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1 Úr-anar
noun, word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "the red sun"; actually the prefixed element úr- must have to do with the element ur- "heat, be hot" mentioned in the Silmarillion Appendix. Also compare Ûr as an early Qenya word for "the Sun". -
2 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
3 a
1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *and northwards in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, Old Quenya could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen he ran with his speed i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *he ran and did so with his speed PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with immediate time reference is expressed by á in front of the verb or occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis, with the verb following in the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *do!, á ricë try!, á lirë sing!, á menë proceed!, a norë run! PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- come receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both before and after the verbal stem for emphasis PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta speak! PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! let them try! PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v. -
4 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
5 ava-
2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n I in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense was not, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens the text was revised. -
6 ná
1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná it is cold VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted where the meaning is clear without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection yes or it is so VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai be it that see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë I am, nalyë or natyë you sg. are polite and familiar, respectively, nás it is, násë she is, nalmë we are VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be aorist, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *she is is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né was, pl. náner/nér and dual nét were VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né was cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë he was is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan I will be there VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië has been VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë being, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am". -
7 ambar
1 "a-mbar" noun "oikumenē Greek: the earth as the human habitation, Earth, world" MBAR, stem ambar- PE17:66, related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" VT45:33; in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself the wording is not clear. The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular; in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears see VT45:33. Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" EO; spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element \#umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" q.v. would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar \#2 "doom" also alternates with umbar see below. 2 noun "fate, doom" variant of umbar? in Turambar SA:amarth; stem ambart- PE17:66, instrumental ambartanen "by doom" Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66. The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto LT2:348 3 noun "breast chest, with stem in -s- or -r- QL:30. The form ambar, translated in bosom,occurs in MC:213 this is "Qenya". Note: if this word were to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare olos, olor- dream from a late source. However, the form ambos q.v. is less ambiguous and may be preferred. -
8 -s
1 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" VT49:48, 51, occurring in caris *he/she/it does VT49:16, PE17:129, caitas *it lies PE17:65, tentanes it pointed VT49:26, tulis *she comes VT49:19, eques q.v., anes see ná \#1, also in object position in camnelyes, caritas, caritalyas, melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. Tolkien mentions -s as an objective ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110. The longer form -së perhaps with personal meaning he, she only is said to be rare VT49:51; cf. násë he is, nésë he was see ná \#1. In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse VT49:28, an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n *me. According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze when pronominal affixes followed Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for he makes them; normally z would later become r, but it actually became historically: reverted to s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have e.g. *cariset for he makes them, with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ. 2 ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis. -
9 ua-
negative verb not do, not be. If a verb is to be negated, ua coming before the verb receives any pronominal endings and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t, whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for I, one can thus have constructions like uan carë *I do not aorist, uan carnë *I did not past, uan cára *I am not doing present, uan caruva *I shall not do future. The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: \#ua aorist or present?, únë past, úva future, \#uië perfect the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n I. In archaic Quenya these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, I shall not do. In later Quenya, only the forms ua present or aorist and occasionally the past tense form \#únë were used in normal prose únen *I did not, was not. PE17:144; compare FS for úva as a future-tense negative verb will not -
10 hilcin
"k" vb., glossed "it freezes" LT1:254; if this word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, it would have to mean "I freeze", but the shape of this word seems somewhat alien to Tolkien's later forms of Quenya verbs with 1st person aorists in -in never have a consonant cluster immediately preceding this ending -
11 ehtyar
noun "spearman" EK/EKTE. According to VT45:12, Tolkien at one point also meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa \#15 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value hty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value **ncy since \#15 is there assigned the value nc in Quenya, but since **ncy is not a possible Quenya combination, a palatal variant of \#15 would not occur in the classical Quenya mode. -
12 ec-
k verb denoting an opportunity, with the one having the opportunity in dative: ecë nin carë sa I can do it it-is-open for-me to-do it, ecë nin? please, may I?, ecuva nin care sa noa I may do have a chance of doing do that tomorrow. This construction is said to denote have chance, opportunity or permission VT49:20, 34 -
13 mar
1 noun "earth" world, also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- VT46:13, PE17:64, also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" FS; the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi high halls sg. oromar, PM17:64, referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil Nam, RGEO:66. The initial element of Mardorunando q.v. may be the genitive mardo distinguish mardo "dweller". May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" of persons or peoples; in names like Valimar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6. Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már mar- for "home, house" also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v., whereas mar mard- is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar mas- "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" LT1:251; notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-. -
14 istyar
noun "scholar, learned man" IS. According to VT45:18, Tolkien at one point also meant istyar to be the name of Tengwa \#13 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value sty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value *nty since \#13 is there assigned the value nt in Quenya. -
15 intë
*"themselves", 3rd person pl. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *i neri tirir intë, "the men watch themselves". Intë is derived from earlier imte VT47:37. Conceivably intë is only used for "themselves" with reference to persons; impersonal "themselves" ought to be *inta or *intai, compare ta \#3, tai \#2. A form *intai might however have evolved into *intë by the Third Age like pl. adjectives in -ai later came to end in -ë, thus converging with the personal form.% In an earlier source, Tolkien listed intë as an emphatic pronoun *they, 3rd person plural VT49:48, 49; compare the pronominal ending -ntë. The word intë derived from inde via inze, an unusual development in Quenya also appears as a candidate 2nd person singular polite form VT49:49. -
16 nectë
noun "honey" LT1:262; Tolkien's later Quenya has lis; otherwise, nectë would have had to become nehtë, a form appearing in the Etymologies with the meaning "honeycomb" VT45:38. However, this word clashes with nehtë angle or "spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory" from later sources PE17:55, UT:282. -
17 arya
1 adj. excelling, used as the comparative form of mára good, hence *better PE17:57. The superlative *best is i arya with the article, with genitive to express *the best of Cf. mára. 3 noun "twelve hours, day" ARsup1/sup; compare aurë. In deleted notes this word was also used as an adjective: "of the day, light" VT45:6. Still according to VT45:6, arya is also the name of Tengwa \#26 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call \#26 arda instead indeed arya was changed from arda in the source; Tolkien would later change his mind back again. The abandoned name arya suggests that the letter was to have the value ry rather than rd as in the classical system outlined in LotR Appendix E. Since the word for day daylight period is given as aurë in later sources, and arya is assigned other meanings in late material see \#1, 2 above, the conceptual validity of arya day is questionable.% -
18 wendë
noun "maid" GWEN, wendë vendë "maiden" WEN/WENED, VT45:16, VT47:17. Sana wendë that maiden PE16:96 cf. 90. According to VT47:17, this word for "maiden" is "applied to all stages up to the fully adult until marriage".Early "Qenya" also had wendi "maid, girl" LT1:271; this may look like a plural form in Tolkiens later Quenya. On the other hand, VT48:18 lists a word wendi "young or small woman, girl". It is unclear whether this is Quenya or a Common Eldarin form, but probably the former: PE17:191 displays the word for maiden as wendē, so the Quenya stem form is probably *wende- rather than wendi-, the stem-form that would result from Common Eldarin *wendi. In his Quenya translation of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, Tolkien used Wendë/Vendë to translate "virgin" with reference to the Virgin Mary. Here the plural genitive Wenderon appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins"; we might have expected *Wendion instead VT44:18.If the pl. form of wendë is *wender rather than wendi, as the gen.pl. wenderon suggests, this may be to avoid confusion with the sg. wendi girl. -
19 rocindi
noun "debtors" attested in the pl. in the allative case and with a pronominal ending attached: rocindillomman "from our debtors" VT43:20-21. Variant \#rucindi similarly isolated from rucindillomman. These forms seem to have been ephemeral; Tolkien came up with them while attempting to translate the Lord's Prayer into Quenya, but the final version uses another construction. -
20 eterúna-
vb. also etrúna-, though the cluster tr seems unusual for Quenya "deliver" = "save". Tolkien may have abandoned this verb in favour of etelehta-, q.v. VT43:23; VT44:9, but the root also appears in \#runando "redeemer", so maybe eterúna- can stay with the meaning "redeem".
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См. также в других словарях:
have a word with — {v. phr.} 1. To talk, discuss, or speak briefly with. * /Robert, I need to have a word with you about tomorrow s exam./ 2. To engage in a sincere discussion with the purpose of persuading the other person or let him or her know of one s… … Dictionary of American idioms
have a word with — {v. phr.} 1. To talk, discuss, or speak briefly with. * /Robert, I need to have a word with you about tomorrow s exam./ 2. To engage in a sincere discussion with the purpose of persuading the other person or let him or her know of one s… … Dictionary of American idioms
To have to do with — Have Have (h[a^]v), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Had} (h[a^]d); p. pr. & vb. n. {Having}. Indic. present, I {have}, thou {hast}, he {has}; we, ye, they {have}.] [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben (imperf. h[ae]fde, p. p. geh[ae]fd); akin to OS. hebbian, D.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
To have to do with — do do (d[=oo]), v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. {did} (d[i^]d); p. p. {done} (d[u^]n); p. pr. & vb. n. {Doing} (d[=oo] [i^]ng). This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indicative, present tense, thus: I do, thou doest (d[=oo] [e^]st) or dost… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
have to do with — {v. phr.} 1. To be about; be on the subject of or connected with. * /The book has to do with airplanes./ 2. To know or be a friend of; work or have business with. Usually used in negative sentence. * /Tom said he didn t want to have anything to… … Dictionary of American idioms
have to do with — {v. phr.} 1. To be about; be on the subject of or connected with. * /The book has to do with airplanes./ 2. To know or be a friend of; work or have business with. Usually used in negative sentence. * /Tom said he didn t want to have anything to… … Dictionary of American idioms
have to do with — phrasal 1. to deal with < the story has to do with real people Alice M. Jordan > 2. to have a specified relationship with or effect on < the size of the brain has nothing to do with intelligence Ruth Benedict > … New Collegiate Dictionary
have an affair with — {v. phr.} To have a sexual relationship with someone, either before marriage or outside of one s marriage. * /Tow and Jane had a long and complex affair but they never got married./ … Dictionary of American idioms
have an affair with — {v. phr.} To have a sexual relationship with someone, either before marriage or outside of one s marriage. * /Tow and Jane had a long and complex affair but they never got married./ … Dictionary of American idioms
have a way with — {v. phr.} To be able to lead, persuade, or influence. * /Dave has such a way with the campers that they do everything he tells them to do./ * /Ted will be a good veterinarian, because he has a way with animals./ … Dictionary of American idioms
have a way with — {v. phr.} To be able to lead, persuade, or influence. * /Dave has such a way with the campers that they do everything he tells them to do./ * /Ted will be a good veterinarian, because he has a way with animals./ … Dictionary of American idioms
