area
    b) ( en contabilidad - apartado) heading; (- renglón) item
    2) (Impr) ( título) title; ( encabezamiento) heading
    * * *
    A
    1 (área) area
    sus exigencias se circunscribían a cuatro rubros their demands fell into four areas o categories
    nuestro representante en los rubros de prendas de cuero y peletería the representative who deals with our line in leather goods and furs
    se encarga de las compras en el rubro de alimentación he is the buyer for the food department
    [ S ] índice de rubros ( Period) list of headings, index of categories
    2 (en contabilidad — apartado) heading; (— renglón) item
    el segundo rubro de exportación del país the country's second most important export item o export
    los aumentos más importantes correspondieron a los rubros de vivienda y transporte the main increases were in housing and transport, the main areas of increase were housing and transport
    B ( Impr) (título) title; (encabezamiento) heading
    * * *

    rubro sustantivo masculino (esp AmL)
    a) ( área) area;


    trabaja en el rubro de la computación he works in computers

    (— renglón) item
    * * *
    rubro nm
    Am
    1. [rótulo] heading;
    buscar por rubros: hoteles, posadas, restaurantes search by category: hotels, boarding houses, restaurants
    2. [campo] area, field;
    las acciones implementadas en el rubro “desarrollo social” fueron exitosas the measures carried out in the area of o under the category of “social development” were successful;
    preparamos empresas líderes en su rubro we provide training for companies which are leaders in their field
    3. Cont item;
    rubro presupuestal 2008: educación, salud, seguridad pública 2008 budget headings: education, health, law and order
    * * *
    m L.Am.
    category, heading
    * * *
    rubro nm
    1) : heading, title
    2) : line, area (in business)

    Spanish-English dictionary > rubro

  • 70 납부하다

    v. pay, give money for goods or to cancel debts; supply, provide something that is needed or desired; deliver, convey

    Korean-English dictionary > 납부하다

  • 71 carico

    "compressive stress;
    Druckbelastung;
    carga de pressão"
    * * *
    (pl -chi) 1. adj loaded
    electronics charged
    caffè strong
    colore deep
    orologio wound up
    2. m load
    finance charge, expense
    law a carico di ( contro) against
    essere a carico di qualcuno be dependent on someone
    carico utile payload
    lettera f (o polizza f) di carico bill of lading
    * * *
    carico agg.
    1 loaded (with sthg.); laden (with sthg.) (anche fig.): un autocarro carico di mattoni, a lorry loaded with bricks; una nave carica di merci, a ship loaded (o laden) with goods; era carico di debiti, he was burdened (o weighed down) with debt (s) (o he was up to his ears in debt); era carico di onori, he was loaded with honours
    2 ( di caffè) strong
    3 ( di colore) deep, dark
    4 ( riempito) filled (with sthg.); full; charged (with sthg.): è carica la tua pipa?, is your pipe full?
    5 ( di arma da fuoco) loaded (with sthg.); live (attr.): fucile carico, loaded gun; è carico il tuo fucile?, is your gun loaded?; proiettile carico, live shell
    6 (elettr.) charged, live: condensatore carico, charged condenser; batteria carica, live battery
    7 ( di orologio) wound up.
    carico s.m.
    1 ( il caricare) ( veicoli) loading; ( navi) loading, lading // (comm.): polizza di carico, bill of lading; mediatore di carico, loading broker // (amm.) carico e scarico, charge and discharge
    2 (comm.) ( merce caricata) cargo, load, freight, ( solo di nave) shipload, shipment: nave da carico, cargo boat (o ship); carico pagante, paying freight; pieno carico, carico completo, full load (o cargo); carico alla rinfusa, bulk (o loose) cargo; carico utile, pay load (o live load); carico di esportazione, export cargo; carico di importazione, import cargo; carico di andata, outward cargo; carico di ritorno, return (o home) cargo; carico massimo, peak load; carico misto, mixed load (o cargo); carico sopra coperta, dead cargo; dichiarare un carico alla dogana, to declare a cargo to the customs; vendere il carico completo, to sell in bulk; la nave trasportava un carico di macchinari in Marocco, the ship was transporting a cargo of machinery to Morocco; portare un carico sulle spalle, to carry a load on one's shoulders; sbarcare un carico, to unload a cargo
    3 (fig.) burden; load; weight: un carico di preoccupazioni, di responsabilità, a burden of worries, of responsibility; un carico di botte, a load of (o a sound) thrashing; avere qlcu. a carico, to have to provide for s.o.; essere a carico di qlcu., to be dependent on s.o.; farsi carico di qlcu., qlco., to make oneself responsible for s.o., sthg.; persone a carico, dependent people (o dependants) // (trib.) carico tributario, burden of taxation (o tax burden) // (dir.) carico ipotecario, encumbrance
    4 (comm.) a carico di, charged to, to be paid by, at expense of, to be debited to: spedizione ( via mare) a carico del committente, shipping at the buyer's expense (o shipping charges to be paid by customer); a carico del destinatario, at consignee's expense; spese a carico del nostro conto, expense to be charged (o debited) to our account; segnare una somma a carico di qlcu., to debit s.o. with an amount
    5 (dir.) charge, accusation, imputation: carico pendente, pending suit // teste a carico, witness for the prosecution; processo a carico di qlcu., action against s.o.
    6 (tecn.) load: carico accidentale, live load; carico al limite di elasticità, load at elastic limit; carico di lavoro, working load; carico di rottura, ultimate (o maximum) tensile stress; carico di snervamento, yield point; carico eccentrico, eccentric load; carico mobile, live (o moving) load; carico unitario, unit load; carico variabile, variable load
    7 (elettr.) load factor: carico crescente, increasing load; carico di avviamento, starting load; carico massimo ammissibile, maximum permissible load; carico variabile, changing load
    8 (aer.) load, loading: carico alare, wing load; carico amovibile, disposable load; carico d'apertura, span loading; carico di potenza, power loading; carico di prova, proof load; carico di robustezza, ultimate load; carico totale, full load; carico utile, useful load.
    * * *
    ['kariko] carico -a, -chi, -che
    1. agg
    1)

    (veicolo) carico (di) — loaded o laden (with), full (of)

    (persona) carico di — laden with

    2) (forte: colore) strong, deep, (caffè, tè) strong
    3) (caricato: orologio) wound up, (fucile, macchina fotografica) loaded, (pipa) full, (batteria) charged, (bomba) live
    2. sm
    1) (il caricare) loading
    2) (materiale caricato) load, (su nave) freight, cargo, Comm shipment
    * * *
    I
    pl. - chi, - che ['kariko, ki, ke] aggettivo
    1) [ camion] loaded, laden (di with)
    2) fig. (oberato) burdened, weighed dow, loaded down (di with)

    carico di debiti — burdened o weighed down with debt(s)

    3) (fornito di carica) [ pistola] loaded, charged; [ orologio] wound up
    4) fis. [ pila] charged
    5) [ colore] deep, intense
    6) (forte) [caffè, tè] strong
    7) (concentrato, eccitato) psyched up, ready
    II
    pl. - chi ['kariko, ki] sostantivo maschile
    1) (caricamento) loading, lading
    2) (merci caricate) (di aereo, nave) cargo*; (di camion, treno) load
    3) (fardello) load
    5) arch. ing. el. load

    persone a carico — dir. dependent people, dependants

    testimone a carico — dir. witness for the prosecution, prosecution witness

    7) a carico di charged to, chargeable to, to be paid by

    telefonata a carico del destinatario — reverse o transferred charge call, collect call AE

    essere o vivere a carico di qcn. to depend on sb., to be dependent on o upon sb.; processo a carico di qcn. — action against sb

    •

    carico utile — aer. disposable load

    ••

    farsi carico di — to take on [ spese]

    * * *
    carico1
    pl. - chi, - che /'kariko, ki, ke/
     1 [ camion] loaded, laden (di with)
     2 fig. (oberato) burdened, weighed dow, loaded down (di with); carico di debiti burdened o weighed down with debt(s); sono carico di lavoro I'm up to my ears in work
     3 (fornito di carica) [ pistola] loaded, charged; [ orologio] wound up
     4 fis. [ pila] charged
     5 [ colore] deep, intense; rosa carico hot pink
     6 (forte) [caffè, tè] strong
     7 (concentrato, eccitato) psyched up, ready.
    ————————
    carico2
    pl. - chi /'kariko, ki/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (caricamento) loading, lading
     2 (merci caricate) (di aereo, nave) cargo*; (di camion, treno) load
     3 (fardello) load
     4 (onere) carico di lavoro workload; il carico della responsabilità the burden of responsibility
     5 arch. ing. el. load
     6 a carico avere tre figli a carico to have three dependent children; persone a carico dir. dependent people, dependants; testimone a carico dir. witness for the prosecution, prosecution witness
     7 a carico di charged to, chargeable to, to be paid by; telefonata a carico del destinatario reverse o transferred charge call, collect call AE; essere o vivere a carico di qcn. to depend on sb., to be dependent on o upon sb.; processo a carico di qcn. action against sb.
    farsi carico di to take on [ spese]; farsi carico di fare to take it upon oneself to do
    \
    carico fiscale tax expenses o burden; carico utile aer. disposable load.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > carico

  • 72 disporre

    1. v/t arrange
    ( stabilire) order
    2. v/i ( decidere) make arrangements
    abbiamo già disposto diversamente we've made other arrangements
    disporre di qualcosa have something (at one's disposal)
    * * *
    disporre v.tr.
    1 to arrange, to dispose, to set* out, to place in order, to put* in place: disporre i fiori in un vaso, to arrange flowers in a vase; disporre i libri sugli scaffali, to arrange books on shelves; disporre la merce in vetrina, to display goods in the window; disporre in ordine alfabetico, to arrange (o to set out) in alphabetical order
    2 ( preparare) to prepare, to dispose, to make* all the arrangements: disporre la mente allo studio, to prepare one's mind for study (o to set one's mind to study); disporre ogni cosa per la partenza, to prepare (o to arrange) things for departure; tutto è stato disposto per il tuo arrivo, all the arrangements have been made for your arrival
    3 ( deliberare) to order; (dir.) to provide, to enjoin: come disposto dai regolamenti, as provided by the regulations; dispose che noi ci stabilissimo qui, he ordered us to settle here; la legge dispone che..., the law provides that...; i regolamenti dispongono che si paghi subito, the regulations enjoin that payment should be made immediately // l'uomo propone e Dio dispone, (prov.) man proposes, God disposes
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 to dispose, to have (s.o., sthg.) at one's disposal; ( di merci) to have in stock: disponete pure di me, you may consider me at your disposal; non crederai di poter disporre di me quando vuoi?, you don't think that I'm going to be at your beck and call, do you?; dispone di tre automobili, he has three cars at his disposal; i nostri studenti dispongono di due biblioteche, our students have two libraries at their disposal; dispone di molti articoli, he has plenty of articles in stock; usò tutti i mezzi di cui disponeva, he used every available means (o all the means at his disposal); disporre dei propri beni, to dispose of one's property; disporre dei propri beni in favore di qlcu., to make over one's property to s.o.; poco prima di morire ha disposto dei suoi beni, just before dying he made testamentary disposition of his property; disporre della propria vita, to dispose of one's own life; disporre della stampa, to command the press; disporre di grossi capitali, to have large amounts of money at one's disposal; dispongo di una discreta somma per quel progetto, I have a reasonable sum available for the project
    2 ( avere) to have: la sala dispone di 700 posti, the hall has 700 seats (o the hall seats 700).
    ◘ disporsi v.rifl.
    1 ( collocarsi) to arrange oneself, to place oneself: si disposero su due file parallele, they arranged themselves in two parallel rows
    2 ( prepararsi) to prepare (for sthg., to do); to get* ready (for sthg., to do): disporre ad andare a dormire, to prepare to go to sleep; disporre all'azione, alla lotta, to prepare for action, for the struggle; disporre a partire, to get ready to start.
    * * *
    1. [dis'porre]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (mettere) to place, put, (sistemare) to arrange, (preparare) to prepare, make ready
    2) (ordinare) to order

    la legge dispone che... — the law lays down that...

    2. vi (aus avere)
    1) (decidere) to decide

    abbiamo disposto diversamente — we have decided otherwise, we have made other arrangements

    2)

    disporre di — to have, have at one's disposal

    lo stadio dispone di 50.000 posti — the stadium holds 50,000 people

    1) (posizione) to put o.s., place o.s., arrange o.s.

    disporsi a fare qc — to prepare o.s. o get ready to do sth

    * * *
    [dis'porre] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (collocare) to lay*, to place [ oggetti]; to arrange, to set* out [cibo, fiori, sedie]; to dispose, to arrange [ mobili]
    3) (preparare) to prepare, to arrange
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

    disporre di — to have [spazio, tempo]

    3.
    verbo pronominale disporsi
    * * *
    disporre
    /dis'porre/ [73]
     1 (collocare) to lay*, to place [ oggetti]; to arrange, to set* out [cibo, fiori, sedie]; to dispose, to arrange [ mobili]
     2 (stabilire) disporre che to decide that
     3 (preparare) to prepare, to arrange
     (aus. avere)
     1 (avere) disporre di to have [spazio, tempo]; disporre di mezzi to be well set up colloq.; le macchine di cui disponiamo the machines we have at our disposal
    III disporsi verbo pronominale
     1 (prepararsi) - rsi a fare to be about to do
     2 (collocarsi) - rsi in file to line up in rows; - rsi in cerchio to form a ring.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > disporre

  • 73 ro’zg’or

    (Persian) household; household goods, belongings. ro’zg’or qil to start a family; to provide for one’s family, to make a living. ro’zg’or tebrat /tut to feed a family, to make ends meet

    Uzbek-English dictionary > ro’zg’or

  • 74 platform|a

    f 1. Transp. (nadwozie) (loading) platform; (samochód) lorry, platform truck; (wagon kolejowy) flatcar, wagon; (konna) dray przest.
    - platforma do przewożenia samochodówAut. a car transporter; Kolej. a piggyback
    - ciężarówka z platformą a flat-bed lorry
    - ładować towar na platformę to load goods onto a lorry/a wagon
    - przywieźli dwie platformy cegieł they brought two wagonloads of bricks
    2. (pomost) platform
    - jechać na platformie tramwaju przest. to ride on the tram platform
    3. Techn. platforma wiertnicza a drilling platform
    - pracować na platformie wiertniczej to work on an oil rig
    - platforma wyrzutni rakietowej a launch platform
    4. przen. (płaszczyzna) platform
    - platforma porozumienia common ground, modus vivendi
    - platforma dyplomatyczna/polityczna/gospodarcza a diplomatic/a political/an economic platform
    - stanowić wspólną platformę dla ludzi o różnych poglądach to provide a platform for all shades of opinion
    5. zw. pl pot. (but) platform shoe zw. pl; (podeszwa) platform
    - buty na platformach platform shoes
    6. Geol. platform
    - platforma abrazyjna an abrasion platform

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > platform|a

  • 75 za1

    Ⅰ praep. 1. (dalej, z tyłu) behind (kimś/czymś sb/sth)
    - przekroczył linię mety dwie sekundy za zwycięzcą he crossed the line two seconds behind the winner
    - zajęli drugie miejsce za drużyną z Krakowa they came in second place behind the Cracow team
    - stała za młodym mężczyzną she was standing behind a young man
    - autobus jechał za ciężarówką the bus was travelling behind a lorry
    - pies biegł za tramwajem a dog was running behind the tram
    - jeden za drugim one after the other a. another
    - zamknij drzwi za sobą close the door after you
    - brama powoli zamknęła się za nimi the gate slowly closed behind them
    - oglądać się za kimś to look back at sb
    - mieć coś za sobą (w przeszłości) to have sth behind one
    - mieć kogoś za sobą (mieć poparcie) to have sb behind one
    - najgorsze jest już za nami the worst is behind us a. is over
    - ma za sobą trzyletnie doświadczenie he has three years’ experience behind him
    - rząd ma za sobą policję i wojsko the government have the police and the military behind them
    - za czyimiś plecami behind sb’s back także przen.
    2. (poza) za murami miasta beyond city walls
    - mieszkają za miastem they live outside town a. the city
    - wyjechać za miasto to go out of town
    3. (po przeciwnej stronie) [znajdować się] behind, beyond (kimś/czymś sb/sth)
    - za biurkiem/ladą behind the desk/counter
    - za oceanem beyond the ocean
    4. (na przeciwną stronę) [udać się] behind, beyond (coś sth)
    - słońce schowało się za chmury the sun hid behind some clouds
    - włożyła banknoty za stanik she hid the banknotes in her bra
    - pojechać za granicę to go abroad
    - wyrzucić kogoś za drzwi to throw sb out
    - patrzyć za siebie to look back
    5. (wskazuje na sposób) by (coś sth)
    - wziąć kogoś za rękę to take sb by the hand
    - trzymała torbę za pasek she held her bag by the strap
    6. (z określeniem kwoty) for (coś sth)
    - 10 jajek za dwa złote 10 eggs for two zlotys
    - kupić/sprzedać coś za 100 złotych to buy/sell sth for 100 zlotys
    - za nic bym tego nie zrobił I wouldn’t do that a. it for anything
    - za darmo for free
    - za wszelką cenę przen. at any price
    - za żadną cenę not at any price
    7. (wskazuje na przedmiot transakcji) for (coś sth)
    - ile płacisz za telefon? how much do you pay for your telephone?
    - cennik opłat za świadczone przez nas usługi a list of fees for services we provide
    8. (wskazuje na powód kary, nagrody) for (coś sth)
    - kara/nagroda za coś a penalty/reward for sth
    - ukarać/nagrodzić kogoś za coś to punish/reward sb for sth
    - skazać kogoś za kradzież to sentence sb for theft
    - pogniewała się na niego za spóźnienie she was cross with him for being late
    - dostał medal za uratowanie tonącego he got a medal for saving a drowning man
    9 (wskazuje na cel) for (coś sth)
    - naprawdę chcesz umrzeć za ojczyznę? do you really want to die for your country?
    - modlić się za kogoś/za czyjąś duszę to pray for sb/for sb’s soul
    - (wypijmy) za zdrowie młodej pary! (let’s drink) to the bride and groom!
    10 (wskazuje na warunek, okoliczności) on, at (czymś sth/doing sth)
    - wejście tylko za przepustką a. okazaniem przepustki entry on presentation of a valid pass
    - za czyjąś zgodą with sb’s permission a. consent
    - wyszedł za kaucją he was released on bail
    - oddaj mu to za pokwitowaniem give it to him and ask for a receipt
    - za czyjąś radą on sb’s advice
    - za czyjąś namową at sb’s instigation
    11 (wskazuje na powtarzające się okoliczności) at (czymś sth)
    - za pierwszym/drugim razem (the) first/second time round
    - za każdym razem each a. every time
    - trafił do tarczy dopiero za trzecim razem he only managed to hit the target on the third go
    - zdał egzamin za trzecim podejściem he passed the exam at the third attempt
    12 (w zastępstwie) for, instead of (kogoś sb)
    - napisał za nią wypracowanie he wrote her essay for her
    - wzięła dyżur za chorą koleżankę she covered her sick friend’s shift
    - pracować za dwóch to do enough work for two
    - pił za trzech he drank enough for three (people)
    - gadać za dziesięciu to talk nineteen to the dozen GB pot., to run off at the mouth US pot.
    13 (wskazujące na upływ czasu) in
    - za godzinę in an hour a. an hour’s time
    - za trzy lata in three years a. three year’s time
    - za chwilę wybije północ it’ll be midnight in a minute
    14 (w określeniach czasu) za pięć szósta (at) five to six
    - „która godzina?” – „za dziesięć pierwsza” ‘what’s the time?’ – ‘ten to one’
    - pociąg odchodzi za dwadzieścia trzecia the train leaves at twenty to three
    15 (wskazuje na okres) during, in
    - za jej życia during a. in her lifetime
    - za króla Kazimierza Wielkiego during a. in the reign of Casimir the Great
    - za komuny pot. during a. in communist times
    - za kadencji poprzedniego prezydenta during the term of office of the previous president
    - za czasów Księstwa Warszawskiego during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw
    - za młodu sporo podróżował in his youth he did quite a bit a. a fair bit of travelling
    - dzień za dniem/rok za rokiem one day/year after another
    - wynagrodzenie za trzy miesiące three months’ wages
    - zapłacić czynsz za styczeń to pay the rent for January
    16 (wskazuje na właściwość) as
    - uważano go za ekscentryka he was regarded as an eccentric
    - przebrała się za Kopciuszka she dressed up as Cinderella
    - klucz posłużył mu za narzędzie do otwarcia butelki he used the key as a bottle opener
    - z krótkimi włosami można ją wziąć za chłopca with her short hair she could be taken for a boy
    17 (wskazuje na upodobania) przepadać za czymś to go in for a. be fond of sth
    - tęsknić za kimś to miss sb; to yearn for sb książk.
    - szaleć za kimś to be mad about sb
    - uganiać się a. latać za babami pot. to chase (after) women
    18 pot. biegać a. chodzić za czymś (umieć załatwiać) to run around after sth pot.
    - jeździł po Polsce za towarem he travelled around Poland looking for goods
    Ⅱ adj. argumenty za i przeciw pros and cons
    - wyważyć wszystkie za i przeciw to weigh up (all) the pros and cons
    - 20 głosów za i 5 przeciw 20 votes for and 5 against
    - jestem za I’m in favour
    Ⅲ za to but, yet
    - tani, za to pożywny cheap but a. yet nourishing

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > za1

  • 76 обеспечить оплату товара по аккредитиву

    to provide payments for goods under a letter of credit

    4000 полезных слов и выражений > обеспечить оплату товара по аккредитиву

  • 77 bahi

    [from bahitu from *banitu (cf. Mediv. Nav. "banido") also cf. "bannimendu" (Leiz.) ("ban")] iz.
    1. Fin.
    a. guarantee; \bahiak eman to {give || provide} guarantees; Txominek nire telebista \bahi dauka Txomin has my T.V. as a guarantee; \bahia atera to settle | to pay up
    b. (hipoteka) mortgage
    2. Leg.
    a. bail
    b. \bahiak embargoed goods

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > bahi

  • 78 условие

    сущ.
    condition; (положение договора, соглашения и т.п.) clause; provision; term; ( оговорка тж) proviso; stipulation

    нарушать условия — (договора, соглашения и т.п.) to infringe (violate) the terms (and conditions) (of)

    пересматривать условия — (договора, соглашения и т.п.) to revise the terms (and conditions) (of)

    принимать условия — to accept the terms; come (submit) to terms

    соблюдать условия — (положения договора, соглашения и т.п.) to abide by (adhere to, keep to, observe) the provisions (of)

    удовлетворять условия — to comply with (meet, satisfy) the conditions (terms) (of)

    на льготных условиях — on easy (favourable, preferential) terms

    при условии, что — on condition that; provided that

    с условием, что — ( с оговоркой) with a proviso that

    изменение условий хранения — ( товара) changing the conditions of storage ( of goods)

    сделка, совершённая под условием — deal (transaction) made on condition

    создание условий, обеспечивающих достойную жизнь и свободное развитие человека — creating conditions for a worthy life and a free development of man

    условия исполнения банком платёжного поручения — conditions for the bank's performance of a payment instruction (order, warrant)

    условия, не подпадающие под установившуюся классификацию — innominate terms

    вышеизложенные (указанные выше) условия — above-mentioned (afore-mentioned, afore-said, foregoing) conditions (terms)

    - условия договора контракта
    - условия договора
    - условия жизни
    - условия капитуляции
    - условия найма
    - условия об арбитраже
    - условия освобождения под залог
    - условия отгрузки
    - условия платежа
    - условия поставки
    - условия продажи
    - условия торговли
    - условия труда
    - условия уступки требования
    - благоприятные условия
    - взаимовыгодные условия
    - договорные условия
    - дополнительные условия
    - жилищно-бытовые условия
    - исключительные условия
    - льготные условия
    - надлежащие условия
    - неблагоприятные условия
    - необходимые условия
    - неприемлемые условия
    - общие условия
    - объективные условия
    - обычные условия
    - обязательные условия
    - ограничительные условия
    - отлагательные условия
    - отрицательные условия
    - подразумеваемые условия
    - предварительные условия
    - простые условия
    - противозаконные условия
    - прочие условия
    - прямо выраженные условия
    - существенные условия
    - типовые условия
    - транспортные условия
    - требуемые условия
    - явно выраженные условия

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > условие

  • 79 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 80 Agriculture

       Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.
       The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.
       The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.
       Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Agriculture

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